Author Thomas Harding is in the process of doing what the descendants of many Holocaust victims would find unimaginable: applying for a German passport.

When Britain voted to leave the European Union in June, the 48-year-old had to make a decision that was never necessary before the referendum - should he request the restoration of German citizenship stripped from his family by the Third Reich? He needed only a few hours to make up his mind.

“This is more than the practical, this is also about something for us, or for me, it's about something spiritual, it's about reconciliation,’’ he said. “It's about acknowledging the truth of the horrors of the past but also about trying to build a better future together, and as a European, that's what I hope to do."

It is one of the complicated realities of the UK’s pending divorce from the EU that many Britons whose ancestors came from other parts of Europe are claiming citizenship in other member states so they can retain ties to the Continent. Inquiries about passports are up at the German, Austrian, French and Polish embassies.

Some want to retain the ability to travel easily from country to country or maintain business ties. Others just want to be part of the European Union.

But for Jews whose families fled Germany to escape Adolf Hitler, the decision means re-examining long-held beliefs about history and the country that once persecuted them.

The children and grandchildren of Jewish refugees are taking advantage of a law that allows the descendants of people persecuted by the Nazis to regain the citizenship that was stripped from them in the 1930s and 1940s. More than 400 Britons have sought information about the law since the June 23 referendum, and German authorities have received at least 100 formal applications, compared with about 20 annually in recent years.

Michael Newman, chief executive of the Association of Jewish Refugees, said Brexit has fuelled interest in German citizenship, but it’s hard to know how many people will actually apply. Jews are now able to consider such a step because Germany has made huge strides in addressing the past, creating a culture of remembrance, he said.

“No amount of blood money or memorials will satisfy or suffice for some people but in terms of addressing its past and owning up to it and looking into things, it's done much that many other countries haven't,’’ said Newman.

Many of those seeking restoration of their citizenship don’t intend to live in Germany, but want the freedom to travel and work in EU nations.

Ben Lewis, a 49-year-old documentary filmmaker, is among those who would like to regain German citizenship.

Lewis, whose film and production company has worked for years on the continent, sees the potential of Brexit as an abomination, particularly the anti-immigrant sentiment that influenced many people to vote to leave.

“I just want to take a firm stance, a documented stance etched in acid on stone, that I object to Brexit," he said.

The decision for many might have been prompted by Brexit, but had been years in the making for some. Harding, for one, has long been coming to terms with his German past, a journey documented in part in his book, “The House by the Lake.’’

The way Harding sees it, Germany is now showing leadership by taking in over a million refugees.

As the result of the EU referendum became clear on the morning of June 24, Harding was on the phone to the German embassy to inquire about citizenship.

It’s logical, he says, for Jews to cling to the EU, which was created to build international links that would make another European war impossible.

“It was much less about saying goodbye to Britain than saying hello to Europe," he said.

London - 5 October 2016

1. Pan down from German and European Union flags to entrance of German Embassy in London

2. Various of flags

3. Mid of author Thomas Harding sitting on grass looking at passport that belonged to his German Jewish grandfather

4. Close of Harding's face

5. Various of passport

6. SOUNDBITE (English) Thomas Harding, author, in the process of applying for restoration of German passport following Brexit vote:

"This is more than the practical, this is also about something for us, or for me, it's about something spiritual, it's about reconciliation. It's about acknowledging the truth of the horrors of the past but also about trying to build a better future together, and as a European, that's what I hope to do."

7. Cutaway passport and photo of Harding's grandparents

8. SOUNDBITE (English) Thomas Harding, author, in the process of applying for restoration of German passport following Brexit vote:

"I think what has happened to me is I have become much more open towards Germany and at the same time following Brexit, I realised that there was going to be a very real loss. It was likely that me and my family would be unable to live and work in 27 countries in Europe and given the fact that I didn't have to give up my British passport, I didn't have to live in Germany by necessity or learn German, show I could speak German, it didn't seem like there was anything to lose and so for me, it was much less about saying goodbye to Britain than saying hello to Europe."

9. Harding flicking through passport

10. Mid of exhibit of Jewish Museum in London

11. Soft focus, yellow star that Jews were forced to wear in Nazi Germany

12. Set up of documentary maker Ben Lewis

13. Close of Lewis looking at museum exhibit

14. SOUNDBITE (English) Ben Lewis, documentary maker, in the process of applying for restoration of German passport following Brexit vote:

"Well, it was immediately after Brexit I thought the restoration of German citizenship was something that I wanted, because before Brexit I was part of the EU anyway. I was a European, I was deeply engaged in German culture from the age of 14 when I first started learning German, and in a way my whole life was orientated around creating links around rebuilding, if you like, as a Jew, links between myself, in Britain and German culture."

15. Cutaway hands

16. SOUNDBITE (English) Ben Lewis, documentary maker, in the process of applying for restoration of German passport following Brexit vote:

"I have many motivations for wanting to get German citizenship. I am thinking a lot about my child, I want him to have the same advantages in life that I had, you know, to be able to play on a European field. I've worked all over Europe in my life. I love Berlin - I could imagine living there. Perhaps that would happen in the future. And I just want to take a firm stance, a documented stance, something etched in acid on stone, that I object to Brexit."

17. Set up shot of Michael Newman, chief executive of the Association of Jewish Refugees

18. Newman typing

19. SOUNDBITE (English) Michael Newman, chief executive of the Association of Jewish Refugees:

"Well I think this is uppermost in the minds of the government that they are not going to walk away from any post Holocaust responsibilities and I think most people would look at what Germany has done since the Second World War in terms of addressing its past, the culture of remembrance, the educational resources, it's committed to teaching about the holocaust and see that what it has done has been leading the way and if you look at issues like restitution, archive, opening archives, documentation centres, even opening and creating museums, they are, they're leading the way in many respects in dealing with their history. It remains of course very subjective because no amount of blood, money or memorials will satisfy or suffice for some people but in terms of addressing its past and owning up to it and looking into things, it's done much that many other countries haven't."

20. Wide of German Embassy entrance for public

21. Close of entrance

22. Sign reading 'Welcome' in German and English

WORLD BREXIT REVIEW

SOURCE: AP HORIZONS, LIFESTYLE, HEALTH AND TECHNOLOGY / POOL

RESTRICTIONS: HORIZONS CLIENTS AND AP LIFESTYLE, HEALTH AND TECHNOLOGY CLIENTS ONLY

LENGTH: 6.44

SHOTLIST:

AP Television

London, UK - 22 February 2016

1. Wide of UK Houses of Parliament as London bus passes

2. Close of clock face at the top of Elizabeth Tower, which houses Big Ben

AP Television

London, UK - 16 June 2016

3. Wide of Big Ben as seen from Buckingham Palace

4. Wide of Buckingham Palace

POOL

London, UK - 3 June 2012

5. Queen Elizabeth II with Prince Philip (centre), Charles (left) and Camilla (right) on royal barge during Diamond Jubilee celebrations

6. Mid of Duke and Duchess of Cambridge and Prince Harry on royal barge

7. Pull out of royal barge sailing down River Thames during Diamond Jubilee celebrations

AP Television

London, UK - 11 June, 2016

8. Mid of Queen Elizabeth II in carriage during the Trooping of the Colour for her 90th birthday celebrations

9. Wide of Guardsmen in ceremonial marching during the celebrations

AP Television

London, UK - 1960s

++BLACK AND WHITE FOOTAGE / MUTE++

++4:3++

10. Close tilt down of man putting shirt in carrier bag

11. Wide of man by scooters

UNIVERSAL ARCHIVES

London, UK - 31 October 1963

++BLACK AND WHITE FOOTAGE / MUTE++

++4:3++

12. Various of Beatles getting off plane in London

AP Television

London, UK - 7 June 2016

++16:9++

13. SOUNDBITE (English) Robert Johnston, Fashion Director, GQ Magazine UK

"You also think street scene, you think east London, you think hipsters, you think the most vibrant street fashion possibly in the world."

AP Television

London, UK - 3 July 2012

14. Punk and goth street fashion in Camden

AP Television

London, UK - 16 June, 2016

15. Hipster in Brick Lane cafe

16. Pull focus of street sign reading: (English) "Brick Lane E1"

17. Various of curry houses on Brick Lane

AP Television

Margate, UK - 8 June 2016

18. Various of Margate beach and people relaxing in sunshine

19. SOUNDBITE (English) Iain Aitch, Author:

"Everyone might say a Sunday roast or fish and chips, that's a quintessentially British meal, but then suddenly everyone says it's chicken tikka masala."

20. Various of takeaway fish and chips being served

AP Television

London, United Kingdom, April 30, 1973 (MUTE)

++4:3++

21. Red buses on a London street

AP Television

London, United Kingdom, September 24, 1973 (MUTE)

++4:3++

22. Tilt down of Ford workers walking out of various plants

23. Wide of Ford cars on a train

24. Various men take part in industrial action at Ford plant

AP Television

United Kingdom, February 10, 1974 - no exact location available

++4:3++

25. Various of non functioning coal mines during national coal strike

AP Television

London, United Kingdom, June 3, 1975 (MUTE)

++4:3++

26. Mid of Margaret Thatcher wearing a flags-of-Europe sweater, flanked by women also wearing pro-Europe sweaters

AP Television

Maastricht, Netherlands - 7 June 2016

++16:9++

27. Clocktower of Maastricht town hall with EU, Limburg and Maastricht flags

28. Wide of streets in the town

AP Television

London, UK - 7 July 2016

29. Various of autistic teenager Rens Van Velzen completing other puzzles with black and yellow blocks against the clock

30. Close tilt down of the psychologist on the autism study at Kings College London timing Rens Van Velzen during test

31. Close of Van Velzen

32. SOUNDBITE (English) Professor Declan Murphy lead scientist, EU Aims study on autism, Kings College London:

"Big questions need big populations to come up with the right answers, and we simply cannot deliver the amount of patients for the amount of science from one centre or from one country."

33. Various of Van Velzen being tested in eye tracking unit at Kings College London

AP Television

Southampton, UK - 16 September 2016

34. Wide of Southampton Boat Show 2016, cruise ship in background

35. Tilt down to pontoon, boats and visitors

36. Close of 'Sunseeker' flag

37. Various of Sunseeker 95 Yacht exterior

38. SOUNDBITE (English) Phil Popham, CEO of Sunseeker International:

"We've benefited because of the weakness of the pound, but its all about business confidence."

39. Various of Fairline yacht

40. SOUNDBITE (English) Russell Currie, Managing Director of Fairline Yachts:

"We've had an overnight decrease in the price of our boats in areas such as the European market

41. Zoom out from cruise ship docked near boat show

42. SOUNDBITE (English) Howard Pridding, Chief Executive of British Marine:

"Industry and business need stability and the time it will take to exit from the European Union will be problematic"

AP Television

Mijas, Malaga - October 6, 2016

43. Wide of coastal area of Mijas

44. Pan of typical apartments in the area and people walking by the sea side

45. Various of British pensioners taking Spanish classes in the Parnell School

46. Various of Juan Mayor Carlos Maldonado in his office

47. SOUNDBITE (Spanish) Juan Carlos Maldonado, Mayor of Mijas:

"When the results of the Brexit (referendum) were known, a big uncertainty was created."

48. Various of family walking near beach

49. Pan from people walking up steps from the beach to the owner of Royal Beach cafe talking

50. SOUNDBITE (Spanish) Sergio Morales, co-owner of Royal Beach bar in Mijas:

"Most of our clients here, around 80% of them, are British."

AP Television

London, UK - 1 November 2016

51. Pull focus of bronze Japanese archer

52. Mid of men admiring antique chandelier

53. Art dealer Tanya Baxter showing painting to visitor

54. Close tilt down of painting 'Paper Bride in Waiting' by Zeng Chuanxing (price £120,000/ USD 147,000)

55. Wide of antique clock stand

AP Television

London, UK - 9 November 2016

56. Mid of Tiana Wilson with Santa who is holding a Hatchimal waiting for the toy to hatch

57. Wide of girl playing with toy on chair

58. Mid zoom in to boys playing with Bluetooth Furbys

59. Low mid view of caterpillar going past boys and Furbys

60. SOUNDBITE (English) Frederique Tutt, toy industry analyst, NPD:

"Since the Brexit vote the toy market has been faring really well with an increase of three percent."

AP Television

Lundby, Denmark - 22 November 2016

61. Mid tilt up of Christmas tree plantation

62. Wide of plantation through tops of trees

AP Television

Copenhagen, Denmark - 21 November 2016

63. SOUNDBITE (English) Claus Jerram Christensen, Managing Director of the Danish Christmas Tree Association:

"The low exchange rate for the sterling pound makes it more difficult to achieve the same prices."

64. Mid of large container truck filled with trees pulling out of yard stacked with trees

65. Pan across field of Christmas tree saplings for 2018 and beyond

LEADIN:

For decades Britain's discontent over its European Union (EU) membership has simmered on, but then came the June referendum.

Nationalism surfaced and Britain's voted to leave the EU.

Brexit as it became known sent shockwaves through money markets and governments around the world.

STORYLINE:

In the weeks running up to referendum judgement day, the British were busy with a little soul searching.

Mulling over their shared history, the country's pride in their democracy and heritage.

It was a year when Queen Elizabeth celebrated being the longest reigning UK monarch and the country celebrated her ninetieth birthday.

The pomp and ceremony from her recent jubilee were still a source of pride and were reminiscent of the heydays when London style was considered to be world leading.

In the 1960's British fashion and British pop were riding high.

That sense of being at the vanguard of style has continued, according to Robert Johnston the Fashion Director of GQ Magazine: "You also think street scene, you think east London, you think hipsters, you think the most vibrant street fashion possibly in the world."

Author Iain Aitch explained how a variety of heritages were now mixed up, making Britishness a more complex idea to communicate: "Everyone might say a Sunday roast or fish and chips, that's a quintessentially British meal, but then suddenly everyone says it's chicken tikka masala."

But it wasn't this hipster, Brick Lane art and curry house side of Britain that won the vote.

The referendum on June 23rd was to signal the start of a long debate.

Britons for the first time had to absorb what being outside of the EU looked like.

Britain joined what was then called the European Economic Community in January 1973.

This was ratified by a referendum in 1975 with a resounding 67% majority.

By the seventies, Britain was beset by strikes and disgruntled union workers.

Traditional industries such as manufacturing and coal were in decline in the mid seventies.

Unemployment exceeded one million for the first time in March 1975. By the August that figure had increased to 1.25 million.

Some 83,000 immigrants were living in the UK by 1975, mostly from the Commonwealth.

According to Migration Watch UK for the year ending December 2015, net migration to the UK was 333,000.

And the lady had yet to turn. Margaret Thatcher MP (then leader of the opposition) campaigned to stay in the European Economic Community.

Later as prime minister between 1979 and 1990, Thatcher was known for her tough line with Brussels, especially during negotiations for the Maastrict Treaty in 1992.

The city of Maastrict is the home of the treaty which created the EU.

As summer arrived, businesses, leading universities and research establishments were beginning to assess the impact of Brexit.

For science and medicine, concerns were two fold.

Britain had attracted thousands of top researchers as well as billions of Euros in grants.

They went into research like this at Kings College London.

This project is a multidisciplinary look at the potential causes and effects of autism. It's a long term project which is linked to other studies across Europe.

Doctors and scientists aren't worried about losing cash in the short term, but falling behind in the knowledge race in the long term, especially as Britain has sought to place itself as a central base for the new industrial technologies.

The other fear is losing the brains which have been drawn to British research, people who now fear they will need to move to other institutions to keep up with the cash and the research.

Lead scientist at King's College Professor Declan Murphy warned: "Big questions need big populations to come up with the right answers, and we simply cannot deliver the amount of patients for the amount of science from one centre from one country."

The EU's Horizon 2020 budget is 80-billion Euro which funds medicine and science research across Europe.

Britain's split from the EU will leave a funding gap as well as a brain drain, according to Murphy. He argues it will be the children with autism like Van Velzen who will lose out.

As an island nation, boat building and sales have been important to the UK.

The industry fears rough waters may be ahead for Britain's luxury yacht industry, but right now it's riding on a wave caused by the plunge in the pound's value.

Phil Popham, the CEO of Sunseeker International was cautious: "We've benefited because of the weakness of the pound, but its all about business confidence."

Others like Russell Currie, the Managing Director of Fairline Yachts, says he already had cause to worry: "We've had an overnight decrease in the price of our boats in areas such as the European market."

British Marine's chief executive Howard Pridding tried to show more confidence in the course ahead: "Obviously, industry and business need stability and the time it will take to exit from the European Union will be problematic."

An estimated 1.2 million Britons live in other EU countries, mostly France, Portugal and Spain according to Britain's House of Commons library.

But that's a conservative figure because many expats don't bother registering with their embassies or the local authorities.

At Mijas on Spain's Costa del Sol, many Brits don't want to return to Blighty.

Used to the sun, sea and cafe society, some British residents are so concerned that their lives on the Costas are threatened, that after many years they're finally learning to speak Spanish.

According to Mijas' Mayor Juan Carlos Maldonado: "When the results of the Brexit (referendum) were known, a big uncertainty was created."

Local traders are also keen to keep the British on the Costa.

Many are retired and spend their pensions here.

Bar owner Sergio Morales says: "Most of our clients here, around 80% of them, are British."

A cloud of uncertainty still hangs over British expats in Spain and elsewhere in Europe.

And it's possible a string of similar nationality schools for expats may spring up.

Not everyone was bemoaning the onset of Brexit.

The art and antique market experienced a mini boom according to London dealers at this winter fair.

The weak pound against the dollar and Euro has seen American collectors in particular start to snap up bargains with savings of beween 25 and 30 per cent compared with six months ago.

Art dealers are reporting a similar trend.

They say investors see the arts market as a safe refuge in uncertain times.

As Christmas approaches the toy industry is bracing itself and Santa is wondering whether he'll have much to be jolly about.

It's the time of year when manufacturers and retailers count on making their biggest cash bonus of the year.

According to industry analyst Frederique Tutt: "Since the Brexit vote the toy market has been faring really well with an increase of three percent."

That's because toy retailers buy stock almost a year in advance and can keep prices stable, but the toy dealers here admit next year the stockings left out for Father Chrismas may have shrunk considerably.

There's nothing as Christmassy as a Christmas tree, but in Denmark the outlook for tree producers isn't quite so evergreen.

According to the Danish Christmas Tree Association, the small Scandinavian country grows around 11.5 million trees a year.

About 9.5 million of those are exported.

But these are challenging times and currency fluctuations are having an effect on trade.

Speaking about his members, Claus Jerram Christensen of the Danish Christmas Tree Association says: "They have experienced that the low exchange rate for the sterling pound makes it more difficult to achieve the same prices."

The true impact of Brexit on Britain and Europe as a whole is still to an extent unknown.

The UK government had announced it was to trigger Article 50 next March to start negotiations to leave EU.

But since then, Brexit has twice been contested in the High Court.

One ruling has already stated Britain's law makers should be allowed a vote in Parliament beforehand.

Breaking up, it seems, really is hard to do.

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Nigel Farage, the leader of the UK Independence Party (UKIP), on Friday called it "impossible" for Britain to control immigration while it is a member of the European Union (EU).

He was speaking in London at a campaign event in favour of the UK leaving the EU, a possibility known as "Brexit".

Farage, himself a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for the South East of England, also raised security concerns linked to Europe's migration influx as an argument in favour of "Brexit".

Britons will vote in a referendum on June 23 on whether the country should leave or remain in the EU.

Nigel Farage, the leader of the UK Independence Party (UKIP), on Friday called it "impossible" for Britain to control immigration while it is a member of the European Union (EU).

He was speaking in London at a campaign event in favour of the UK leaving the EU, a possibility known as "Brexit".

Farage, himself a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for the South East of England, also raised security concerns linked to Europe's migration influx as an argument in favour of "Brexit".

Britons will vote in a referendum on June 23 on whether the country should leave or remain in the EU.

UK POOL

London - 29 April 2016

+++MUTE AS INCOMING+++

1. Leader of the UK Independence Party (UKIP) Nigel Farage walking up to lectern

2. SOUNDBITE (English): Nigel Farage, leader of the UK Independence Party (UKIP)

"When Theresa May (British Home Secretary) says that it is difficult to control immigration as a member of the European Union (EU), she's wrong. It isn't difficult. It's impossible. And the reason is all too clear. This is a British passport. And what are the first two words on it? European Union. Since the Treaty of Maastricht, we have been citizens of the European Union. And this passport is available to 508 million people."

++BLACK FRAMES++

3. SOUNDBITE (English): Nigel Farage, leader of the UK Independence Party (UKIP)

"The common asylum policy that my friend Mr. Juncker (Jean-Claude Juncker, President of the European Commission) was putting into place this time last year went miles away from any traditional definition of what a refugee is. A refugee is an individual or group of individuals who fear persecution because of their race, orientation, beliefs or religion. But the European Union has expanded that or extended that and effectively, what Angela Merkel (German Chancellor) did in July of last year, which I think must rank as one of the worst decisions by a Western leader since 1945, to say we can take people in unlimited numbers has led, I'm afraid in those countries, to very grave consequences. You know when the boss of Europol says there are up to 5-thousand jihadis who have come into Europe in the last 18 months posing as migrants through the Greek islands, I believe him. When Sir Richard Dearlove, the former boss of MI6 (British intelligence agency) says that we are far less safe not controlling our borders, I believe him."

++BLACK FRAMES++

4. SOUNDBITE (English): Nigel Farage, leader of the UK Independence Party (UKIP)

"For too long in the minds of many people the European question has been over here and the immigration and borders question has been over here. Increasingly, people are beginning to see them as one and the same. We have to, in this campaign, make people understand that EU membership and uncontrolled immigration are synonymous with each other. We have to make people understand that what this referendum is about is taking back control of our lives, our laws and our borders. We have to make people understand this may be the last opportunity we ever get to become a normal country once again. Over 180 countries control their borders and decide who is suitable to come and live and work and settle there. We have surrendered that to Brussels. We have surrendered that to a new concept of EU citizenship."

5. Farage sitting down after speech

British voters are deciding in a June 23 referendum on whether or not to leave the European Union with business owners, employers and analysts in disagreement as to how a so-called 'Brexit' may impact the jobs market.

Unemployment nearly across the 28-nation bloc stands at over 10 percent, almost double the UK rate.

Those in the remain camp argue that over three million jobs in the UK are linked to trade with the EU and point to massive investment from Europe into the Britain.

The EU has guaranteed workers' rights in the UK with guaranteed holiday pay, paid maternity and increased protection in the work place.

Many of UK's trade unions, major businesses and almost all the city say that a leave vote would have major negative repercussions for British workers with fears that a recession could hit wags and noting that financial services and huge players in the industrial sector would carry out on a threat to leave the UK.

Take Airbus UK, a company which employs 15,000 people, its president, Paul Kahn, says he wouldn't necessarily pull out of the UK, but long term investment would come under threat.

"The biggest issue we have with Brexit is that we just don't know what out looks like. So that's where the short-term uncertainty happens. And as soon as you create that uncertainty then that starts to affect long-term decisions. So the impact that I worry about is the long-term impact, he says.

"And that lack of investment, once the investment is made somewhere else that is it. The investment isn't going to be taken away from the other country it goes to so we will have lost out for a generation so that really becomes an issue for our children and our children's children about what sort of jobs we have, what sort of economy we have, how balanced is that economy, do we make things."

But those for Brexit say that EU regulation has hindered business, and that leaving the EU may create more jobs, as well as arguing that lower migration could push wages up.

JD Wetherspoon pub chain owner and founder Tim Martin who employs 37,500 people sees the European Union as "fundamentally undemocratic" and has been campaigning hard to leave the EU.

He donated 200,000 pounds (284,000 US dollars) to the official leave campaign and is distributing anti-remain beer mats and magazines arguing for Brexit in his 900 pubs up and down the country.

"If we have democracy, we will do really well. We will be able to sort all the other problems out and there is no reason why we can't be a more prosperous country," he says. "We will have more money because we won't be paying so much into the EU, and it will unleash great entrepreneurial forces within the country."

Not all his staff agree. Alex Papa is a 21 year old student from Rome studying international business at Birkbeck University, College of London, and has been working behind the bar at a branch JD Wetherspoon for a year. He says he is worried about a leave vote from "an economic point of view, and especially for a personal point of view."

"If I ever wanted my child or my family to come here one day in order to divide (share) their life with me, that would be impossible," he says.

Specialist in the EU job market Swati Dhingra of the London School Economics also worries about the implication of a leave vote, saying that her analysis shows that reduced trade and investment with the EU could leave to a five percent contraction in the British economy, leading to a loss of over 300-thousand jobs.

She also argues against those in the leave camp who tie UK unemployment to migration levels, the long standing view of many Brexiters, including UK Independence Party leader and EU lawmaker Nigel Farage.

"We know population growth also has increases in demand which also ends up contributing to economic growth. So what we expect from migration is a very similar kind of story which is you've got access to people who are well educated often or whose education was something you didn't contribute and now they're coming into your country. So they end up creating jobs, they end up also not taking away jobs from British workers, and the main reason is in a growing economy there is room for everybody," she says.

The uncertainty over the result of the EU referendum remains with some polls showing a majority of British voters are in favour of leaving, while others point toward the opposite scenario.

British voters are deciding in a June 23 referendum on whether or not to leave the European Union with business owners, employers and analysts in disagreement as to how a so-called 'Brexit' may impact the jobs market.

Unemployment nearly across the 28-nation bloc stands at over 10 percent, almost double the UK rate.

Those in the remain camp argue that over three million jobs in the UK are linked to trade with the EU and point to massive investment from Europe into the Britain.

The EU has guaranteed workers' rights in the UK with guaranteed holiday pay, paid maternity and increased protection in the work place.

Many of UK's trade unions, major businesses and almost all the city say that a leave vote would have major negative repercussions for British workers with fears that a recession could hit wags and noting that financial services and huge players in the industrial sector would carry out on a threat to leave the UK.

Take Airbus UK, a company which employs 15,000 people, its president, Paul Kahn, says he wouldn't necessarily pull out of the UK, but long term investment would come under threat.

"The biggest issue we have with Brexit is that we just don't know what out looks like. So that's where the short-term uncertainty happens. And as soon as you create that uncertainty then that starts to affect long-term decisions. So the impact that I worry about is the long-term impact, he says.

"And that lack of investment, once the investment is made somewhere else that is it. The investment isn't going to be taken away from the other country it goes to so we will have lost out for a generation so that really becomes an issue for our children and our children's children about what sort of jobs we have, what sort of economy we have, how balanced is that economy, do we make things."

But those for Brexit say that EU regulation has hindered business, and that leaving the EU may create more jobs, as well as arguing that lower migration could push wages up.

JD Wetherspoon pub chain owner and founder Tim Martin who employs 37,500 people sees the European Union as "fundamentally undemocratic" and has been campaigning hard to leave the EU.

He donated 200,000 pounds (284,000 US dollars) to the official leave campaign and is distributing anti-remain beer mats and magazines arguing for Brexit in his 900 pubs up and down the country.

"If we have democracy, we will do really well. We will be able to sort all the other problems out and there is no reason why we can't be a more prosperous country," he says. "We will have more money because we won't be paying so much into the EU, and it will unleash great entrepreneurial forces within the country."

Not all his staff agree. Alex Papa is a 21 year old student from Rome studying international business at Birkbeck University, College of London, and has been working behind the bar at a branch JD Wetherspoon for a year. He says he is worried about a leave vote from "an economic point of view, and especially for a personal point of view."

"If I ever wanted my child or my family to come here one day in order to divide (share) their life with me, that would be impossible," he says.

Specialist in the EU job market Swati Dhingra of the London School Economics also worries about the implication of a leave vote, saying that her analysis shows that reduced trade and investment with the EU could leave to a five percent contraction in the British economy, leading to a loss of over 300-thousand jobs.

She also argues against those in the leave camp who tie UK unemployment to migration levels, the long standing view of many Brexiters, including UK Independence Party leader and EU lawmaker Nigel Farage.

"We know population growth also has increases in demand which also ends up contributing to economic growth. So what we expect from migration is a very similar kind of story which is you've got access to people who are well educated often or whose education was something you didn't contribute and now they're coming into your country. So they end up creating jobs, they end up also not taking away jobs from British workers, and the main reason is in a growing economy there is room for everybody," she says.

The uncertainty over the result of the EU referendum remains with some polls showing a majority of British voters are in favour of leaving, while others point toward the opposite scenario.

AP TELEVISION

London - 27 May 2016

1. Various of Italian student and barman Alex Papa pulling pint of London Pride beer at Baker street JD Wetherspoon pub

2. Pan from fruit machine to booklet in all JD Wetherspoon pubs on referendum called "In or Out - you decide."

3. JD Wetherspoon owner and founder Tim Martin drinking half pint at bar

4. Pull focus into European beer pumps

5. Wetherspoon referendum booklet

6. SOUNDBITE (English) Tim Martin, JD Wetherspoon owner and founder:

"The economist have got it wrong. They've got it wrong of the Euro because they didn't concentrate on the big picture. And the big picture is you can't have a currency without a government. It doesn't work. This time, they're again not concentrating on the big picture. Democracy, freedom, prosperity is the big picture. And they're turning it around as they did with the Euro and looking at micro issues which are very secondary. If we have democracy, we will do really well. We will be able to sort all the other problems out and there's no reason why we can't be a prosperous country. We will have more money because we won't be paying so much into the EU, and it will unleash great entrepreneurial forces within the country."

7. Papa behind the bar pulling pint

8. Close of Papa's face

9. SOUNDBITE (English) Alex Papa, 21-year-old student from Rome, studying international business at Birkbeck College, University of London, and has been working in JD Wetherspoon for a year:

"I came here in order to start my university, and work part time in order to better myself. And I discovered in this country, there is these possibilities, opportunities that my country didn't give to me. I am worried about exit of Britain in the European Union from an economic point of view, and especially for a personal point of view. If I ever wanted my child or my family to come here one day in order to divide (share) their life with me, that would be impossible."

10. Various of people at bar

11. SOUNDBITE (English) Craig Milligan, 33-year-old builder from London:

"Definitely out. 100 percent out. Yes, at the moment I feel there are threats getting made by the government, and I don't believe a word of it at the moment. I see out as always the best way. At the moment we have got too many bureaucrats in Europe telling us exactly what we've got to do, and when we've got to do it, and I don't think we're able to govern our own country any more to be honest."

AIRBUS VNR

UK (Exact location unknown) - Date unavailable

12. Various of people working in an Airbus factory

AP TELEVISION

London – 13 June 2016

13. Set up of Paul Kahn, Airbus UK President

14. SOUNDBITE (English) Paul Kahn, Airbus UK President:

"The biggest issue we have with Brexit is that we just don't know what out looks like. So that's where the short-term uncertainty happens. And as soon as you create that uncertainty then that starts to affect long-term decisions. So the impact that I worry about is the long-term impact. And that lack of investment, once the investment is made somewhere else that is it. The investment isn't going to be taken away from the other country it goes to so we will have lost out for a generation so that really becomes an issue for our children and our children's children about what sort of jobs we have, what sort of economy do we have, how balanced is that economy, do we make things."

AIRBUS VNR

UK (Exact location unknown) - Date unavailable

15. Various of people working in an Airbus factory

AP TELEVISION

London – 13 June 2016

16. SOUNDBITE (English) Paul Kahn, Airbus UK President:

"In Airbus Group we make things that fly and we're very proud of that and we're very good at it. But that comes from a regulatory environment that is integrated, it's a European regulatory environment. We do things once to one standard so if you introduce a British standard as well as a European standard then that makes things more complicated it doesn't make things simpler and that's the environment we are in."

17. Airbus model on desk

AP TELEVISION

London - 27 May 2016

18. Various set ups of Swati Dhingra, assistant professor of economics at the London School of Economics and co-author of report on Life Outside the EU

19. SOUNDBITE (English) Swati Dhingra, Assistant Professor of economics at the London School of Economics and co-author of report on Life Outside the EU:

"British economy would contract about five percent, we would see about a five percent loss in the British GDP primarily because there would be reduced trade and investment with the European Union and potentially with the rest of the world as we loose access to the European market. So roughly what translates into would be somewhere in the order of 300-thousand job loss which is what many reports have given, the number. So we would see because of the contraction in the British economy an impact on jobs available to British workers."

20. Dhingra looking at her own report on immigration and Brexit on computer screen

21. SOUNDBITE (English) Swati Dhingra, Assistant Professor of economics at the London School of Economics and co-author of report on Life Outside the EU:

"We know population growth also has increases in demand and which also ends up contributing to economic growth. So what we expect from migration is a very similar kind of story, which is you've got access to people who are well educated often or whose education was something you didn't contribute to and now they're coming into your country. So they end up creating jobs, they end up also not taking away jobs from British workers, and the main reason is in a growing economy there is room for everybody."

22. Papa pulling pint in the pub

23. Tilt up to In or Out sign

The pound has dropped to a 31-year low as investors fret over the British government's suggestion it will focus on controlling immigration in its talks to leave the European Union.

Sterling dropped to below 1.28 US dollars on Tuesday, days after British Prime Minister Theresa May clarified the timeframe for Britain's exit from the bloc, saying she will trigger two years of formal exit talks before April.

But members of her governing Conservative Party are wrestling over control of the steering wheel that will take Britain toward either a looser but still intertwined relationship with the bloc, or a dramatic "hard Brexit" with unknown consequences.

Hard-core Brexiteers believe regaining control - over financial rules, business regulations and especially over immigration - is more important than remaining in the EU's single market or customs union.

The EU insists Britain cannot choose to benefit from access to the single market without also keeping open its borders to EU citizens.

Markets analyst Michael Hewson said the tone of May's remarks suggested Britain could be veering towards a "hard Brexit" and markets reacted over the "perception that could cause a significant amount of disruption."

Hewson said there was scope for further Sterling weakness, especially against the US dollar with the potential for the Federal Reserve to raise interest rates by December.

London - 4 October 2016

1. Entrance of CMC Market in the City of London

2. Various of screens showing live currency and stocks exchanges

3. Various of analyst Michael Hewson talking to a colleague then walking by

4. SOUNDBITE (English) Michael Hewson, Chief Market Analyst at CMC Markets:

"Theresa May, UK Prime Minister, basically told the markets that she intended to trigger article 50 of the Lisbon treaty by the end of Q1 2017 and that wasn't really a surprise. I think what was the surprise was the tone of her remarks. The tone of her remarks suggested she really wanted to take control of immigration and that has led markets to join the dots and essentially speculate on the fact that she could be looking for what is termed a hard Brexit, i.e. a pull out from the single market. And I think there's a perception that could cause a significant amount of disruption."

5. Cutaways of Hewson

6. SOUNDBITE (English) Michael Hewson, Chief Market Analyst at CMC Markets:

"I certainly think there's scope for further sterling (pound) weakness particularly against the dollar because there's an awful lot of speculations and the Federal Reserve may well raise interest rate in December so from that point of view the Federal Reserve is potentially on a hiking cycle so that could pressure the pound. Against the euro yes we could see potentially a little bit more weakness but Europe has problems all of its own, particularly in the banking sector. So I think the downside for Sterling against the euro could be far more limited than it is say against the US dollar."

7. Various of people working in the office

A top European human rights official has described the use of anti-migrant rhetoric by some British politicians ahead of the 23 June referendum on European Union membership as "out of control."

Nils Muiznieks, the Council of Europe's Commissioner for Human Rights, warned that it could make the use of racist language more acceptable across continent.

Speaking during a visit to Greece on Friday, Muiznieks said that the rhetoric used in Britain had been "very scary."

Migration was a central issue during the referendum campaign before British voters opted to leave the EU.

Muiznieks said he was also worried about the language against migrants being used by politicians in Hungary ahead of a 2 October referendum there on EU settlement quotas.

A top European human rights official has described the use of anti-migrant rhetoric by some British politicians ahead of the 23 June referendum on European Union membership as "out of control."

Nils Muiznieks, the Council of Europe's Commissioner for Human Rights, warned that it could make the use of racist language more acceptable across continent.

Speaking during a visit to Greece on Friday, Muiznieks said that the rhetoric used in Britain had been "very scary."

Migration was a central issue during the referendum campaign before British voters opted to leave the EU.

Muiznieks said he was also worried about the language against migrants being used by politicians in Hungary ahead of a 2 October referendum there on EU settlement quotas.

Athens, 8 July 2016

1. Wide of news conference room

2. Close-up annual activity report 2015

3. Nils Muiznieks, the Council of Europe's Commissioner for Human Rights arriving at news conference

4. SOUNDBITE (English) Nils Muiznieks, Council of Europe's Commissioner for Human Rights:

"The debate surrounding Brexit was very scary because you had racist rhetoric about migrants and migration from the highest political levels in the UK months ago. We wrote a long memorandum to the UK government on this, on migration policy but specifically on the language that they are using, which is very stigmatizing towards migrants. But then in the run-up to the referendum itself, the last two months in particular, you had a huge spike in hate speech."

5. Close-up of pen in Muiznieks' hand

6. Journalist at news conference

7. SOUNDBITE (English) Nils Muiznieks, Council of Europe's Commissioner for Human Rights:

"And what did it lead to? It lead to a huge spike in hate crimes and hate incidents right after the referendum. So words matter. Discourse matters. It sends signals of what is acceptable and what is not acceptable behaviour and we saw In the UK the consequence of this discourse which got out of control. And my concern is it sent a signal to right-wing populists all over Europe about the ease which with one can manipulate this discourse for political gain."

8. Journalist typing on laptop

9. Muiznieks speaks with journalist

Luxembourg Prime Minister Xavier Bettel welcomed German Chancellor Angela Merkel to Luxembourg on Thursday.

The leaders discussed the migrant crisis and Brexit, among other topics.

Merkel was also greeted by Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg and Maria Teresa, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg.

Merkel and Bettel later visited the birthplace of Robert Schuman were scheduled to have lunch at the Mudam museum, according to local media.

Luxembourg - 12 January 2017

1. German Chancellor Angela Merkel arriving, welcomed by Luxembourg Prime Minister Xavier Bettel

2. Luxembourg flag

3. Various of Merkel and Bettel walking down red carpet

4. Journalists

5. Bettel and Merkel in front of honour guard

6. Bettel and Merkel walking, greeting official

7. Various of Merkel with Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg and Maria Teresa, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg

8. Merkel and Bettel arriving for news conference

9. SOUNDBITE: (German) Angela Merkel, German Chancellor:

"In the case of Brexit which we also discussed, we agreed that we, the 27, do not want to be divided and act together in the negotiations. First of all we do need answers on how Great Britain wants to perform the exit."

10. Cutaway

11. SOUNDBITE: (German) Angela Merkel, German Chancellor:

"I believe that the protection of the external frontiers and agreements with regions outside of the European Union about fighting illegal entry and human trafficking, are a precondition to talk about a fair distribution with those of my colleagues which are currently very restrained about that subject. I would like to point out that Germany for many years was not ready to participate in such a fair distribution system back when Spain or Italy had big problems. Back then we thought we are in the middle, nobody will come, so it is a problem of the countries which have external borders, so we should show some patience."

8. Cutaway

9. SOUNDBITE (German) Xavier Bettel, Luxembourg Prime Minister:

"We agree that only a common (joint) solution can be a solution so when some countries talk a about a flexible solution that is a problem for us. So when we agreed on a rule (for distribution), every (EU) country has to respect that."

10. Bettel and Merkel leaving

As Europe deals with the aftershocks of Britain's referendum vote to leave the European Union (EU), the president of the Calais region on Monday said he thought the Touquet agreement, which keeps border checks on the French side of the Channel, should be renegotiated as a consequence.

"The British wanted to regain their freedom? So they must take back their border. Because the situation has changed since the Le Touquet agreement," Xavier Bertrand said during to a visit to a factory in Isberques in the Pas-de-Calais region with French Economy Minister Emmanuel Macron.

Macron said he shared this view and earlier called for migrant camps in Calais to be moved across to the British side of the channel, following the vote to leave the EU.

Britons voted 52 to 48 per cent last Thursday in favour of ending their country's 43-year membership in the 28-nation bloc.

As Europe deals with the aftershocks of Britain's referendum vote to leave the European Union (EU), the president of the Calais region on Monday said he thought the Touquet agreement, which keeps border checks on the French side of the Channel, should be renegotiated as a consequence.

"The British wanted to regain their freedom? So they must take back their border. Because the situation has changed since the Le Touquet agreement," Xavier Bertrand said during to a visit to a factory in Isberques in the Pas-de-Calais region with French Economy Minister Emmanuel Macron.

Macron said he shared this view and earlier called for migrant camps in Calais to be moved across to the British side of the channel, following the vote to leave the EU.

Britons voted 52 to 48 per cent last Thursday in favour of ending their country's 43-year membership in the 28-nation bloc.

Isbergues , Pas-de-Calais 27 June 2016

1. Various of French Economy Minister Emmanuel Macron and Xavier Bertrand iarriving in Isbergues, talking with officials

2. Set up of Bertrand and Macron

3. SOUNDBITE (French) Xavier Bertrand, President of Hauts-de-France, and member of the Republicains Party:

"The situation is becoming unbearable. The migrant's tragedy cannot go on - this human tragedy. The economic tragedy that Calais is going through cannot go on forever. The harassment of police forces cannot go on forever. The British wanted to regain their freedom? So they must take back their border. Because the situation has changed since the Le Touquet agreement. There are tens of thousands of refugees today in the world. And a Europe that does not manage to pursue a policy that allows this to be regulated - there is no migrant in Calais who wants to stay in Calais. They want to go to England. So now England is to come up with the solution. I know that the minister has to obey government solidarity. But he was very clear a few months ago and Mr Cameron himself told that in case of Brexit, there would necessarily be a renegotiation."

4. Cutaway Bertrand and Macron

5. SOUNDBITE (French) Xavier Bertrand, President of Hauts-de-France, and member of the Republicains Party:

"Today we say to English people: it is your subject. It is your problem. We want to talk about this, we will sit down and discuss it. But we start from a basis: the Le Touquet agreement, as we say in the Picard language "that's over" (in English)"

6. Various of Macron being shown around a factory

7. SOUNDBITE (French) Emmanuel Macron, French Economy Minister:

"I am lucid about the situation. I share the observation of Xavier Bertrand; David Cameron indeed took an engagement when, in Amiens with the President of the Republic, they discussed the fact that Britain had to reconsider the issue. So I think that all this will have to be, even if the legal framework is different, part of this relationship. We also have to ask Britain how it can bring a more practical answer to this situation. There is sadly no perfect solution to this problem. But I do think that we can find better ones."

8. Various of Macron visiting a factory

British Prime Minister David Cameron on Friday said that he has always supported the idea of the UK being part of a European Union that can be changed within.

Cameron told a press conference in Japan at the end of a Group of Seven summit, that he had "never been a closeted Brexit-ier" and was "passionate about getting this reform in Europe and remaining part of it."

Britons will vote in a referendum on June 23 on whether to stay or leave the EU.

Cameron also announced that the UK would be sending a second warship to the Central Mediterranean in support of the fledging Libyan government of Fayez al-Sarraj as a way of easing the migration crisis in the region.

HD version available in \\Source_Clips\Newsroom Failures

Shima - 27 May, 2016

1. British Prime Minister David Cameron approaching podium

2. Tilt from reporters to mid of Cameron

3. SOUNDBITE (English) David Cameron, British Prime Minister:

"You know, it's for me all about Britain's national interest. To me this is not an argument about Europe, yes or no, it's an argument about Britain big and bold. That's what it's all about. And I've consistently, throughout my political life, I've taken the view that, for all of its imperfections, let's get stuck in there, change the things that we don't like, but I actually think, and I've said this throughout the whole renegotiation, the best outcome for us, was for Britain to stay in a reformed European Union. So no, I've never been a closet 'Brexit-ier'. I'm absolutely passionate about getting the right result, getting this reform in Europe and remaining part of it. It's in Britain's national interest, that's what it is all about."

4. Wide of presser

5. SOUNDBITE (English) David Cameron, British Prime Minister:

"Britain is an amazing country, you know, we can find our way, whatever the British people choose. But the question for us is not are we a great country, have we got a brilliant economy, have we got talent in businesses, have we got great entrepreneurs, have we got amazing universities, brilliant scientists, can we go on as we have in the past breaking new boundaries in all these areas. The question is "how do we do best?""

7. Cameraman

8. SOUNDBITE (English) David Cameron, British Prime Minister:

"Returning people works (referring to deal in the eastern Mediterranean migration route). Now we need to do the same in the Central Mediterranean route. And we discussed this at the G7 meeting. We are working closely with our EU colleagues to agree a plan to boost the capability of the Libyan coastguard. Once the detailed plan has been agreed with the Libyan authorities, the UK will send a UK training team to assist in its implementation and once the relevant permissions and UN Security Council resolution are in place, I'll deploy a naval warship to the south central Mediterranean to combat arms trafficking in the region. Together, these developments will help stabilise Libya, secure its coast, and tackle the migration crisis."

9. Wide of presser

10. SOUNDBITE (English) David Cameron, British Prime Minister:

"So clearly we have a clear interest to do what we can to support the new government, to help it to grow, to help it have the ability to control that country, and because as I say we are affected, whether we are in the EU or out of the EU, we are affected by the migration crisis in Europe, and so Britain should be helping, we are already part of operation Sophia (European Union Naval Force Mediterranean (EUNAVFOR Med), also known as Operation Sophia), we already have a warship there, and we want that to move to the next stage of working with a Libyan government to stop boats leaving in the first place and over time to be able to turn people back, because as we've seen in the Eastern Mediterranean, that's what works."

11. Mid of reporters

12. Wide of presser

When his friend Arek was killed in the street, Eric Hind had sickening evidence that the country he'd come to call home had changed.

But the Polish IT consultant had started to feel uneasy even before that, as Britain prepared to vote earlier this year on whether to remain in the European Union.

As debate heated up about the U.K.'s place in Europe, Hind's outsider status was made all too clear to him.

"When I first moved to the U.K. I felt like it was a dream come true," he said with quiet sadness. "It's the country where there are no differences, people just get on with each other, there are no questions asked about where you're from.

"But now I just have to watch my back. People are worried to use their own language in the streets. It's not what it is supposed to be like, or what it was like before."

Hind was among hundreds of thousands of Poles who seized the opportunity when the EU expanded into eastern Europe in 2004 to move to Britain, regarded as a welcoming country with a flexible labour market and relatively high wages.

Twelve years on, he'd settled in Harlow, near London, with a family and a good job.

After the June 23 vote, Hind says he received text messages that said things like, "What time is my bus back home, have I got my passport and good luck in Poland."

Free movement among member states is a key principle of the EU, and millions of Europeans have become used to studying, working or retiring abroad. Britain's vote to quit the bloc - after a "leave" campaign that urged people to "take back control" - is in part a renunciation of that borderless ideal.

The support for leaving the EU was swelled by citizens who felt the presence of so many people from other EU countries was making Britain less "British" and making it harder for Britons to find jobs, housing, and medical care.

One campaign poster featured a long line of migrants beside the slogan "breaking point."

Anti-racism groups say the vote also unleashed a wave of xenophobia that has brought insults, abuse and physical attacks.

Much of the recorded abuse has been aimed at eastern Europeans, who have come to Britain in the hundreds of thousands over the past decade - and particularly Poles, the largest group, who number a million in the U.K.

'Polish' has become derogatory," said Suresh Grover of the Monitoring Group, a charity that works with victims of hate crime.

"People who have racist views have become emboldened and they now keep on saying things that were seen to be unacceptable," he adds.

Official figures back up anecdotal evidence of a rise in hate crime since the referendum. According to the Home Office, police recorded 1,546 racially or religiously aggravated offences in England and Wales in the two weeks before referendum day, and 2,241 in the two weeks after it. The total for July was up 41 percent from the same month a year earlier. August's level was lower, but still higher than before for Brexit vote.

Incidents reported around the country include offensive graffiti daubed on a Polish community centre; cards saying "no more Polish vermin" left on cars; a Polish man punched and kicked in Yeovil, southwest England; another Polish man beaten by a gang of teenagers in the northern city of Leeds; and a 21-year-old Polish student stabbed in the neck with a broken bottle in the English Midlands town of Telford.

On Aug. 27, a Saturday night, Hind's friend Arkadiusz Jozwik, known as Arek, was involved in an altercation with youths outside a pizza parlour in Harlow, about 20 miles (32 kilometres) north of London. The 40-year-old was felled by a single punch, hit his head and died in hospital two days later.

Police said they were investigating the death as a hate crime, and arrested six teens aged 15 and 16. Five have been released for lack of evidence, while one remains on bail.

Poland's ambassador to Britain, Arkady Rzegocki, said he was "shocked and deeply concerned" by the hostility toward a community whose presence in Britain goes back to World War II, when Polish pilots fought in the Battle of Britain and a Polish government-in-exile was based in London.

"The hospitality of British society was very famous, and we appreciate it," he said.

Rzegocki said he is confident that common sense and British decency will prevail. He said the embassy has received many supportive letters from Britons condemning the attacks.

And he points out that Britain is a country with low unemployment whose economy relies on migrants, including armies of Polish plumbers, nannies and fruit-pickers.

"I am sure that most of British society is very welcoming to immigrants - especially to the Poles which had, and still have, a huge contribution to the British economy and to the British culture," he said.

He notes that for Europe, the 20th century was the era of "borders and protectionism - and it wasn't a good century in European history."

No one is arguing that the referendum introduced prejudice to Britain - earlier groups of immigrants, from Jews 100 years ago to West Indians after World War II, also experienced hostility. In the 2014 British Social Attitudes survey, about a third of people admitted to being a little or very prejudiced against other races.

Dorothy Spriggs, an 85-year-old who has lived in Harlow for almost 50 years says she can here people making derogatory comments about 'foreigners coming in' when she's on the bus.

Harlow is a post-World War II "new town" whose first residents included bombed-out Londoners. Over the years they've been joined by others - Chinese, Indians and more recently eastern Europeans, whose shops and delis sit alongside the town's fish-and-chip shops, Indian restaurants and kebab takeaways.

Spriggs stopped recently beside a makeshift memorial near the spot where Jozwik died: bunches of flowers, a candle and three large stuffed animals lined up neatly on benches.

"Try to understand the opinion of the other people," she urges.

"Listen to them, listen to them about their culture, things like that. You know, learn more about their way of life and our way of life and sort of intermix in that way," she adds.

That appeal may be too late to keep Hind in Harlow, or in Britain.

He's stopped going into town after 6 p.m. He's planning to leave the U.K., so his 2-year-old British-born daughter can grow up somewhere she will feel safe.

Hind worries he won't be allowed to remain in Britain even if he wants to.

The government has refused to guarantee that the estimated 3 million EU nationals in Britain can stay unless U.K. citizens elsewhere in the EU get the same right. Europe's borders are firming up again.

"It's just not nice to live in a country where you don't know where you stand ... if you don't know what will happen tomorrow, if someone will come to your door and say, 'OK, time for you to pack your bags and go home,'" Hind said.

"Everyone wants to feel safe and I don't think this is the case now in the U.K."

++CLIENTS PLEASE USE THIS EDIT WHICH CONTAINS AN ADDITIONAL SOUNDBITE BY DOROTHY SPRIGGS AND UPDATED STORYLINE++

Harlow - 20 October 2016

1. Bench with flowers, lantern and picture of Arek Jozwik, a Polish national who was killed on 27 August

2. Photo of Arek, pan

3. Wide of benches

4. Mid of bench area, soft toys where Polish national Arkadiusz Jozwik, known as Arek, was killed

5. Various of Polish national Eric Hind, living in the UK since 2004 and friend of Arek smoking a cigarette

6. Mid of Hind seated

7. SOUNDBITE (English) Eric Hind, Polish IT consultant, living in the UK since 2004, friend of Arek:

"When I first moved to the U.K. I felt like it was a dream come true, it's the country where there are no differences, people just get on with each other, there are no questions asked about where you're from, the dialect you are talking with, and stuff like that. But now I just have to watch my back. People are worried to use their own language in the streets. It's not what it is supposed to be like, or what it was like before."

8. Close-up Hind's hands

9. SOUNDBITE (English) Eric Hind, Polish IT consultant, living in the UK since 2004, friend of Arek:

"It's just not nice to live in a country where you don't know where you stand. So that's worrying and not very assuring to anyone. If you don't know what will happen tomorrow, if someone will knock to your door and say, 'OK, time for you to pack your bags and go home. I mean everyone wants the same, everyone wants to feel safe and I don't believe this is the case now in the U.K. You don't know what will happen and that's not good."

10. Mid of Harlow shopping centre street

11. Close of Union Flag flying from window

12. Various of shop exteriors selling goods from Europe

13. Various exteriors of Polish food shop

14. SOUNDBITE (English) Dorothy Spriggs, an 85-year-old who has lived in Harlow for almost 50 years:

"You've only got to hear people's conversation - if you're on the bus or somewhere like that, you know, over the course of the years, they say 'oh, its all these foreigners coming in'."

15. Cutaway of candle for Arek

16. SOUNDBITE (English) Dorothy Spriggs, an 85-year-old who has lived in Harlow for almost 50 years:

"Well, try to understand that's the opinion of the other people. Listen to them, listen about their culture, things like that. You know, learn more about their way of life and our way of life and sort of intermix in that way. I think so anyway."

17. Various set up shots of Suresh Grover, Director of the Monitoring Group, a charity that works with victims of hate crime.

18. SOUNDBITE (English) Suresh Grover, Director of the Monitoring Group:

"That underbelly has been let out loose. People who have racist views have become emboldened and they now keep saying things that were seen to be unacceptable. The 'n' word is back on the agenda, the 'p' word and Polish, the word Polish has become as derogatory as a 'Paki'. That's absolutely senseless, degrading, dehumanising in the 21st century Britain. A modern Britain which won Olympics on the basis of multicultural dynamic society."

19. Pan down of photo of race protest

20. Close of books

21. Various set up shots of Poland's ambassador to Britain, Arkady Rzegocki

22. SOUNDBITE (English) Arkady Rzegocki, Poland's Ambassador to Britain:

"Poles are present in Britain for decades or even centuries. Permanent presence of Poland is going (back) to the Second World War and after that, so I was a little bit shocked when it appeared that after the referendum we noticed more xenophobic incidents in different parts of Great Britain. Unfortunately after the referendum, we noticed some increase of incidents."

23. Cutaway hands

24. SOUNDBITE (English) Arkady Rzegocki, Poland's ambassador to Britain:

"I am sure that most of British society is very welcoming to immigrants, especially to the Poles which had, and still have, a huge contribution to the British economy and to the British culture, so I hope it will remain."

25. Wide of Polish embassy

26. Pan up to Polish and EU Flag

27. Close of Polish flag

When Britain decides this week whether to leave the European Union, London's voice may prove decisive. But for which side?

Britain's capital, home to almost nine million people, encompasses the most pro-EU place of the country, and the least.

In the cosmopolitan City financial district, where almost half a million people from around the globe work in Europe's biggest financial centre, pro-EU sentiment predominates.

But just a few miles away, the borough of Havering, stronghold of working-class East Enders, topped a national survey of the most anti-EU places in Britain.

The two districts represent the opposing views at the heart Britain's EU debate.

One sees the bloc’s free flow of people and money as a benefit. The other sees it as a threat.

Havering, a chunk of suburban Essex county absorbed into Greater London in 1965, is a workaday place of 20th-century houses and strips of shops on busy roads.

Many residents are Cockneys who moved out of London's East End in search of more space and quiet, or their children.

It's not the poorest part of London, nor the area with the most immigrants.

Havering is one of London's least ethnically diverse boroughs - 83 percent of people here identify themselves as "white British," compared to 45 percent in London as a whole.

Almost 90 percent of Havering residents were born in Britain, compared to 63 percent for all of London.

Like other local authorities, Havering Council has had its funding from central government slashed under austerity programmes aimed at reducing the national deficit.

"We've been told there is austerity, we must cut back," said Lawrence Webb, a Havering councillor for the anti-EU UK Independence Party.

While fishmonger David Crosbie, working on a drizzly morning in Havering's Romford street market, is an emphatic "leave" voter.

For Crosbie, the decision has a lot to do with borders, on land and sea.

He says he is tired of European fishermen trawling waters around Britain under the EU's Common Fisheries Policy.

"Remain" campaigners say government austerity is rooted in the 2008 financial crisis and in British politicians' choices, not the EU.

Nonetheless, migrants and the EU often take the blame in Havering, where many people say they do not see the benefits of immigration.

That view is less common in central London and not just in the financial district.

In multiethnic inner-city areas such as Camden and Islington, it's rare to spot a "leave" sign.

Immigration has become the most emotive issue of the campaign for Thursday’s referendum, stirring fears of instability among voters and drawing allegations of xenophobia from "remain" supporters.

The EU is built on the principle that citizens can live and work in any of the 28 member states.

Since the bloc expanded to include former Communist countries in eastern Europe more than a decade ago, hundreds of thousands of people have moved west to Britain and other, wealthier, EU nations.

The perception that EU migrants come to take jobs and, somewhat paradoxically, to live on welfare benefits, is driving "leave" sentiment in Havering and other Eurosceptic areas.

But 15 miles (24 kilometres) to the southwest in the historic heart of financial London, policy chief Mark Boleat argues that thousands of jobs, and London's standing as a financial centre, depend on the EU.

That view is backed by the Economist Intelligence Unit, which said last week that leaving the EU would endanger London's status as a global financial hub, "almost certainly depriving UK-based financial firms of their passport to conduct business anywhere in the EU."

When Britain decides this week whether to leave the European Union, London's voice may prove decisive. But for which side?

Britain's capital, home to almost nine million people, encompasses the most pro-EU place of the country, and the least.

In the cosmopolitan City financial district, where almost half a million people from around the globe work in Europe's biggest financial centre, pro-EU sentiment predominates.

But just a few miles away, the borough of Havering, stronghold of working-class East Enders, topped a national survey of the most anti-EU places in Britain.

The two districts represent the opposing views at the heart Britain's EU debate.

One sees the bloc’s free flow of people and money as a benefit. The other sees it as a threat.

Havering, a chunk of suburban Essex county absorbed into Greater London in 1965, is a workaday place of 20th-century houses and strips of shops on busy roads.

Many residents are Cockneys who moved out of London's East End in search of more space and quiet, or their children.

It's not the poorest part of London, nor the area with the most immigrants.

Havering is one of London's least ethnically diverse boroughs - 83 percent of people here identify themselves as "white British," compared to 45 percent in London as a whole.

Almost 90 percent of Havering residents were born in Britain, compared to 63 percent for all of London.

Like other local authorities, Havering Council has had its funding from central government slashed under austerity programmes aimed at reducing the national deficit.

"We've been told there is austerity, we must cut back," said Lawrence Webb, a Havering councillor for the anti-EU UK Independence Party.

While fishmonger David Crosbie, working on a drizzly morning in Havering's Romford street market, is an emphatic "leave" voter.

For Crosbie, the decision has a lot to do with borders, on land and sea.

He says he is tired of European fishermen trawling waters around Britain under the EU's Common Fisheries Policy.

"Remain" campaigners say government austerity is rooted in the 2008 financial crisis and in British politicians' choices, not the EU.

Nonetheless, migrants and the EU often take the blame in Havering, where many people say they do not see the benefits of immigration.

That view is less common in central London and not just in the financial district.

In multiethnic inner-city areas such as Camden and Islington, it's rare to spot a "leave" sign.

Immigration has become the most emotive issue of the campaign for Thursday’s referendum, stirring fears of instability among voters and drawing allegations of xenophobia from "remain" supporters.

The EU is built on the principle that citizens can live and work in any of the 28 member states.

Since the bloc expanded to include former Communist countries in eastern Europe more than a decade ago, hundreds of thousands of people have moved west to Britain and other, wealthier, EU nations.

The perception that EU migrants come to take jobs and, somewhat paradoxically, to live on welfare benefits, is driving "leave" sentiment in Havering and other Eurosceptic areas.

But 15 miles (24 kilometres) to the southwest in the historic heart of financial London, policy chief Mark Boleat argues that thousands of jobs, and London's standing as a financial centre, depend on the EU.

That view is backed by the Economist Intelligence Unit, which said last week that leaving the EU would endanger London's status as a global financial hub, "almost certainly depriving UK-based financial firms of their passport to conduct business anywhere in the EU."

Havering -1 June 2016

1. Wide of market, vote leave sign

2. Close of vote leave sign

3. Mid of market

4. England flag

5. Pan from town hall sign to Havering town hall, flags flying

6. SOUNDBITE (English) Lawrence Webb, UKIP Councillor:

"There are many, many reasons, not least of which is the cost to us as a council and a country of being members of the EU. But this referendum is about one single issue, and that is sovereignty. It's about who makes the laws that govern our lives although if you speak to ten different people you get ten different reasons why people may be voting out, but that in a nutshell is what it is about. It is about who makes those decisions over our lives."

7. Cutaway of flags flying over town hall

8. SOUNDBITE (English) Lawrence Webb, UKIP Councillor:

"We've been told there is austerity, we must cut back. The one budget, or two budgets that haven't been cut are our membership fee of the EU and foreign aid. Our view is that money should be spent here. So stop giving Brussels a single penny until we sort our own economy out."

9. Wide of market

10. Seafood at fishmonger stand at Havering market

11. SOUNDBITE (English) David Crosby, fishmonger:

"They want to stay in because it's beneficial to them. But that's not even one percent of the population. 90 odd percent of them don't earn like half a million pounds a year in bonuses and all this lark which they can tuck round the corner like in Liechtenstein, Panama, wherever. Normal people like have to go and work for a living and they want to earn their own money."

12. Keep calm and leave the EU sign

13. SOUNDBITE (English) Sukh Singh, works on family stall:

"They (Europeans) come here, and they don't work and they just claim benefits and also they don't give a chance to people who are born here, to English people."

14. SOUNDBITE (English) Jackie Duvall, market researcher:

"If immigration is so wonderful two and two isn't making four. They say they contribute towards the economy, I don't doubt it but and the end of the day, where is the money going? Where are all the extra taxes going? Is it going to hospitals? No. Education, the prison service? It's going nowhere. So, it's a con trick."

London - 17 June 2016

15. Pan of Bank of England

16. Set up of Mark Boleat, policy chairman at City of London Corporation

17. SOUNDBITE (English) Mark Boleat, policy chairman at City of London Corporation:

"The City of London's position is that Britain should remain a member of the European Union. We think the European Union has been good for the country generally, very good for financial services, many jobs depend on it, and we think that leaving the European Union will be taking a significant risk. The city would undoubtedly remain a very large international financial centre, but we think it would be smaller than it would be if Britain remained in."

18. Cutaway of Boleat talking

19. SOUNDBITE (English) Mark Boleat, policy chairman at City of London Corporation:

"You take investment banking, there are 100,000 jobs roughly in Europe, 90,000 of them in Britain. If Britain is not in the European Union, that ability would be lost. And secondly, is the free movement of labour. The City is very international. You hear almost any language conceivable in the streets of London. The big institutions have no hesitation in bringing in people from France, Germany and Spain, Italy, Romania, Bulgaria and similarly people move from Britain to those countries. If Britain was not in the European Union, that would not be so easy."

20. Pan down from Bank to Royal Exchange sign

21. Set up shot of Amy Wilson 27, Technology Consultant in the City

22. SOUNDBITE (English) Amy Wilson, Technology Consultant in the City:

"I'm strongly 'remain', I think probably most people I know are also strongly 'remain'. I don't know if it seems to me like it's a London thing, it seems more like a generational thing to me."

23. Cutaway of Royal Exchange

24. SOUNDBITE (English) Michael Patterson, restaurateur in the City:

"My view is we should remain and have another referendum in five years time when the situation will be much clearer and we will get a decisive result which will last for all time."

25. City workers eating lunch

26. SOUNDBITE (English) James Sylvester, works in IT services in the City:

"It's also the devil you know. It's better to be in and fight rather than to be out and fight. It's an easier way. Path of least resistance."

27. City workers on street

28. SOUNDBITE (English) Richard Wells, works part time as a Broker for Lloyds:

"It's very close for me, 51-49 in favour of Brexit, I have to say. I've done some studies on it. It's going to knock share prices, stock markets, the economy for a bit. I think it's more important as things go to try and get our country back a bit more. I think that's more important to me than it is the economic effect. But it's so close, it's really, really close."

29. Pan down of exchange

The leader of Britain's Liberal Democrats on Wednesday launched his party's manifesto for Britain's June 8 election.

Speaking to supporters in London, Tim Farron stressed that the conservative government's take on Brexit was a "choice" rather than a path that inevitably followed from the referendum result.

Farron also said that UK's Prime Minister Theresa May's decision to take the country out of the single market alone was "a time bomb under our economy".

He accused her Conservative Party of becoming indistinguishable from the United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP), formerly headed by Nigel Farage, a key figure in the campaign for the UK to leave the European Union.

In doing so Farron said that May had the same "world view" as global figures on the alternative right including US President Donald Trump and former leader of France's National Front Marine Le Pen, who lost to europhile Emmanuel Macron in France's presidential election.

May called the snap election in an attempt to boost her parliamentary majority ahead of divorce negotiations with the European Union.

++SOUNDBITES SEPARATED BY BLACK++

UK POOL

London - 17 May 2017

1. Liberal Democrat leader Tim Farron on stage

2. SOUNDBITE (English) Tim Farron, Liberal Democrat leader:

"And she (British Prime Minister Theresa May) is already making choices that will affect those things, including the most profound choice she could make: taking Britain out of the single market. That decision alone is a time bomb under our economy. And when blows up it is going to take down our NHS (National Health Service) and our schools with it. It is going to wreck our children's future for decades to come. And it is a choice. Her choice. Plain and simple. It was not inevitable. There was nothing on the ballot paper last June that said we were choosing to pull out of the single market."

++BLACK FRAMES++

3. SOUNDBITE (English) Tim Farron, Liberal Democrat leader:

"You, you should have the say, over whether Theresa May's Brexit deal is right for you, right for your family in a referendum. And if you do not like that deal, you should have the choice to remain in the European Union."

++BLACK FRAMES++

4. SOUNDBITE (English) Tim Farron, Liberal Democrat leader: ++VARIOUS ANGLES+

"It's a world view that includes shunning climate change. It's a world view that includes shrinking the state by starving our schools and our NHS of the funding that they need. It's a world view that includes turning our backs on some of the poorest, most vulnerable people in the world, as (UK Prime Minister) Theresa May did when she shamefully closed the door on desperate child refugees. That is (former UK Independence Party leader) Nigel Farage's world view; the same one that leads to (US President) Donald Trump banning Muslims and building a wall, the same one that (former leader of the French National Front) Marine Le Pen tried to impose on the decent people of France. Nigel Farage's vision for Britain is now Theresa May's. He has taken over the Conservative Party. Anti-Europe, anti-refugees, slashing funding to schools and hospitals. No wonder UKIP is standing candidates down to support the Tories. After all, who needs UKIP if the Tory government is doing what they want anyway. Somebody has to stand up to them. Someone has to fight for the decent compassionate Britain that we love."

++BLACK FRAMES++

5. SOUNDBITE (English) Tim Farron, Liberal Democrat leader:

"The decent people of France decided they did not want to simply accept one of the two tired old parties, so they rejected them. And when the two old establishment parties had been eliminated, the decent people of France faced a stark choice: a liberal pro-European candidate who believes in an open tolerant and united France, versus the leader of the National Front. Hope versus fear. A brighter future versus a cold, mean-spirited one. Nigel Farage pinned his colours to the mast. Just like when he backed (US president) Donald Trump in America, he backed the candidate who represented his world view: anti-Europe, ant-refugees. He backed the National Front. But the decent people of France chose hope over fear, and the National Front lost. Don't let anyone tell you that the only choice you have in this election is between (Labour Party leader) Jeremy Corbyn and Theresa May."

++BLACK FRAMES++

6. SOUNDBITE (English) Tim Farron, Liberal Democrat leader:

"Theresa May and Nigel Farage's cold, mean-spirited Britain is not the Britain I love. The Britain I love is generous and it is compassionate. The Britain I love is one where we are decent to each other. The Britain I love is open, tolerant and united. If that is the Britain you love too, then this is the moment to stand up. This is your chance to change Britain's future."

7. Zoom out of supporters applauding to Farron on stage

Italian Premier Matteo Renzi says Europe wants to "write a future chapter" after Britain's vote to leave the EU focusing on common defense, security and economic growth especially addressing youth unemployment.

At the end of a mini-summit on Monday with German Chancellor Angela Merkel and French President Francois Hollande, Renzi said improved security and intelligence sharing is an "absolute priority" for a Europe confronting Islamic extremist violence.

Renzi said that the three leaders agreed they must do more to stop migrants attempting to make the dangerous journey across the Mediterranean to European ports.

The three leaders held a press conference aboard the Italian aircraft carrier Garibaldi, which is coordinating the EU's Mediterranean migrant rescue operation, after paying tribute to one of the founding fathers of European unity on the island of Ventotene.

POOL

Ventotene - 22 August 2016

1. German Chancellor Angela Merkel, Italian Prime Minister Matteo Renzi and French President Francois Hollande arriving for news conference onboard Italian aircraft carrier Garibaldi

2. Italian flag

3. SOUNDBITE (Italian) Matteo Renzi, Italian Premier: (soundbite overlaid with various shots of Renzi and Hollande, Merkel listening)

"Many thought after Brexit Europe was over, it's isn't true, we respect the British people's choice but I want to write a future chapter, and this is why external and internal security, the fight for common defence and collaboration, intelligence, better integration of the national defence industries, a project of a common European community security, are all absolute priorities on which we'll discuss."

4. Cutaway photographers

5. SOUNDBITE (Italian) Matteo Renzi, Italian Premier:

"I want to give you some data on the Mediterranean area: as of today the migrants who have arrived on the Italian coasts (so far this year) are 102 thousand, last year there were 105 thousand as of August 20. We think that we can and we must do more together, with Angela (Merkel) and Francois (Hollande) we share this message, in particular as the European Union, to stop departures and help the needy."

6. Wide of news conference

If her compatriots back in Britain vote this week to leave the European Union, the only thing Dale Carr's sure about is that life's going to get far more difficult for her in Germany.

Carr runs two "Broken English" shops in the German capital, specialising in teas, marmalades and other goodies from the UK.

At the very least, Carr figures the import of some items could be blocked, others will be slapped with duties, and she'll no longer be able to deduct some of the taxes on shipping like she has in the past.

Beyond that, like the other 105,000 Britons living in Germany, the 63-year-old can really only speculate.

Carr came to Germany for what was supposed to be a three month trip in 1978 and never looked back.

But like many of her customers that means she's been away too long to be eligible to vote in the referendum.

Among her customers, there's a feeling of indignation that they cannot vote and have no say, especially among the veterans, she said.

But because she's lived in Germany so long as a taxpayer, there's another option open to Carr, her Scottish husband, and her two adult children who were born in Berlin but have British citizenship: dual citizenship.

She says the first thing she will do in the event of Britain leaving the EU is apply for German citizenship to give her and her family the opportunity to move wherever they want in Europe.

Things are a little different for Jon Worth, a native of Newport, in South Wales, who has only been in Germany for just shy of three years.

As a self-employed communications consultant, the 36-year-old may face further hurdles convincing the German authorities to allow him to stay with no company backing him.

And even if he met the prerequisites, Germany's immigration agencies are so backlogged processing the cases of the hundreds of thousands of Syrians and other asylum seekers entering the country that British applying for citizenship may find themselves in a long queue.

One Berlin district office, for example, already in March only had appointments available in January 2017 to even begin the process.

Like Carr, Worth's not sure what to expect because there has been so little information released on what comes next in the event of a British exit.

Amid the uncertainty, he's used social media to organise get-togethers of expatriates from around the country to discuss the possible scenarios.

Germany's own experience with how its unchecked nationalism in the 20th century helped cause two world wars means that today it is among the most committed to the European project, and Chancellor Angela Merkel's government has repeatedly emphasised it wants Britain to remain part of the European Union.

Recently that rhetoric has been sharpened slightly, to include comments suggesting that Britain would lose influence and opportunity if it tries to operate outside the European Union.

Echoing the sentiments of many, Claudia Arz, one of Carr's customers, said she was very European in perspective and believed that a British exit would be bad both for Europe and Britain.

For shop owner Dale Carr only one thing is certain. Britain's exit will not help bring back "the Great Britannia as it was and going back somehow into the past or recreating the past."

Carr said following the Brexit talk over the last months has convinced her that the EU needs to reform some of its rules and regulations, but that it would be better for Britain to work for those changes from within.

If her compatriots back in Britain vote this week to leave the European Union, the only thing Dale Carr's sure about is that life's going to get far more difficult for her in Germany.

Carr runs two "Broken English" shops in the German capital, specialising in teas, marmalades and other goodies from the UK.

At the very least, Carr figures the import of some items could be blocked, others will be slapped with duties, and she'll no longer be able to deduct some of the taxes on shipping like she has in the past.

Beyond that, like the other 105,000 Britons living in Germany, the 63-year-old can really only speculate.

Carr came to Germany for what was supposed to be a three month trip in 1978 and never looked back.

But like many of her customers that means she's been away too long to be eligible to vote in the referendum.

Among her customers, there's a feeling of indignation that they cannot vote and have no say, especially among the veterans, she said.

But because she's lived in Germany so long as a taxpayer, there's another option open to Carr, her Scottish husband, and her two adult children who were born in Berlin but have British citizenship: dual citizenship.

She says the first thing she will do in the event of Britain leaving the EU is apply for German citizenship to give her and her family the opportunity to move wherever they want in Europe.

Things are a little different for Jon Worth, a native of Newport, in South Wales, who has only been in Germany for just shy of three years.

As a self-employed communications consultant, the 36-year-old may face further hurdles convincing the German authorities to allow him to stay with no company backing him.

And even if he met the prerequisites, Germany's immigration agencies are so backlogged processing the cases of the hundreds of thousands of Syrians and other asylum seekers entering the country that British applying for citizenship may find themselves in a long queue.

One Berlin district office, for example, already in March only had appointments available in January 2017 to even begin the process.

Like Carr, Worth's not sure what to expect because there has been so little information released on what comes next in the event of a British exit.

Amid the uncertainty, he's used social media to organise get-togethers of expatriates from around the country to discuss the possible scenarios.

Germany's own experience with how its unchecked nationalism in the 20th century helped cause two world wars means that today it is among the most committed to the European project, and Chancellor Angela Merkel's government has repeatedly emphasised it wants Britain to remain part of the European Union.

Recently that rhetoric has been sharpened slightly, to include comments suggesting that Britain would lose influence and opportunity if it tries to operate outside the European Union.

Echoing the sentiments of many, Claudia Arz, one of Carr's customers, said she was very European in perspective and believed that a British exit would be bad both for Europe and Britain.

For shop owner Dale Carr only one thing is certain. Britain's exit will not help bring back "the Great Britannia as it was and going back somehow into the past or recreating the past."

Carr said following the Brexit talk over the last months has convinced her that the EU needs to reform some of its rules and regulations, but that it would be better for Britain to work for those changes from within.

Berlin - 16 June 2016

1. Sign at store reading (English) "Broken English"

2. Shop owner Dale Carr in her store

3. Carr talking to costumer

4. Carr talking

5. British teapots in store

6. Costumers inside "Broken English" store

7. Cup with British flag

8. SOUNDBITE (English) Dale Carr, British owner of "Broken English" shop in Berlin:

"The main reason is that we would still be inside Europe and that we would still have this wonderful right to live and work anywhere in Europe, also for my children of course. They may one day well they want to go somewhere else or have the opportunity to go somewhere else. We may too. But if my only opportunity is back to the UK it narrows things a little."

9. Carr at cashier

10. Carr with costumer

11. Customers at store

12. SOUNDBITE (English) Dale Carr, British shop owner:

"So if we have to fork out a chunk of money to pay all the VAT bills also on my shipping costs which I see no reason at all why I should be able to claim it back here, those days will be gone, that would automatically put prices up between 18 and probably 20 percent to start with and that puts it out of the reach of a lot of people."

Berlin - 19 June 2016

13. British and European flags

14. Public event about the referendum at Kollwitzplatz

15. Jon Worth with British flag at statue of artist Kaethe Kollwitz

16. "Hug a Brit" action during public event informing about the referendum

17. SOUNDBITE (English) Jon Worth, British citizen and pro-Europe activist who lives in Berlin:

"There is considerable nervousness because many people don't know what Britain's relationship with the European Union is going to look like if Britain leaves the EU and then what that will mean for the British living here in Germany and indeed anywhere else in the rest of the European Union at a personal level. There are people who wonder what would happen to student fees if they are studying, what happens to their pensions if they're retired. In my own situation I'm self-employed, those are the people who can never get a Visa if we ever needed a Visa to potentially stay in Germany. So we are the people who as British profited from EU freedom of movement and therefore we are very fearful about what would happen where that be taken away."

Berlin - 16 June 2016

18. Cups with London print

19. Claudia Arz shopping at "Broken English" store

20. SOUNDBITE (German) Claudia Arz, German citizen, journalist:

"I think Great Britain will make a big mistake if they leave the European Union also regarding Scotland, which would come closer to the European Union in such a case, a danger of a conflict could arise between Great Britain and Scotland. All in all I believe the British economy would suffer badly."

21. Claudia Arz talking to Carr

22. SOUNDBITE (English) Dale Carr, British shop owner:

"And so this idea of bringing back the Great Britannia as it was and going back somehow into the past or recreating the past - none of us can do that, Brexit or no Brexit you know."

23. British and Berlin flags and picture of Queen Elizabeth II

24. Puppet dogs and Queen Elizabeth II waving

Prospective EU members in the Balkans said on Monday the British exit vote won't diminish their EU membership efforts.

Balkan nations that survived wars and political breakups in the 1990s worry they will face more hurdles to membership as the EU struggles to keep itself together.

The leaders of France and Germany reassured Serbia, Montenegro, Macedonia, Bosnia, Kosovo and Albania that the British vote to leave the union won't threaten eventual enlargement of the bloc.

Prospective EU members in the Balkans said on Monday the British exit vote won't diminish their EU membership efforts.

Balkan nations that survived wars and political breakups in the 1990s worry they will face more hurdles to membership as the EU struggles to keep itself together.

The leaders of France and Germany reassured Serbia, Montenegro, Macedonia, Bosnia, Kosovo and Albania that the British vote to leave the union won't threaten eventual enlargement of the bloc.

Paris - 4 July 2016

1. Wide of Elysee courtyard

2. Mid of journalists

3. SOUNDBITE (English) Tihomir Oreskovic, Croatian Prime Minister:

"I think there were three main topics we discussed one obviously the migration crisis, we share common threats or challenges. Clearly the migration challenges are something we are dealing through or dealing with both in terms of the western Balkans and Europe in general. And then terrorism obviously, a look at the recent terrorist attack in Istanbul which is most recent but other European cities. So I think we share common challenges and when you have to unite in terms of the fight against terrorism so clearly how we can share information and better communicate so that we can prevent future terrorist acts and part of that is also controlling the borders and the flow of migrants through the region was also discussed. And then the third topic which probably was also the most relevant in light of the recent Brexit announcement is to make sure that the further integration of the western Balkans proceeds. I think that was the key message that we wanted to deliver today, that the process is moving forward and that as result of Brexit, it will not stop."

Q: "Not the end of Balkan accession?"

"Absolutely not. I think if we look at the key premise of the European Union it's prosperity, peace first of all in terms of if we look at the history of Europe, economic growth, prosperity and if we look obviously at the region and some of its history I think the the same applies so I think we need to see how we can bring the western Balkans into the European Union as quickly as possible and obviously the need to fulfil all their requirements as a full member but I think the same fundamental values and principals apply. And I think the the same objectives apply, to make sure we have peace and prosperity in this region of the world as well."

4. Close up of badges

5. News conference

6. Aleksandar Vucic, Serbian Prime Minister arriving

7. SOUNDBITE (Serbian) Aleksandar Vucic, Serbian Prime Minister:

"I think that this is a good indication that all countries of the western Balkans are welcome to the European Union. I don't like pledges like Tito (Josip Broz Tito, former President of Yugoslavia) we are pledging to you. We don't have a subservient relationship to the union. But that is the place where the future is the best for our people and our countries. And I'm happy about that and I want to congratulate the citizens of Serbia I will congratulate them on the 19th. We have a lot of work and efforts to make in front of us and obligations. But it seems to me that we have a clear and unequivocal European prospects."

8. Vucic speakng to media

9. Edi Rama, Albanian Prime Minister speaking to media

10. SOUNDBITE (French) Edi Rama, Albanian Prime Minister:

"For many European prime ministers the problem is the euroscepticism, but for me it is the 'europtimism'. Albanians whether they come from Albania or Kosovo are very optimistic about the European integration. We are probably the most willing to join the EU at this stage."

11. Various of Prime Minister of Montenegro, Milo Djukanovic

12. SOUNDBITE (Serbian-Croatian) Milo Djukanovic, Prime Minister of Montenegro:

"I think that the chances for new EU memberships are real. Brexit introduced indeed a certain amount of surprise and disappointment amongst those who push for a full EU integration but I don't think that it can put an end to the vision of Europe. The vision where EU is a necessity if Europe wants to keep its global competitiveness."

13. Djukanovic with media

14. Isa Mustafa, Kosovo Prime Minister with media

15. Cutaway media

16. SOUNDBITE (Serbian-Croatian) Isa Mustafa, Kosovo Prime Minister:

Q: "Did you discuss relations between Serbia and Kososvo in the context of your path to the EU?"

"This wasn't a specific topic but we underlined our resolve to continue with the dialogue, to implement agreements from our dialogues and that we are interested in stabilising our economic relations, human rights and the integration of Serbs in all Kosovo's institutions"

17. Wide of Elysee courtyard

French President Francois Hollande on Wednesday said Britain's decision to leave the European Union should not have an impact on bilateral border agreements, but could affect the many migrants stranded in northern France.

The Touquet accords, signed in 2003 between France and Britain, effectively moved Britain's border to northern France.

A number of French politicians have now seized upon the British decision to exit the EU as a chance to cancel the agreements and unload on Britain the thousands of migrants who want to get there but are stuck in Calais and other areas along the French coast.

But speaking after the EU summit in Brussels, Hollande warned that doing so because of Brexit "does not make sense".

French President Francois Hollande on Wednesday said Britain's decision to leave the European Union should not have an impact on bilateral border agreements, but could affect the many migrants stranded in northern France.

The Touquet accords, signed in 2003 between France and Britain, effectively moved Britain's border to northern France.

A number of French politicians have now seized upon the British decision to exit the EU as a chance to cancel the agreements and unload on Britain the thousands of migrants who want to get there but are stuck in Calais and other areas along the French coast.

But speaking after the EU summit in Brussels, Hollande warned that doing so because of Brexit "does not make sense".

++NO SETUPS OR CUTAWAYS AVAILABLE++

EBS

Brussels - 29 June 2016

1. SOUNDBITE (French) Francois Hollande, French President:

"Challenging the Touquet agreement under the pretext of Britain voted for Brexit, and will engage in negotiations to leave the European Union,

does not make sense. What should perhaps be reviewed is how Britain and France can cooperate better on alleviating the situation for these migrants, the minors, we have done this, and avoid a certain number of improper camps that are not worthy of our countries. And I would like to remind you that Britain makes a significant financial contribution to France for the implementation of this agreement."

FOR CLEAN VERSION SEE STORY NUMBER: apus058159

Britain's stunning vote to bolt from the European Union sent political tremors across the Atlantic Friday, fueling Donald Trump's confidence that frustrated U.S. voters will back similarly sweeping change and rattling Democrats who are banking on Americans ultimately choosing a more conventional leader in Hillary Clinton.

The British referendum was no exact mirror of the U.S. political landscape. The American electorate is far more diverse and Trump is deeply unpopular with minority voters, a serious weakness dogging his Republican candidacy. The referendum also centered on a single issue, while the presidential election can be as much a decision about personality and temperament as candidates' policies.

Yet the parallels between the forces that drove the British vote and those at the core of Trump's campaign are striking. Among them: a belief that globalization is hurting the working class, and increased immigration is changing the country's character. In both nations, there is strong resentment of political elites who often appear to have little connection to the voters they're supposed to represent.

The British referendum comes as Trump tries to rebound from one of the worst stretches of his campaign. He's struggled to raise money and build a robust organization for the general election, and this week he shook up his operation by firing campaign manager Corey Lewandowski.

"Brexit is a wakeup call," said AP political reporter Steve Peoples. "We're seeing similar things playing out here in the U.S."

FOR CLEAN VERSION SEE STORY NUMBER: apus058159

Britain's stunning vote to bolt from the European Union sent political tremors across the Atlantic Friday, fueling Donald Trump's confidence that frustrated U.S. voters will back similarly sweeping change and rattling Democrats who are banking on Americans ultimately choosing a more conventional leader in Hillary Clinton.

The British referendum was no exact mirror of the U.S. political landscape. The American electorate is far more diverse and Trump is deeply unpopular with minority voters, a serious weakness dogging his Republican candidacy. The referendum also centered on a single issue, while the presidential election can be as much a decision about personality and temperament as candidates' policies.

Yet the parallels between the forces that drove the British vote and those at the core of Trump's campaign are striking. Among them: a belief that globalization is hurting the working class, and increased immigration is changing the country's character. In both nations, there is strong resentment of political elites who often appear to have little connection to the voters they're supposed to represent.

The British referendum comes as Trump tries to rebound from one of the worst stretches of his campaign. He's struggled to raise money and build a robust organization for the general election, and this week he shook up his operation by firing campaign manager Corey Lewandowski.

"Brexit is a wakeup call," said AP political reporter Steve Peoples. "We're seeing similar things playing out here in the U.S."

AP TELEVISION

London - June 23, 2016

1. Wide votes being counted

2. Mid votes being counted

AP TELEVISION

Washington D.C. - 24 June 2016

++SOT PARTIALLY COVERED++

3. SOUNDBITE (English) Steve Peoples, Politics reporter, Associated Press:

"It's very clear that the same forces that fueled this Brexit vote in the U.K. are at play here in the U.S. Donald Trump's supporters are very much fueled by economic populism ousim and nationalist pride, if you will, almost bordering on xenophobia at times. Those are the same forces that fueled that brexit vote that shocked most of the political world. And Trump has really claimed it as a victory of sorts, for that kind of politics for his campaign here in America."

US POOL

Turnberry, Scotland - 24 June 2016

4. Various Trump arriving in Scotland

POOL

Houston - 17 June 2016

5. Trump speaking at podium

AP TELEVISION

Washington D.C. - 24 June 2016

++SOT PARTIALLY COVERED++

6. SOUNDBITE (English) Steve Peoples, Politics reporter, Associated Press:

"Tone on immigration was a huge factor on what happened in Britain, and that's also a huge factor here in 2016. There's a refugee crisis going on in Europe. Here in America the focus more is on immigrants coming across the southern border in Mexico and Donald Trump of course has made building the wall a pillar of his campaign. So to the extent that he's able to use that and connect with voters here in America is very similar to what happened over in Great Britain."

POOL

Phoenix, Arizona - 18 June 2016

7. Mid Trump at rally

AP TELEVISION

London - 24 June 2016

8. Wide London's Big Ben

9. Various of The Sun newspaper being printed

UK POOL

London - 24 June 2016

10. British Prime Minister David Cameron approaching the lectern to give a statement

AP TELEVISION

Washington D.C. - 24 June 2016

++SOT PARTIALLY COVERED++

11. SOUNDBITE (English) Steve Peoples, Politics reporter, Associated Press:

"I think for anyone who thought that Donald Trump really might not have a strong chance here in America, watching what happened in Great Britain is clearly a wake up call. That kind of politics can be succesful. It was successful there when virtually the whole political establishment and economic establishment and just about every expert thought it wouldn't be a good idea but it happened anyway. We're seeing similar things playing out here in the U.S. So I think for anyone thinking Donald Trump is a little bit too outside the norm to be successful, this really is a wake up call."

POOL

Redding, California- 3 June 2016

8. Wide tracking Trump getting off plane

9. Mid tracking Trump waving amongst signs

British Labour Party leader Jeremy Corbyn spoke at length on his country's EU refendum on Thursday, reinforcing his party's call to remain in the European Union.

He stressed the threat to Britain is the Conservative government, not the European Union.

Speaking at a Remain campaign event in central London, Corbyn stated that his party was "overwhelmingly for staying in because we believe the EU has brought investment, jobs and protection for workers and consumers and the environment".

He also lauded the Union's ability to face international challenges like climate change, international tax evasion and avoidance, and the power of multinational corporations.

Corbyn also touched on the Translatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP), pledging that he would oppose it if in power.

The left-wing leader of the Labour party has blamed the media for ignoring him during the campaign ahead of the referendum on 23 June, after he faced accusations of being "silent" on some of the key issues.

British Labour Party leader Jeremy Corbyn spoke at length on his country's EU refendum on Thursday, reinforcing his party's call to remain in the European Union.

He stressed the threat to Britain is the Conservative government, not the European Union.

Speaking at a Remain campaign event in central London, Corbyn stated that his party was "overwhelmingly for staying in because we believe the EU has brought investment, jobs and protection for workers and consumers and the environment".

He also lauded the Union's ability to face international challenges like climate change, international tax evasion and avoidance, and the power of multinational corporations.

Corbyn also touched on the Translatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP), pledging that he would oppose it if in power.

The left-wing leader of the Labour party has blamed the media for ignoring him during the campaign ahead of the referendum on 23 June, after he faced accusations of being "silent" on some of the key issues.

++THIS EDIT CONTAINS NO CUTAWAYS. SOUNDBITES ARE SEPARATED BY SEVERAL SECONDS OF BLACK++

UK POOL

London - 2 June 2016

1. SOUNDBITE (English) Jeremy Corbyn, British opposition Labour party leader:

"The threat to the British people is not the European Union - it is a Conservative government here in Britain, seeking to undermine many of the good things the unions and other people have achieved in Europe and resisting changes that would benefit the ordinary people in this country". (applauses)

++BLACK FRAMES++

2. SOUNDBITE (English) Jeremy Corbyn, British opposition Labour party leader:

"A vote to leave means a Conservative government would then be in charge of negotiating Britain's exit. Everything they have done as a government so far means we could not rely on them to protect the workplace rights that millions of people rely on. A Tory Brexit negotiation would be a disaster for the majority of people in Britain who rely on many of these regulations to protect their rights."

++BLACK FRAMES++

3. SOUNDBITE (English) Jeremy Corbyn, British opposition Labour party leader:

"We can reform to get a better deal for consumers; to strengthen workers' rights across Europe and prevent the undercutting of wages; to meet the challenges posed by migration and the refugee crisis. There has to be a humanitarian approach to the refugee crisis, not blame the victims."

++BLACK FRAMES++

4. SOUNDBITE (English) Jeremy Corbyn, British opposition Labour party leader:

"Today we give this pledge, as it stands, we too would reject TTIP – and veto it in government. And there is a challenge to the prime minister, if it's not good enough for France; or good enough for other people, it's not good enough for us either, let's be clear about that. David Cameron makes clear now that if Britain votes to remain this month, I ask him will you block any TTIP trade treaty that threatens our public services, our consumer rights and employment rights and that hands power over to giant corporations to override democratically elected governments. "

++BLACK FRAMES++

5. SOUNDBITE (English) Jeremy Corbyn, British opposition Labour party leader:

"The EU's state aid rules, which limit the scope for governments to intervene to support our vital industries, also need to change. But so does how British governments interpret them. The steel crisis highlighted how Germany, Italy, France and Spain all did much better at protecting their steel industries. They acted within EU state aid rules to support their industries, whether through taking a public stake, investing in research and development, providing loan guarantees or compensating for energy costs."

++BLACK FRAMES++

6. SOUNDBITE (English) Jeremy Corbyn, British opposition Labour party leader:

"We, the Labour party, are overwhelmingly for staying in because we believe the EU has brought investment, jobs and protection for workers and consumers and the environment. But also because we recognise that our membership offers a crucial route to meeting the challenges we face in the 21st century, on climate change, on restraining the power of global corporations and ensuring they pay fair taxes, both in Europe and chase down the tax havens all around the world."

++BLACK FRAMES++

7. SOUNDBITE (English) Jeremy Corbyn, British opposition Labour party leader:

"Europe absolutely needs to change. I've outlined some area of progressive reform, but these changes can only be achieved by working with our allies. There is an overwhelming case to remain and reform so we build on the best Europe has achieved."

++ENDS ON SOUNDBITE++

British Prime Minister Theresa May said Britain would remain a close partner of the European Union once it leaves the bloc.

"The UK is leaving the EU but we are not leaving Europe and we are not turning our backs on our friends and allies," May said during a news conference in Brussels on Friday.

She added that Britain would be free to make decisions on issues such as immigration control but still wanted to "trade freely in goods and services with Europe" after the exit.

May briefed her European counterparts on the exit road for Britain, but left leaders with many uncertainties about the divorce because Britain is yet to trigger article 50, which will begin the two-year negotiations for "Brexit". She confirmed she is unlikely to do this until the end of March.

Britain's June 23 breakup referendum has forced the 27 other nations to plot their future without a major but often recalcitrant member state. European leaders have grumbled that Britain's tardiness in starting the negotiations slow down their own planning for the next few years.

Once May activates the exit clause - Article 50 in the EU's governing Lisbon Treaty - negotiations on the terms of Britain's departure would run for two years. The time frame could be extended, but only if the 27 remaining member states agree unanimously.

The Brexit referendum to leave the EU was a milestone in the history of the bloc and the disentanglement is expected to be long, difficult and confrontational.

++QUALITY AS INCOMING++

Brussels - 21 October 2016

1. British Prime Minister Theresa May walking into news conference

2. SOUNDBITE: (English) Theresa May, British Prime Minister:

"Good afternoon everyone, I am very pleased to be here at my first European Council. It has been an opportunity to talk to all 27 leaders about the UK's departure from the EU, to make clear that Britain will continue to play a full and active role inside the EU until we leave, and to also make clear that Britain will be a confident, outward looking country, enthusiastic about cooperating with our European friends and allies after we leave. At this Council we've talked about working together to address the root causes of mass migration, ensuring a robust European stance in the face of Russian aggression and championing free-trade around the world. And of course the UK remains committed to trading freely with our European neighbours and cooperating with them on matters including law enforcement and counterterrorism. Let me say a few words about the subjects we've covered over the last two days. The UK is leaving the EU but we are not leaving Europe and we are not turning our backs on our friends and allies. While we have not yet formally started the exit negotiations, here at the summit I have been clear that my aim is to cement Britain as a close partner of the EU once we have left."

3. Cutaway

4. SOUNDBITE: (English) Theresa May, British Prime Minister:

"Yes the United Kingdom will be a fully independent, sovereign country, free to make our own decisions on a host of different issues, such as how we choose to control immigration, but we still want to trade freely in goods and services with Europe and the UK will continue to face similar challenges to our European neighbours. We will continue to share the same values and so I want a mature, cooperative relationship with our European partners. I recognise the scale of the challenge ahead, I am sure there will be difficult moments, it will require some give and take. But I firmly believe that if we approach this in a constructive spirit, as I am, then we can deliver a smooth departure and build a powerful new relationship that works both for the UK and for the countries of the EU looking for opportunities, not problems. That is in British interests and it is in the interests of all our European partners too."

5. May leaving

It's often said that David Cameron is a lucky politician who has seemed to coast through politics on instinct and charm during a career that has culminated in six years as British prime minister. But now his luck may be running out.

In calling a referendum on Britain's membership in the European Union, Cameron has taken a gamble that could end his career - and take his country out of an international alliance it joined more than 40 years ago.

It would be a rare but fateful miscalculation for a politician who has a reputation for thriving under pressure and astutely judging political risks.

"I think he's actually been pretty stunned by the strength of the 'leave' cause," said Cameron biographer James Hanning. "The golden rule is, never hold a referendum unless you're confident of winning it, and I think he thought that the moderate voices would prevail by some distance. But that's not the way the polls are suggesting it's going to go."

The referendum campaign has been unexpectedly bitter and divisive, and was brought to a shocked halt when Labour lawmaker Jo Cox was shot and stabbed to death in the street last week.

Both sides suspended campaigning out of respect for Cox, amid fears that the political fury unleashed by the EU campaign was somehow connected to the killing.

Before Cox died, opinion polls had shown surging sentiment in favor of leaving the 28-nation union.

A majority of supporters of Cameron's Conservative Party said they would vote to quit the bloc in Thursday's referendum.

That's bitter news for Cameron, who called the referendum to puncture growing support for the anti-EU U.K. Independence Party and placate the strongly Eurosceptic right wing of the Conservatives.

When he promised the referendum, in 2013, Cameron said it would "settle this European question in British politics" once and for all.

He told voters he would forge a new deal between Britain and the EU that would make remaining an attractive prospect.

At a Brussels summit in February, he won changes to welfare benefits that he said would reduce immigration and an exemption for Britain from the EU's commitment to "ever-closer union" - a phrase that stirs images of a European super-state in some patriotic British hearts.

But many voters have proved resistant to Cameron's message that Britain is stronger, safer and more economically secure within the EU than it would be outside it.

The concessions he gained have been dismissed as paltry by "leave" campaigners, who say they will do little to limit immigration from other EU nations because the bloc guarantees free movement among member states. It's a subject that resonates with many voters, who have seen hundreds of thousands of people come to Britain over the past decade from new EU members in Eastern Europe. (Hundreds of thousands of Britons also live in other EU countries, a less remarked-upon fact).

Far from healing Conservative divisions over Europe, the referendum has exacerbated them. Cameron has led the "remain" campaign, but let Eurosceptic members of his Cabinet call for a "leave" vote.

As a result, senior Conservatives, including former London Mayor Boris Johnson and Justice Secretary Michael Gove, have spent months attacking him.

Tory leader for a decade and Prime Minister since 2010, Cameron has vowed to stay in office if there is a "leave" vote.

But many feel he will have little choice but to resign quickly, with a pro-Brexit figure like