FOR CLEAN VERSION SEE STORY NUMBER: 4038463

LEAD IN:

UK wine industry experts are eyeing the upcoming vote on whether to leave the European Union with mixed feelings.

With producers and suppliers heavily reliant on pan-European trade, many remain unsure how Brexit will impact upon business.

STORY-LINE:

Sparkling wine on a summer's day in the English capital.

Glistening flutes and bottles in abundance, and a crowd of happy lunchtime drinkers add to the atmosphere of excitement and discovery, along with an impromptu game of ping pong.

It must be London Wine Week.

This is the third year of the festival, and this year is the most popular to date.

Festival director Emma Murphy says "It's the largest self-guided wine tasting that there is across London. It's kind of the only event of its kind that we have over here. So we work with 125 bars, restaurants, independent merchants who all get involved" .

But although these flutes of fizz are English sparkling wine, much of the wine the festival goers here are tasting is from EU member states such as France, Spain, Portugal, Italy and Germany.

The June 23 referendum on whether to quit the European Union is fast approaching. So is this something the industry should fear?

"I wouldn't have said so," says Murphy.

"Wine trade has been going for long enough, even long before the euro, so I wouldn't have thought that would make much difference to be honest with you. Hopefully not anyway."

At the festival hub on London's Devonshire Square, there are pop-up bars featuring wines from across Europe.

These two young graduate trainees are enjoying wines from Portugal, and with their festival wristband, it costs them just five British Pounds for a flight of three.

Oscar Stenbom and Anna Rogers both agree that things may well be different if Britain leaves the union.

"If it's more expensive for them to send the wine here, if there's more tariffs, then yeah I guess it would be," says Anna, while Oscar is concerned about regulation and labelling:

"It would also be more difficult to know what you are drinking because there won't be as many restrictions on labelling the wine based on where it's actually from and the grape it's actually come from."

The New Street wine shop has been taken over by the wine festival. They sell wines from all over the world but today they are holding a tasting featuring wines from Ribera del Duero in northern Spain.

Most wine drinkers know about the region of Rioja, but Bettina Lemm is informing these festival goers about the region she represents.

"I think they (wines of Ribera del Duero) are still an emerging market, especially in the UK. The UK is an important market for Ribera del Duero, it's the seventh-largest export market for Ribera del Duero but I think that we're still establishing ourselves."

But if the UK is an important export market, is Brexit going to throw the proverbial spanner into the works? Lemm doesn't seem too worried "I think at the moment we're pretty confident as we've seen year to year that exports have grown. I think that's going to continue and I don't think it's a worry that we have at the moment," she says.

Wine used to have a rather old fashioned reputation and a comparatively elderly demographic, but this has changed enormously in recent years.

The prevalence of wine clubs popping up in the UK is an indicator of wine's increasing popularity.

Tom Harrow of Honest Grapes explains why this is "I think this is because people want to engage more with what's in the bottle. It's not just liquid, they want to know the stories behind it, they want to meet the people involved. And there's the sociable aspect, you know wine is fundamentally something which we do with other people," he says.

With 125 venues across the metropolis taking part in this festival, there's plenty of opportunity to enjoy it with friends.

But with such enthusiasm for wine spreading across the country, June 23 could bring disruption, according to Harrow "It's fair to say that we're a bit concerned about the possibilities of Brexit, I think the rising price of the euro against the pound will have a serious effect on quality wine. At the moment more than 60 percent of wine that comes into the UK is shipped in massive great tankers and bottled over here and that's not something we get involved with. But that becomes the only affordable way if the pound plummets against the euro. So I think that it won't be a good thing initially for the wine consumer because the prices of these small artisan wines will go up" .

However, the future might be bright in other, unexpected ways.

"All the English wine makers that I speak to say we are half a degree away from being a perfect climate for sparkling wines at least," says Harrow, and with apologies to climate change icon Al Gore, he adds that "global warming is a good thing for the UK sparkling wine trade."

Reports by the WSTA (Wine and Spirit Trade Association) suggest there is still some way to go as the UK comes in at number six on the list of sales of sparkling wine by origin - but it's rising year on year.

600 million bottles of wine are bottled in the UK.

This makes the UK wine market the sixth largest in the world, generating 173 billion British pounds of economic activity, according to the WSTA. 10 billion British pounds are made through sales.

Also being showcased here is one of the new kids on the alcohol block, Regal Rogue Vermouth.

According to brand founder Mark Ward, vermouth, by definition, is 75 percent wine. It must have wormwood and it must have an ABV (alcohol by volume) of 15 to 24 percent. These three things have to be in place for a producer to put vermouth on the bottle or it flouts recent EU regulations.

Ward, who was brought up in hospitality, began the project in Australia where he worked closely with top Australian chefs who introduced him to indigenous herbs and spices.

"It seemed like a really obvious thing to do, marrying the herbs and spices with this abundance of Australian wine to create a New World style of vermouth. And you know the tradition of vermouth is really led by the European markets. You know, Italian, French, now Spanish - but now there are vermouths coming out of America, the UK, Germany and obviously Australia. So pretty much anywhere where you find wine now, you will find a vermouth of some sort." he says.

Ward is attempting to educate the wine drinking market which, he believes, is mostly unaware of the fact that vermouth is fundamentally a wine.

This can only be helped by a new pop up for 2016, the Vermouth Bar.

The parent company of London Wine Week is the aptly named "Drink Up London", and they're already preparing for the 2017 event - Brexit or no Brexit.

FOR CLEAN VERSION SEE STORY NUMBER: 4038463

LEAD IN:

UK wine industry experts are eyeing the upcoming vote on whether to leave the European Union with mixed feelings.

With producers and suppliers heavily reliant on pan-European trade, many remain unsure how Brexit will impact upon business.

STORY-LINE:

Sparkling wine on a summer's day in the English capital.

Glistening flutes and bottles in abundance, and a crowd of happy lunchtime drinkers add to the atmosphere of excitement and discovery, along with an impromptu game of ping pong.

It must be London Wine Week.

This is the third year of the festival, and this year is the most popular to date.

Festival director Emma Murphy says "It's the largest self-guided wine tasting that there is across London. It's kind of the only event of its kind that we have over here. So we work with 125 bars, restaurants, independent merchants who all get involved" .

But although these flutes of fizz are English sparkling wine, much of the wine the festival goers here are tasting is from EU member states such as France, Spain, Portugal, Italy and Germany.

The June 23 referendum on whether to quit the European Union is fast approaching. So is this something the industry should fear?

"I wouldn't have said so," says Murphy.

"Wine trade has been going for long enough, even long before the euro, so I wouldn't have thought that would make much difference to be honest with you. Hopefully not anyway."

At the festival hub on London's Devonshire Square, there are pop-up bars featuring wines from across Europe.

These two young graduate trainees are enjoying wines from Portugal, and with their festival wristband, it costs them just five British Pounds for a flight of three.

Oscar Stenbom and Anna Rogers both agree that things may well be different if Britain leaves the union.

"If it's more expensive for them to send the wine here, if there's more tariffs, then yeah I guess it would be," says Anna, while Oscar is concerned about regulation and labelling:

"It would also be more difficult to know what you are drinking because there won't be as many restrictions on labelling the wine based on where it's actually from and the grape it's actually come from."

The New Street wine shop has been taken over by the wine festival. They sell wines from all over the world but today they are holding a tasting featuring wines from Ribera del Duero in northern Spain.

Most wine drinkers know about the region of Rioja, but Bettina Lemm is informing these festival goers about the region she represents.

"I think they (wines of Ribera del Duero) are still an emerging market, especially in the UK. The UK is an important market for Ribera del Duero, it's the seventh-largest export market for Ribera del Duero but I think that we're still establishing ourselves."

But if the UK is an important export market, is Brexit going to throw the proverbial spanner into the works? Lemm doesn't seem too worried "I think at the moment we're pretty confident as we've seen year to year that exports have grown. I think that's going to continue and I don't think it's a worry that we have at the moment," she says.

Wine used to have a rather old fashioned reputation and a comparatively elderly demographic, but this has changed enormously in recent years.

The prevalence of wine clubs popping up in the UK is an indicator of wine's increasing popularity.

Tom Harrow of Honest Grapes explains why this is "I think this is because people want to engage more with what's in the bottle. It's not just liquid, they want to know the stories behind it, they want to meet the people involved. And there's the sociable aspect, you know wine is fundamentally something which we do with other people," he says.

With 125 venues across the metropolis taking part in this festival, there's plenty of opportunity to enjoy it with friends.

But with such enthusiasm for wine spreading across the country, June 23 could bring disruption, according to Harrow "It's fair to say that we're a bit concerned about the possibilities of Brexit, I think the rising price of the euro against the pound will have a serious effect on quality wine. At the moment more than 60 percent of wine that comes into the UK is shipped in massive great tankers and bottled over here and that's not something we get involved with. But that becomes the only affordable way if the pound plummets against the euro. So I think that it won't be a good thing initially for the wine consumer because the prices of these small artisan wines will go up" .

However, the future might be bright in other, unexpected ways.

"All the English wine makers that I speak to say we are half a degree away from being a perfect climate for sparkling wines at least," says Harrow, and with apologies to climate change icon Al Gore, he adds that "global warming is a good thing for the UK sparkling wine trade."

Reports by the WSTA (Wine and Spirit Trade Association) suggest there is still some way to go as the UK comes in at number six on the list of sales of sparkling wine by origin - but it's rising year on year.

600 million bottles of wine are bottled in the UK.

This makes the UK wine market the sixth largest in the world, generating 173 billion British pounds of economic activity, according to the WSTA. 10 billion British pounds are made through sales.

Also being showcased here is one of the new kids on the alcohol block, Regal Rogue Vermouth.

According to brand founder Mark Ward, vermouth, by definition, is 75 percent wine. It must have wormwood and it must have an ABV (alcohol by volume) of 15 to 24 percent. These three things have to be in place for a producer to put vermouth on the bottle or it flouts recent EU regulations.

Ward, who was brought up in hospitality, began the project in Australia where he worked closely with top Australian chefs who introduced him to indigenous herbs and spices.

"It seemed like a really obvious thing to do, marrying the herbs and spices with this abundance of Australian wine to create a New World style of vermouth. And you know the tradition of vermouth is really led by the European markets. You know, Italian, French, now Spanish - but now there are vermouths coming out of America, the UK, Germany and obviously Australia. So pretty much anywhere where you find wine now, you will find a vermouth of some sort." he says.

Ward is attempting to educate the wine drinking market which, he believes, is mostly unaware of the fact that vermouth is fundamentally a wine.

This can only be helped by a new pop up for 2016, the Vermouth Bar.

The parent company of London Wine Week is the aptly named "Drink Up London", and they're already preparing for the 2017 event - Brexit or no Brexit.

AP Television

London - 27 May 2016

1. Close of wine glasses

2. Bartender pouring sparkling wine

3. Tilt down on central courtyard at Devonshire Square, the hub for London Wine Week

4. Group of friends enjoying English sparkling wine

5. Men playing table tennis

6. Sign reading (English) "London Wine Week"

7. Set up shot of Emma Murphy, director of London Wine Week

8. SOUNDBITE (English) Emma Murphy, director of London Wine Week

"What's unique about it? It's the largest self-guided wine tasting that there is across London. It's kind of the only event of its kind that we have over here. So we work with 125 bars, restaurants, independent merchants who all get involved whether that's with offers, special menus or ticketed events across the week."

9. Two women with wine flight selection

10. SOUNDBITE (English) Emma Murphy, director of London Wine Week

(Responding to the question Do you think a Brexit will affect the wine industry negatively?)

"I wouldn't have said so, because I mean, I think, you know, wine trade has been going for long enough, even long before the euro, so I wouldn't have thought that would make much difference to be honest with you. Hopefully not anyway."

11. Sign reading (English) "Pop into our pop up wine bars"

12. Various of Portuguese wine pop up

13. Mid of graduate trainees in insurance Oscar Stenpom and Anna Rogers

14. Flight of Portuguese wines

15. SOUNDBITE (English) Oscar Stenbom and Anna Rogers, Insurance Graduate Trainees:

(Responding to question Do you think a Brexit will mean it will be more difficult for people to access quality wine?)

Stenbom: "Yes,"

Rogers: "I guess so, I mean if it's more expensive for them to send the wine here, if there's more tariffs, then yeah I guess it would be."

Stenbom: "It would also be more difficult to know what you're drinking, because there won't be as many restrictions on labelling the wine based on where it's actually from and the grape it's actually come from."

16. Pull focus of Spanish wine labels

17. Vintage bottles of fortified wine

18. Side view of Spanish wine bottles

19. Set up shot of Bettina Lemm with wines from Ribera del Duero in northern Spain

20. SOUNDBITE (English) Bettina Lemm, Westbury Communications (which represents the Ribera del Duero region in the UK):

"I think they (wines of Ribera del Duero) are still an emerging market, especially in the UK. The UK is an important market for Ribera del Duero, it's the seventh-largest export market for Ribera del Duero, but I think that we're still establishing ourselves. A lot of people know some big names from the region, and we're just trying to bring attention to some other grape producers who might not yet have the same recognition."

21. Close of wine labels

22. SOUNDBITE (English) Bettina Lemm, Westbury Communications (who represent the Ribera del Duero region in the UK):

(Responding to the question are you worried about the possibility of a Brexit affecting your export market?)

"I think at the moment we're pretty confident, as we've seen year to year that exports have grown. I think that's going to continue and I don't think it's a worry that we have at the moment."

23. Pan from mediaeval knight sculpture to pop up courtyard

24. Mid of Provence wines pop up

25. Establisher shot of Tom Harrow, wine director of Honest Grapes Wine Club

26. Close of Harrow eyeing the wine

27. SOUNDBITE (English) Tom Harrow, wine director of Honest Grapes:

"There's been a real rise in wine clubs in London and the UK generally of late, and I think this is because people want to engage more with what's in the bottle. It's not just liquid, they want to know the stories behind it, they want to meet the people involved. And there's the sociable aspect, you know wine is fundamentally something which we do with other people."

28. Mid of woman laughing over a glass of wine

29. SOUNDBITE (English) Tom Harrow, wine director of Honest Grapes:

"It's fair to say that we're a bit concerned about the possibilities of Brexit, I think the rising price of the euro against the pound will have a serious effect on quality wine. At the moment more than 60 percent of wine that comes into the UK is shipped in massive great tankers and then bottled over here and that's not something we get involved with. But that becomes the only affordable way if the pound plummets against the euro. So I think that it won't be a good thing initially for the wine consumer because the prices of these small artisan wines will go up."

30. Woman at table with wine

31. SOUNDBITE (English) Tom Harrow, wine director of Honest Grapes:

"All the English wine makers that I speak to say we are half a degree away from being a perfect climate for sparkling wines at least - and even the whites, and to an extent the reds are really coming up. So I have to say it - sorry Al Gore - global warming is a good thing for the UK sparkling wine trade."

32. Various of English rose and white sparkling wines

33. Vermouth being poured into a glass

34. Various of "Regal Rogue" Vermouth bottle

35. Tilt up of Mark Ward, founder of Regal Rogue vermouth, and his produce

36. SOUNDBITE (English) Mark Ward, founder of Regal Rogue vermouth:

"It seemed like a really obvious thing to do, marrying the herbs and spices with this abundance of Australian wine to create a New World style of vermouth. And you know the tradition of vermouth is really led by the European markets. You know, Italian, French, now Spanish - but now there are vermouths coming out of America, the UK, Germany and obviously Australia. So pretty much anywhere where you find wine now, you will find a vermouth of some sort."

37. Crowd of London Wine Week attendees at the Vermouth Bar

38. Mid of vermouth cocktails being made

39. Focus pull of sign reading (English) "Drink Up"

LENGTH: 6:02

LEAD IN:

UK wine industry experts are eyeing the upcoming vote on whether to leave the European Union with mixed feelings.

With producers and suppliers heavily reliant on pan-European trade, many remain unsure how Brexit will impact upon business.

STORY-LINE:

Sparkling wine on a summer's day in the English capital.

Glistening flutes and bottles in abundance, and a crowd of happy lunchtime drinkers add to the atmosphere of excitement and discovery, along with an impromptu game of ping pong.

It must be London Wine Week.

This is the third year of the festival, and this year is the most popular to date.

Festival director Emma Murphy says "It's the largest self-guided wine tasting that there is across London. It's kind of the only event of its kind that we have over here. So we work with 125 bars, restaurants, independent merchants who all get involved" .

But although these flutes of fizz are English sparkling wine, much of the wine the festival goers here are tasting is from EU member states such as France, Spain, Portugal, Italy and Germany.

The June 23 referendum on whether to quit the European Union is fast approaching. So is this something the industry should fear?

"I wouldn't have said so," says Murphy.

"Wine trade has been going for long enough, even long before the euro, so I wouldn't have thought that would make much difference to be honest with you. Hopefully not anyway."

At the festival hub on London's Devonshire Square, there are pop-up bars featuring wines from across Europe.

These two young graduate trainees are enjoying wines from Portugal, and with their festival wristband, it costs them just five British Pounds for a flight of three.

Oscar Stenbom and Anna Rogers both agree that things may well be different if Britain leaves the union.

"If it's more expensive for them to send the wine here, if there's more tariffs, then yeah I guess it would be," says Anna, while Oscar is concerned about regulation and labelling:

"It would also be more difficult to know what you are drinking because there won't be as many restrictions on labelling the wine based on where it's actually from and the grape it's actually come from."

The New Street wine shop has been taken over by the wine festival. They sell wines from all over the world but today they are holding a tasting featuring wines from Ribera del Duero in northern Spain.

Most wine drinkers know about the region of Rioja, but Bettina Lemm is informing these festival goers about the region she represents.

"I think they (wines of Ribera del Duero) are still an emerging market, especially in the UK. The UK is an important market for Ribera del Duero, it's the seventh-largest export market for Ribera del Duero but I think that we're still establishing ourselves."

But if the UK is an important export market, is Brexit going to throw the proverbial spanner into the works? Lemm doesn't seem too worried "I think at the moment we're pretty confident as we've seen year to year that exports have grown. I think that's going to continue and I don't think it's a worry that we have at the moment," she says.

Wine used to have a rather old fashioned reputation and a comparatively elderly demographic, but this has changed enormously in recent years.

The prevalence of wine clubs popping up in the UK is an indicator of wine's increasing popularity.

Tom Harrow of Honest Grapes explains why this is "I think this is because people want to engage more with what's in the bottle. It's not just liquid, they want to know the stories behind it, they want to meet the people involved. And there's the sociable aspect, you know wine is fundamentally something which we do with other people," he says.

With 125 venues across the metropolis taking part in this festival, there's plenty of opportunity to enjoy it with friends.

But with such enthusiasm for wine spreading across the country, June 23 could bring disruption, according to Harrow "It's fair to say that we're a bit concerned about the possibilities of Brexit, I think the rising price of the euro against the pound will have a serious effect on quality wine. At the moment more than 60 percent of wine that comes into the UK is shipped in massive great tankers and bottled over here and that's not something we get involved with. But that becomes the only affordable way if the pound plummets against the euro. So I think that it won't be a good thing initially for the wine consumer because the prices of these small artisan wines will go up" .

However, the future might be bright in other, unexpected ways.

"All the English wine makers that I speak to say we are half a degree away from being a perfect climate for sparkling wines at least," says Harrow, and with apologies to climate change icon Al Gore, he adds that "global warming is a good thing for the UK sparkling wine trade."

Reports by the WSTA (Wine and Spirit Trade Association) suggest there is still some way to go as the UK comes in at number six on the list of sales of sparkling wine by origin - but it's rising year on year.

600 million bottles of wine are bottled in the UK.

This makes the UK wine market the sixth largest in the world, generating 173 billion British pounds of economic activity, according to the WSTA. 10 billion British pounds are made through sales.

Also being showcased here is one of the new kids on the alcohol block, Regal Rogue Vermouth.

According to brand founder Mark Ward, vermouth, by definition, is 75 percent wine. It must have wormwood and it must have an ABV (alcohol by volume) of 15 to 24 percent. These three things have to be in place for a producer to put vermouth on the bottle or it flouts recent EU regulations.

Ward, who was brought up in hospitality, began the project in Australia where he worked closely with top Australian chefs who introduced him to indigenous herbs and spices.

"It seemed like a really obvious thing to do, marrying the herbs and spices with this abundance of Australian wine to create a New World style of vermouth. And you know the tradition of vermouth is really led by the European markets. You know, Italian, French, now Spanish - but now there are vermouths coming out of America, the UK, Germany and obviously Australia. So pretty much anywhere where you find wine now, you will find a vermouth of some sort." he says.

Ward is attempting to educate the wine drinking market which, he believes, is mostly unaware of the fact that vermouth is fundamentally a wine.

This can only be helped by a new pop up for 2016, the Vermouth Bar.

The parent company of London Wine Week is the aptly named "Drink Up London", and they're already preparing for the 2017 event - Brexit or no Brexit.

LEAD IN:

UK wine industry experts are eyeing the upcoming vote on whether to leave the European Union with mixed feelings.

With producers and suppliers heavily reliant on pan-European trade, many remain unsure how Brexit will impact upon business.

STORY-LINE:

Sparkling wine on a summer's day in the English capital.

Glistening flutes and bottles in abundance, and a crowd of happy lunchtime drinkers add to the atmosphere of excitement and discovery, along with an impromptu game of ping pong.

It must be London Wine Week.

This is the third year of the festival, and this year is the most popular to date.

Festival director Emma Murphy says "It's the largest self-guided wine tasting that there is across London. It's kind of the only event of its kind that we have over here. So we work with 125 bars, restaurants, independent merchants who all get involved" .

But although these flutes of fizz are English sparkling wine, much of the wine the festival goers here are tasting is from EU member states such as France, Spain, Portugal, Italy and Germany.

The June 23 referendum on whether to quit the European Union is fast approaching. So is this something the industry should fear?

"I wouldn't have said so," says Murphy.

"Wine trade has been going for long enough, even long before the euro, so I wouldn't have thought that would make much difference to be honest with you. Hopefully not anyway."

At the festival hub on London's Devonshire Square, there are pop-up bars featuring wines from across Europe.

These two young graduate trainees are enjoying wines from Portugal, and with their festival wristband, it costs them just five British Pounds for a flight of three.

Oscar Stenbom and Anna Rogers both agree that things may well be different if Britain leaves the union.

"If it's more expensive for them to send the wine here, if there's more tariffs, then yeah I guess it would be," says Anna, while Oscar is concerned about regulation and labelling:

"It would also be more difficult to know what you are drinking because there won't be as many restrictions on labelling the wine based on where it's actually from and the grape it's actually come from."

The New Street wine shop has been taken over by the wine festival. They sell wines from all over the world but today they are holding a tasting featuring wines from Ribera del Duero in northern Spain.

Most wine drinkers know about the region of Rioja, but Bettina Lemm is informing these festival goers about the region she represents.

"I think they (wines of Ribera del Duero) are still an emerging market, especially in the UK. The UK is an important market for Ribera del Duero, it's the seventh-largest export market for Ribera del Duero but I think that we're still establishing ourselves."

But if the UK is an important export market, is Brexit going to throw the proverbial spanner into the works? Lemm doesn't seem too worried "I think at the moment we're pretty confident as we've seen year to year that exports have grown. I think that's going to continue and I don't think it's a worry that we have at the moment," she says.

Wine used to have a rather old fashioned reputation and a comparatively elderly demographic, but this has changed enormously in recent years.

The prevalence of wine clubs popping up in the UK is an indicator of wine's increasing popularity.

Tom Harrow of Honest Grapes explains why this is "I think this is because people want to engage more with what's in the bottle. It's not just liquid, they want to know the stories behind it, they want to meet the people involved. And there's the sociable aspect, you know wine is fundamentally something which we do with other people," he says.

With 125 venues across the metropolis taking part in this festival, there's plenty of opportunity to enjoy it with friends.

But with such enthusiasm for wine spreading across the country, June 23 could bring disruption, according to Harrow "It's fair to say that we're a bit concerned about the possibilities of Brexit, I think the rising price of the euro against the pound will have a serious effect on quality wine. At the moment more than 60 percent of wine that comes into the UK is shipped in massive great tankers and bottled over here and that's not something we get involved with. But that becomes the only affordable way if the pound plummets against the euro. So I think that it won't be a good thing initially for the wine consumer because the prices of these small artisan wines will go up" .

However, the future might be bright in other, unexpected ways.

"All the English wine makers that I speak to say we are half a degree away from being a perfect climate for sparkling wines at least," says Harrow, and with apologies to climate change icon Al Gore, he adds that "global warming is a good thing for the UK sparkling wine trade."

Reports by the WSTA (Wine and Spirit Trade Association) suggest there is still some way to go as the UK comes in at number six on the list of sales of sparkling wine by origin - but it's rising year on year.

600 million bottles of wine are bottled in the UK.

This makes the UK wine market the sixth largest in the world, generating 173 billion British pounds of economic activity, according to the WSTA. 10 billion British pounds are made through sales.

Also being showcased here is one of the new kids on the alcohol block, Regal Rogue Vermouth.

According to brand founder Mark Ward, vermouth, by definition, is 75 percent wine. It must have wormwood and it must have an ABV (alcohol by volume) of 15 to 24 percent. These three things have to be in place for a producer to put vermouth on the bottle or it flouts recent EU regulations.

Ward, who was brought up in hospitality, began the project in Australia where he worked closely with top Australian chefs who introduced him to indigenous herbs and spices.

"It seemed like a really obvious thing to do, marrying the herbs and spices with this abundance of Australian wine to create a New World style of vermouth. And you know the tradition of vermouth is really led by the European markets. You know, Italian, French, now Spanish - but now there are vermouths coming out of America, the UK, Germany and obviously Australia. So pretty much anywhere where you find wine now, you will find a vermouth of some sort." he says.

Ward is attempting to educate the wine drinking market which, he believes, is mostly unaware of the fact that vermouth is fundamentally a wine.

This can only be helped by a new pop up for 2016, the Vermouth Bar.

The parent company of London Wine Week is the aptly named "Drink Up London", and they're already preparing for the 2017 event - Brexit or no Brexit.

AP Television

London - 27 May 2016

1. Close of wine glasses

2. Bartender pouring sparkling wine

3. Tilt down on central courtyard at Devonshire Square, the hub for London Wine Week

4. Group of friends enjoying English sparkling wine

5. Men playing table tennis

6. Sign reading (English) "London Wine Week"

7. Set up shot of Emma Murphy, director of London Wine Week

8. SOUNDBITE (English) Emma Murphy, director of London Wine Week

"What's unique about it? It's the largest self-guided wine tasting that there is across London. It's kind of the only event of its kind that we have over here. So we work with 125 bars, restaurants, independent merchants who all get involved whether that's with offers, special menus or ticketed events across the week."

9. Two women with wine flight selection

10. SOUNDBITE (English) Emma Murphy, director of London Wine Week

(Responding to the question Do you think a Brexit will affect the wine industry negatively?)

"I wouldn't have said so, because I mean, I think, you know, wine trade has been going for long enough, even long before the euro, so I wouldn't have thought that would make much difference to be honest with you. Hopefully not anyway."

11. Sign reading (English) "Pop into our pop up wine bars"

12. Various of Portuguese wine pop up

13. Mid of graduate trainees in insurance Oscar Stenpom and Anna Rogers

14. Flight of Portuguese wines

15. SOUNDBITE (English) Oscar Stenbom and Anna Rogers, Insurance Graduate Trainees:

(Responding to question Do you think a Brexit will mean it will be more difficult for people to access quality wine?)

Stenbom: "Yes,"

Rogers: "I guess so, I mean if it's more expensive for them to send the wine here, if there's more tariffs, then yeah I guess it would be."

Stenbom: "It would also be more difficult to know what you're drinking, because there won't be as many restrictions on labelling the wine based on where it's actually from and the grape it's actually come from."

16. Pull focus of Spanish wine labels

17. Vintage bottles of fortified wine

18. Side view of Spanish wine bottles

19. Set up shot of Bettina Lemm with wines from Ribera del Duero in northern Spain

20. SOUNDBITE (English) Bettina Lemm, Westbury Communications (which represents the Ribera del Duero region in the UK):

"I think they (wines of Ribera del Duero) are still an emerging market, especially in the UK. The UK is an important market for Ribera del Duero, it's the seventh-largest export market for Ribera del Duero, but I think that we're still establishing ourselves. A lot of people know some big names from the region, and we're just trying to bring attention to some other grape producers who might not yet have the same recognition."

21. Close of wine labels

22. SOUNDBITE (English) Bettina Lemm, Westbury Communications (who represent the Ribera del Duero region in the UK):

(Responding to the question are you worried about the possibility of a Brexit affecting your export market?)

"I think at the moment we're pretty confident, as we've seen year to year that exports have grown. I think that's going to continue and I don't think it's a worry that we have at the moment."

23. Pan from mediaeval knight sculpture to pop up courtyard

24. Mid of Provence wines pop up

25. Establisher shot of Tom Harrow, wine director of Honest Grapes Wine Club

26. Close of Harrow eyeing the wine

27. SOUNDBITE (English) Tom Harrow, wine director of Honest Grapes:

"There's been a real rise in wine clubs in London and the UK generally of late, and I think this is because people want to engage more with what's in the bottle. It's not just liquid, they want to know the stories behind it, they want to meet the people involved. And there's the sociable aspect, you know wine is fundamentally something which we do with other people."

28. Mid of woman laughing over a glass of wine

29. SOUNDBITE (English) Tom Harrow, wine director of Honest Grapes:

"It's fair to say that we're a bit concerned about the possibilities of Brexit, I think the rising price of the euro against the pound will have a serious effect on quality wine. At the moment more than 60 percent of wine that comes into the UK is shipped in massive great tankers and then bottled over here and that's not something we get involved with. But that becomes the only affordable way if the pound plummets against the euro. So I think that it won't be a good thing initially for the wine consumer because the prices of these small artisan wines will go up."

30. Woman at table with wine

31. SOUNDBITE (English) Tom Harrow, wine director of Honest Grapes:

"All the English wine makers that I speak to say we are half a degree away from being a perfect climate for sparkling wines at least - and even the whites, and to an extent the reds are really coming up. So I have to say it - sorry Al Gore - global warming is a good thing for the UK sparkling wine trade."

32. Various of English rose and white sparkling wines

33. Vermouth being poured into a glass

34. Various of "Regal Rogue" Vermouth bottle

35. Tilt up of Mark Ward, founder of Regal Rogue vermouth, and his produce

36. SOUNDBITE (English) Mark Ward, founder of Regal Rogue vermouth:

"It seemed like a really obvious thing to do, marrying the herbs and spices with this abundance of Australian wine to create a New World style of vermouth. And you know the tradition of vermouth is really led by the European markets. You know, Italian, French, now Spanish - but now there are vermouths coming out of America, the UK, Germany and obviously Australia. So pretty much anywhere where you find wine now, you will find a vermouth of some sort."

37. Crowd of London Wine Week attendees at the Vermouth Bar

38. Mid of vermouth cocktails being made

39. Focus pull of sign reading (English) "Drink Up"

LENGTH: 6:02

LEAD IN:

For decades Britain's discontent over its European Union (EU) membership has simmered on, but then came the June referendum.

Nationalism surfaced and Britain's voted to leave the EU.

Brexit as it became known sent shockwaves through money markets and governments around the world.

STORY-LINE:

In the weeks running up to referendum judgement day, the British were busy with a little soul searching.

Mulling over their shared history, the country's pride in their democracy and heritage.

It was a year when Queen Elizabeth celebrated being the longest reigning UK monarch and the country celebrated her ninetieth birthday.

The pomp and ceremony from her recent jubilee were still a source of pride and were reminiscent of the heydays when London style was considered to be world leading.

In the 1960's British fashion and British pop were riding high.

That sense of being at the vanguard of style has continued, according to Robert Johnston the Fashion Director of GQ Magazine: "You also think street scene, you think east London, you think hipsters, you think the most vibrant street fashion possibly in the world."

Author Iain Aitch explained how a variety of heritages were now mixed up, making Britishness a more complex idea to communicate: "Everyone might say a Sunday roast or fish and chips, that's a quintessentially British meal, but then suddenly everyone says it's chicken tikka masala."

But it wasn't this hipster, Brick Lane art and curry house side of Britain that won the vote.

The referendum on June 23rd was to signal the start of a long debate.

Britons for the first time had to absorb what being outside of the EU looked like.

Britain joined what was then called the European Economic Community in January 1973.

This was ratified by a referendum in 1975 with a resounding 67% majority.

By the seventies, Britain was beset by strikes and disgruntled union workers.

Traditional industries such as manufacturing and coal were in decline in the mid seventies.

Unemployment exceeded one million for the first time in March 1975. By the August that figure had increased to 1.25 million.

Some 83,000 immigrants were living in the UK by 1975, mostly from the Commonwealth.

According to Migration Watch UK for the year ending December 2015, net migration to the UK was 333,000.

And the lady had yet to turn. Margaret Thatcher MP (then leader of the opposition) campaigned to stay in the European Economic Community.

Later as prime minister between 1979 and 1990, Thatcher was known for her tough line with Brussels, especially during negotiations for the Maastrict Treaty in 1992.

The city of Maastrict is the home of the treaty which created the EU.

As summer arrived, businesses, leading universities and research establishments were beginning to assess the impact of Brexit.

For science and medicine, concerns were two fold.

Britain had attracted thousands of top researchers as well as billions of Euros in grants.

They went into research like this at Kings College London.

This project is a multidisciplinary look at the potential causes and effects of autism. It's a long term project which is linked to other studies across Europe.

Doctors and scientists aren't worried about losing cash in the short term, but falling behind in the knowledge race in the long term, especially as Britain has sought to place itself as a central base for the new industrial technologies.

The other fear is losing the brains which have been drawn to British research, people who now fear they will need to move to other institutions to keep up with the cash and the research.

Lead scientist at King's College Professor Declan Murphy warned: "Big questions need big populations to come up with the right answers, and we simply cannot deliver the amount of patients for the amount of science from one centre from one country."

The EU's Horizon 2020 budget is 80-billion Euro which funds medicine and science research across Europe.

Britain's split from the EU will leave a funding gap as well as a brain drain, according to Murphy. He argues it will be the children with autism like Van Velzen who will lose out.

As an island nation, boat building and sales have been important to the UK.

The industry fears rough waters may be ahead for Britain's luxury yacht industry, but right now it's riding on a wave caused by the plunge in the pound's value.

Phil Popham, the CEO of Sunseeker International was cautious: "We've benefited because of the weakness of the pound, but its all about business confidence."

Others like Russell Currie, the Managing Director of Fairline Yachts, says he already had cause to worry: "We've had an overnight decrease in the price of our boats in areas such as the European market."

British Marine's chief executive Howard Pridding tried to show more confidence in the course ahead: "Obviously, industry and business need stability and the time it will take to exit from the European Union will be problematic."

An estimated 1.2 million Britons live in other EU countries, mostly France, Portugal and Spain according to Britain's House of Commons library.

But that's a conservative figure because many expats don't bother registering with their embassies or the local authorities.

At Mijas on Spain's Costa del Sol, many Brits don't want to return to Blighty.

Used to the sun, sea and cafe society, some British residents are so concerned that their lives on the Costas are threatened, that after many years they're finally learning to speak Spanish.

According to Mijas' Mayor Juan Carlos Maldonado: "When the results of the Brexit (referendum) were known, a big uncertainty was created."

Local traders are also keen to keep the British on the Costa.

Many are retired and spend their pensions here.

Bar owner Sergio Morales says: "Most of our clients here, around 80% of them, are British."

A cloud of uncertainty still hangs over British expats in Spain and elsewhere in Europe.

And it's possible a string of similar nationality schools for expats may spring up.

Not everyone was bemoaning the onset of Brexit.

The art and antique market experienced a mini boom according to London dealers at this winter fair.

The weak pound against the dollar and Euro has seen American collectors in particular start to snap up bargains with savings of beween 25 and 30 per cent compared with six months ago.

Art dealers are reporting a similar trend.

They say investors see the arts market as a safe refuge in uncertain times.

As Christmas approaches the toy industry is bracing itself and Santa is wondering whether he'll have much to be jolly about.

It's the time of year when manufacturers and retailers count on making their biggest cash bonus of the year.

According to industry analyst Frederique Tutt: "Since the Brexit vote the toy market has been faring really well with an increase of three percent."

That's because toy retailers buy stock almost a year in advance and can keep prices stable, but the toy dealers here admit next year the stockings left out for Father Chrismas may have shrunk considerably.

There's nothing as Christmassy as a Christmas tree, but in Denmark the outlook for tree producers isn't quite so evergreen.

According to the Danish Christmas Tree Association, the small Scandinavian country grows around 11.5 million trees a year.

About 9.5 million of those are exported.

But these are challenging times and currency fluctuations are having an effect on trade.

Speaking about his members, Claus Jerram Christensen of the Danish Christmas Tree Association says: "They have experienced that the low exchange rate for the sterling pound makes it more difficult to achieve the same prices."

The true impact of Brexit on Britain and Europe as a whole is still to an extent unknown.

The UK government had announced it was to trigger Article 50 next March to start negotiations to leave EU.

But since then, Brexit has twice been contested in the High Court.

One ruling has already stated Britain's law makers should be allowed a vote in Parliament beforehand.

Breaking up, it seems, really is hard to do.

AP Television

London, UK - 22 February 2016

1. Wide of UK Houses of Parliament as London bus passes

2. Close of clock face at the top of Elizabeth Tower, which houses Big Ben

AP Television

London, UK - 16 June 2016

3. Wide of Big Ben as seen from Buckingham Palace

4. Wide of Buckingham Palace

POOL

London, UK - 3 June 2012

5. Queen Elizabeth II with Prince Philip (centre), Charles (left) and Camilla (right) on royal barge during Diamond Jubilee celebrations

6. Mid of Duke and Duchess of Cambridge and Prince Harry on royal barge

7. Pull out of royal barge sailing down River Thames during Diamond Jubilee celebrations

AP Television

London, UK - 11 June, 2016

8. Mid of Queen Elizabeth II in carriage during the Trooping of the Colour for her 90th birthday celebrations

9. Wide of Guardsmen in ceremonial marching during the celebrations

AP Television

London, UK - 1960s

++BLACK AND WHITE FOOTAGE / MUTE++

++4:3++

10. Close tilt down of man putting shirt in carrier bag

11. Wide of man by scooters

UNIVERSAL ARCHIVES

London, UK - 31 October 1963

++BLACK AND WHITE FOOTAGE / MUTE++

++4:3++

12. Various of Beatles getting off plane in London

AP Television

London, UK - 7 June 2016

++16:9++

13. SOUNDBITE (English) Robert Johnston, Fashion Director, GQ Magazine UK

"You also think street scene, you think east London, you think hipsters, you think the most vibrant street fashion possibly in the world."

AP Television

London, UK - 3 July 2012

14. Punk and goth street fashion in Camden

AP Television

London, UK - 16 June, 2016

15. Hipster in Brick Lane cafe

16. Pull focus of street sign reading: (English) "Brick Lane E1"

17. Various of curry houses on Brick Lane

AP Television

Margate, UK - 8 June 2016

18. Various of Margate beach and people relaxing in sunshine

19. SOUNDBITE (English) Iain Aitch, Author:

"Everyone might say a Sunday roast or fish and chips, that's a quintessentially British meal, but then suddenly everyone says it's chicken tikka masala."

20. Various of takeaway fish and chips being served

AP Television

London, United Kingdom, April 30, 1973 (MUTE)

++4:3++

21. Red buses on a London street

AP Television

London, United Kingdom, September 24, 1973 (MUTE)

++4:3++

22. Tilt down of Ford workers walking out of various plants

23. Wide of Ford cars on a train

24. Various men take part in industrial action at Ford plant

AP Television

United Kingdom, February 10, 1974 - no exact location available

++4:3++

25. Various of non functioning coal mines during national coal strike

AP Television

London, United Kingdom, June 3, 1975 (MUTE)

++4:3++

26. Mid of Margaret Thatcher wearing a flags-of-Europe sweater, flanked by women also wearing pro-Europe sweaters

AP Television

Maastricht, Netherlands - 7 June 2016

++16:9++

27. Clocktower of Maastricht town hall with EU, Limburg and Maastricht flags

28. Wide of streets in the town

AP Television

London, UK - 7 July 2016

29. Various of autistic teenager Rens Van Velzen completing other puzzles with black and yellow blocks against the clock

30. Close tilt down of the psychologist on the autism study at Kings College London timing Rens Van Velzen during test

31. Close of Van Velzen

32. SOUNDBITE (English) Professor Declan Murphy lead scientist, EU Aims study on autism, Kings College London:

"Big questions need big populations to come up with the right answers, and we simply cannot deliver the amount of patients for the amount of science from one centre or from one country."

33. Various of Van Velzen being tested in eye tracking unit at Kings College London

AP Television

Southampton, UK - 16 September 2016

34. Wide of Southampton Boat Show 2016, cruise ship in background

35. Tilt down to pontoon, boats and visitors

36. Close of 'Sunseeker' flag

37. Various of Sunseeker 95 Yacht exterior

38. SOUNDBITE (English) Phil Popham, CEO of Sunseeker International:

"We've benefited because of the weakness of the pound, but its all about business confidence."

39. Various of Fairline yacht

40. SOUNDBITE (English) Russell Currie, Managing Director of Fairline Yachts:

"We've had an overnight decrease in the price of our boats in areas such as the European market

41. Zoom out from cruise ship docked near boat show

42. SOUNDBITE (English) Howard Pridding, Chief Executive of British Marine:

"Industry and business need stability and the time it will take to exit from the European Union will be problematic"

AP Television

Mijas, Malaga - October 6, 2016

43. Wide of coastal area of Mijas

44. Pan of typical apartments in the area and people walking by the sea side

45. Various of British pensioners taking Spanish classes in the Parnell School

46. Various of Juan Mayor Carlos Maldonado in his office

47. SOUNDBITE (Spanish) Juan Carlos Maldonado, Mayor of Mijas:

"When the results of the Brexit (referendum) were known, a big uncertainty was created."

48. Various of family walking near beach

49. Pan from people walking up steps from the beach to the owner of Royal Beach cafe talking

50. SOUNDBITE (Spanish) Sergio Morales, co-owner of Royal Beach bar in Mijas:

"Most of our clients here, around 80% of them, are British."

AP Television

London, UK - 1 November 2016

51. Pull focus of bronze Japanese archer

52. Mid of men admiring antique chandelier

53. Art dealer Tanya Baxter showing painting to visitor

54. Close tilt down of painting 'Paper Bride in Waiting' by Zeng Chuanxing (price £120,000/ USD 147,000)

55. Wide of antique clock stand

AP Television

London, UK - 9 November 2016

56. Mid of Tiana Wilson with Santa who is holding a Hatchimal waiting for the toy to hatch

57. Wide of girl playing with toy on chair

58. Mid zoom in to boys playing with Bluetooth Furbys

59. Low mid view of caterpillar going past boys and Furbys

60. SOUNDBITE (English) Frederique Tutt, toy industry analyst, NPD:

"Since the Brexit vote the toy market has been faring really well with an increase of three percent."

AP Television

Lundby, Denmark - 22 November 2016

61. Mid tilt up of Christmas tree plantation

62. Wide of plantation through tops of trees

AP Television

Copenhagen, Denmark - 21 November 2016

63. SOUNDBITE (English) Claus Jerram Christensen, Managing Director of the Danish Christmas Tree Association:

"The low exchange rate for the sterling pound makes it more difficult to achieve the same prices."

64. Mid of large container truck filled with trees pulling out of yard stacked with trees

65. Pan across field of Christmas tree saplings for 2018 and beyond

WORLD BREXIT REVIEW

SOURCE: AP HORIZONS, LIFESTYLE, HEALTH AND TECHNOLOGY / POOL

RESTRICTIONS: HORIZONS CLIENTS AND AP LIFESTYLE, HEALTH AND TECHNOLOGY CLIENTS ONLY

LENGTH: 6.44

SHOTLIST:

AP Television

London, UK - 22 February 2016

1. Wide of UK Houses of Parliament as London bus passes

2. Close of clock face at the top of Elizabeth Tower, which houses Big Ben

AP Television

London, UK - 16 June 2016

3. Wide of Big Ben as seen from Buckingham Palace

4. Wide of Buckingham Palace

POOL

London, UK - 3 June 2012

5. Queen Elizabeth II with Prince Philip (centre), Charles (left) and Camilla (right) on royal barge during Diamond Jubilee celebrations

6. Mid of Duke and Duchess of Cambridge and Prince Harry on royal barge

7. Pull out of royal barge sailing down River Thames during Diamond Jubilee celebrations

AP Television

London, UK - 11 June, 2016

8. Mid of Queen Elizabeth II in carriage during the Trooping of the Colour for her 90th birthday celebrations

9. Wide of Guardsmen in ceremonial marching during the celebrations

AP Television

London, UK - 1960s

++BLACK AND WHITE FOOTAGE / MUTE++

++4:3++

10. Close tilt down of man putting shirt in carrier bag

11. Wide of man by scooters

UNIVERSAL ARCHIVES

London, UK - 31 October 1963

++BLACK AND WHITE FOOTAGE / MUTE++

++4:3++

12. Various of Beatles getting off plane in London

AP Television

London, UK - 7 June 2016

++16:9++

13. SOUNDBITE (English) Robert Johnston, Fashion Director, GQ Magazine UK

"You also think street scene, you think east London, you think hipsters, you think the most vibrant street fashion possibly in the world."

AP Television

London, UK - 3 July 2012

14. Punk and goth street fashion in Camden

AP Television

London, UK - 16 June, 2016

15. Hipster in Brick Lane cafe

16. Pull focus of street sign reading: (English) "Brick Lane E1"

17. Various of curry houses on Brick Lane

AP Television

Margate, UK - 8 June 2016

18. Various of Margate beach and people relaxing in sunshine

19. SOUNDBITE (English) Iain Aitch, Author:

"Everyone might say a Sunday roast or fish and chips, that's a quintessentially British meal, but then suddenly everyone says it's chicken tikka masala."

20. Various of takeaway fish and chips being served

AP Television

London, United Kingdom, April 30, 1973 (MUTE)

++4:3++

21. Red buses on a London street

AP Television

London, United Kingdom, September 24, 1973 (MUTE)

++4:3++

22. Tilt down of Ford workers walking out of various plants

23. Wide of Ford cars on a train

24. Various men take part in industrial action at Ford plant

AP Television

United Kingdom, February 10, 1974 - no exact location available

++4:3++

25. Various of non functioning coal mines during national coal strike

AP Television

London, United Kingdom, June 3, 1975 (MUTE)

++4:3++

26. Mid of Margaret Thatcher wearing a flags-of-Europe sweater, flanked by women also wearing pro-Europe sweaters

AP Television

Maastricht, Netherlands - 7 June 2016

++16:9++

27. Clocktower of Maastricht town hall with EU, Limburg and Maastricht flags

28. Wide of streets in the town

AP Television

London, UK - 7 July 2016

29. Various of autistic teenager Rens Van Velzen completing other puzzles with black and yellow blocks against the clock

30. Close tilt down of the psychologist on the autism study at Kings College London timing Rens Van Velzen during test

31. Close of Van Velzen

32. SOUNDBITE (English) Professor Declan Murphy lead scientist, EU Aims study on autism, Kings College London:

"Big questions need big populations to come up with the right answers, and we simply cannot deliver the amount of patients for the amount of science from one centre or from one country."

33. Various of Van Velzen being tested in eye tracking unit at Kings College London

AP Television

Southampton, UK - 16 September 2016

34. Wide of Southampton Boat Show 2016, cruise ship in background

35. Tilt down to pontoon, boats and visitors

36. Close of 'Sunseeker' flag

37. Various of Sunseeker 95 Yacht exterior

38. SOUNDBITE (English) Phil Popham, CEO of Sunseeker International:

"We've benefited because of the weakness of the pound, but its all about business confidence."

39. Various of Fairline yacht

40. SOUNDBITE (English) Russell Currie, Managing Director of Fairline Yachts:

"We've had an overnight decrease in the price of our boats in areas such as the European market

41. Zoom out from cruise ship docked near boat show

42. SOUNDBITE (English) Howard Pridding, Chief Executive of British Marine:

"Industry and business need stability and the time it will take to exit from the European Union will be problematic"

AP Television

Mijas, Malaga - October 6, 2016

43. Wide of coastal area of Mijas

44. Pan of typical apartments in the area and people walking by the sea side

45. Various of British pensioners taking Spanish classes in the Parnell School

46. Various of Juan Mayor Carlos Maldonado in his office

47. SOUNDBITE (Spanish) Juan Carlos Maldonado, Mayor of Mijas:

"When the results of the Brexit (referendum) were known, a big uncertainty was created."

48. Various of family walking near beach

49. Pan from people walking up steps from the beach to the owner of Royal Beach cafe talking

50. SOUNDBITE (Spanish) Sergio Morales, co-owner of Royal Beach bar in Mijas:

"Most of our clients here, around 80% of them, are British."

AP Television

London, UK - 1 November 2016

51. Pull focus of bronze Japanese archer

52. Mid of men admiring antique chandelier

53. Art dealer Tanya Baxter showing painting to visitor

54. Close tilt down of painting 'Paper Bride in Waiting' by Zeng Chuanxing (price £120,000/ USD 147,000)

55. Wide of antique clock stand

AP Television

London, UK - 9 November 2016

56. Mid of Tiana Wilson with Santa who is holding a Hatchimal waiting for the toy to hatch

57. Wide of girl playing with toy on chair

58. Mid zoom in to boys playing with Bluetooth Furbys

59. Low mid view of caterpillar going past boys and Furbys

60. SOUNDBITE (English) Frederique Tutt, toy industry analyst, NPD:

"Since the Brexit vote the toy market has been faring really well with an increase of three percent."

AP Television

Lundby, Denmark - 22 November 2016

61. Mid tilt up of Christmas tree plantation

62. Wide of plantation through tops of trees

AP Television

Copenhagen, Denmark - 21 November 2016

63. SOUNDBITE (English) Claus Jerram Christensen, Managing Director of the Danish Christmas Tree Association:

"The low exchange rate for the sterling pound makes it more difficult to achieve the same prices."

64. Mid of large container truck filled with trees pulling out of yard stacked with trees

65. Pan across field of Christmas tree saplings for 2018 and beyond

LEADIN:

For decades Britain's discontent over its European Union (EU) membership has simmered on, but then came the June referendum.

Nationalism surfaced and Britain's voted to leave the EU.

Brexit as it became known sent shockwaves through money markets and governments around the world.

STORYLINE:

In the weeks running up to referendum judgement day, the British were busy with a little soul searching.

Mulling over their shared history, the country's pride in their democracy and heritage.

It was a year when Queen Elizabeth celebrated being the longest reigning UK monarch and the country celebrated her ninetieth birthday.

The pomp and ceremony from her recent jubilee were still a source of pride and were reminiscent of the heydays when London style was considered to be world leading.

In the 1960's British fashion and British pop were riding high.

That sense of being at the vanguard of style has continued, according to Robert Johnston the Fashion Director of GQ Magazine: "You also think street scene, you think east London, you think hipsters, you think the most vibrant street fashion possibly in the world."

Author Iain Aitch explained how a variety of heritages were now mixed up, making Britishness a more complex idea to communicate: "Everyone might say a Sunday roast or fish and chips, that's a quintessentially British meal, but then suddenly everyone says it's chicken tikka masala."

But it wasn't this hipster, Brick Lane art and curry house side of Britain that won the vote.

The referendum on June 23rd was to signal the start of a long debate.

Britons for the first time had to absorb what being outside of the EU looked like.

Britain joined what was then called the European Economic Community in January 1973.

This was ratified by a referendum in 1975 with a resounding 67% majority.

By the seventies, Britain was beset by strikes and disgruntled union workers.

Traditional industries such as manufacturing and coal were in decline in the mid seventies.

Unemployment exceeded one million for the first time in March 1975. By the August that figure had increased to 1.25 million.

Some 83,000 immigrants were living in the UK by 1975, mostly from the Commonwealth.

According to Migration Watch UK for the year ending December 2015, net migration to the UK was 333,000.

And the lady had yet to turn. Margaret Thatcher MP (then leader of the opposition) campaigned to stay in the European Economic Community.

Later as prime minister between 1979 and 1990, Thatcher was known for her tough line with Brussels, especially during negotiations for the Maastrict Treaty in 1992.

The city of Maastrict is the home of the treaty which created the EU.

As summer arrived, businesses, leading universities and research establishments were beginning to assess the impact of Brexit.

For science and medicine, concerns were two fold.

Britain had attracted thousands of top researchers as well as billions of Euros in grants.

They went into research like this at Kings College London.

This project is a multidisciplinary look at the potential causes and effects of autism. It's a long term project which is linked to other studies across Europe.

Doctors and scientists aren't worried about losing cash in the short term, but falling behind in the knowledge race in the long term, especially as Britain has sought to place itself as a central base for the new industrial technologies.

The other fear is losing the brains which have been drawn to British research, people who now fear they will need to move to other institutions to keep up with the cash and the research.

Lead scientist at King's College Professor Declan Murphy warned: "Big questions need big populations to come up with the right answers, and we simply cannot deliver the amount of patients for the amount of science from one centre from one country."

The EU's Horizon 2020 budget is 80-billion Euro which funds medicine and science research across Europe.

Britain's split from the EU will leave a funding gap as well as a brain drain, according to Murphy. He argues it will be the children with autism like Van Velzen who will lose out.

As an island nation, boat building and sales have been important to the UK.

The industry fears rough waters may be ahead for Britain's luxury yacht industry, but right now it's riding on a wave caused by the plunge in the pound's value.

Phil Popham, the CEO of Sunseeker International was cautious: "We've benefited because of the weakness of the pound, but its all about business confidence."

Others like Russell Currie, the Managing Director of Fairline Yachts, says he already had cause to worry: "We've had an overnight decrease in the price of our boats in areas such as the European market."

British Marine's chief executive Howard Pridding tried to show more confidence in the course ahead: "Obviously, industry and business need stability and the time it will take to exit from the European Union will be problematic."

An estimated 1.2 million Britons live in other EU countries, mostly France, Portugal and Spain according to Britain's House of Commons library.

But that's a conservative figure because many expats don't bother registering with their embassies or the local authorities.

At Mijas on Spain's Costa del Sol, many Brits don't want to return to Blighty.

Used to the sun, sea and cafe society, some British residents are so concerned that their lives on the Costas are threatened, that after many years they're finally learning to speak Spanish.

According to Mijas' Mayor Juan Carlos Maldonado: "When the results of the Brexit (referendum) were known, a big uncertainty was created."

Local traders are also keen to keep the British on the Costa.

Many are retired and spend their pensions here.

Bar owner Sergio Morales says: "Most of our clients here, around 80% of them, are British."

A cloud of uncertainty still hangs over British expats in Spain and elsewhere in Europe.

And it's possible a string of similar nationality schools for expats may spring up.

Not everyone was bemoaning the onset of Brexit.

The art and antique market experienced a mini boom according to London dealers at this winter fair.

The weak pound against the dollar and Euro has seen American collectors in particular start to snap up bargains with savings of beween 25 and 30 per cent compared with six months ago.

Art dealers are reporting a similar trend.

They say investors see the arts market as a safe refuge in uncertain times.

As Christmas approaches the toy industry is bracing itself and Santa is wondering whether he'll have much to be jolly about.

It's the time of year when manufacturers and retailers count on making their biggest cash bonus of the year.

According to industry analyst Frederique Tutt: "Since the Brexit vote the toy market has been faring really well with an increase of three percent."

That's because toy retailers buy stock almost a year in advance and can keep prices stable, but the toy dealers here admit next year the stockings left out for Father Chrismas may have shrunk considerably.

There's nothing as Christmassy as a Christmas tree, but in Denmark the outlook for tree producers isn't quite so evergreen.

According to the Danish Christmas Tree Association, the small Scandinavian country grows around 11.5 million trees a year.

About 9.5 million of those are exported.

But these are challenging times and currency fluctuations are having an effect on trade.

Speaking about his members, Claus Jerram Christensen of the Danish Christmas Tree Association says: "They have experienced that the low exchange rate for the sterling pound makes it more difficult to achieve the same prices."

The true impact of Brexit on Britain and Europe as a whole is still to an extent unknown.

The UK government had announced it was to trigger Article 50 next March to start negotiations to leave EU.

But since then, Brexit has twice been contested in the High Court.

One ruling has already stated Britain's law makers should be allowed a vote in Parliament beforehand.

Breaking up, it seems, really is hard to do.

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FOR CLEAN VERSION SEE STORY NUMBER: 4043819

LEAD IN:

For years, Berlin and London have competed to be the 'Silicon Valley of Europe', the place where start-ups and tech companies base their operations.

After Britain's historic vote to leave the European Union, many in Berlin now feel the German capital has a clear advantage.

STORY-LINE:

It's called 'Silicon Alley'.

Thousands of start-ups are formed in Berlin each year. As many as one every 20 minutes according to 'Start-up Berlin' - an organisation which tracks new companies in the German capital.

The only other European city that could compete with Berlin for the title of the 'Silicon Valley of Europe' is London.

Following Britain's recent vote to leave the European Union, politicians and business leaders in Berlin are now sensing they have a chance to pull ahead in the race.

When Berlin's economy minister, Cornelia Yzer woke to news of the result of Britain's EU referendum, her initial reaction was disappointment.

But then she reached for her phone and stepped up her efforts to lure companies from Britain to the German capital.

"As regrettable as I find the British decision, it's also clear that this could create chances for Berlin that I, as the minister for economy of this country, should use," she says.

Yzer (pron. EE-ser) isn't the only official on the continent hoping for a Brexit bonanza.

Britain's referendum to leave the 28-nation bloc has already seen a frenzy of bids from cities such as Frankfurt, Paris and Amsterdam to succeed London as Europe's financial capital.

Berlin stands little chance of competing for a piece of the lucrative banking pie.

But Yzer believes multinational companies, from airlines to pharmaceutical firms, will see the advantage of basing their European headquarters in the capital of the EU's biggest economy.

"The decision (to leave the EU), which I regret, was taken by Britain," she says.

"So there can't be any surprise that those who see themselves firmly anchored inside the European Union, and that's the case for Germany and its capital Berlin, now want to make sure that they're a home for businesses that say 'we need to be in.'"

Berlin's image as a relaxed and relatively affordable city may convince some tech companies to relocate to Berlin, which is already home to audio-sharing platform SoundCloud and online retailer Zalando.

6Wunderkinder, makers of the 'Wunderlist' app, was formed and based in Berlin before being sold to Microsoft last year.

Yzer says she's already in contact with several tech companies based in London.

"Of course I'm speaking to companies that have their European headquarters in London about whether they should move their European headquarters to Berlin in the future," she says.

One of the key benefits that Berlin's business ambassadors will likely tout is access to the EU's single market that ensures the free movement of labour and capital.

"The prevailing feeling here in Berlin is that with the Brexit London has more or less taken itself out of the race," says Lukas Kampfmann, co-founder of Factory Berlin, a company that rents space to tech firms.

"And we do believe that over time the advantage of Berlin will grow and more tech start-ups will come to Berlin, will be founded here and will succeed here in comparison to London."

London and Brussels are likely to spend years haggling over trade tariffs and labour permits, creating uncertainty for UK companies wanting to do business on the other side of the channel.

"Once the Brexit has been done it's not going to get easier for London-based companies to do business in the world, but probably harder," says Kampfmann.

But, convincing companies to move to the continent may not be so easy.

Those who know Berlin have questioned whether it can match the cosmopolitan and dynamic atmosphere of London.

The city's new airport is years behind schedule, English isn't universally spoken and bureaucracy can be cumbersome.

"We have a situation that Great Britain will leave Europe. Will that necessarily mean that start-ups will come to Berlin? I don't think so," says Artur Fischer, co-CEO of the Berlin Stock Exchange.

"Because, at the moment a start-up doesn't necessarily need to enjoy all the advantages of the EU. It enjoys a local advantage. And at some stage it might need funding. But the funding process in today's world works through crowd-funding, it works through private equity. And that is available in London, it won't go away so swiftly."

Even if companies don't move straight away, people working in those London companies may move quicker.

Wooga, a games development company based in Berlin, already has 19 British staff members, out of a total of around 300.

Steven Gilmore is the head of human resources at the company and is also British.

He says he expects an increase in applications from London-based coders and designers.

"I personally would think that if you want to move from the UK, if you want to move to another European city, Berlin would be top of the list there," he says.

"You're looking for cities that have predominantly English-speaking, have support and help you when you kind of initially move. And Berlin is totally set up for people to move from all over Europe."

FOR CLEAN VERSION SEE STORY NUMBER: 4043819

LEAD IN:

For years, Berlin and London have competed to be the 'Silicon Valley of Europe', the place where start-ups and tech companies base their operations.

After Britain's historic vote to leave the European Union, many in Berlin now feel the German capital has a clear advantage.

STORY-LINE:

It's called 'Silicon Alley'.

Thousands of start-ups are formed in Berlin each year. As many as one every 20 minutes according to 'Start-up Berlin' - an organisation which tracks new companies in the German capital.

The only other European city that could compete with Berlin for the title of the 'Silicon Valley of Europe' is London.

Following Britain's recent vote to leave the European Union, politicians and business leaders in Berlin are now sensing they have a chance to pull ahead in the race.

When Berlin's economy minister, Cornelia Yzer woke to news of the result of Britain's EU referendum, her initial reaction was disappointment.

But then she reached for her phone and stepped up her efforts to lure companies from Britain to the German capital.

"As regrettable as I find the British decision, it's also clear that this could create chances for Berlin that I, as the minister for economy of this country, should use," she says.

Yzer (pron. EE-ser) isn't the only official on the continent hoping for a Brexit bonanza.

Britain's referendum to leave the 28-nation bloc has already seen a frenzy of bids from cities such as Frankfurt, Paris and Amsterdam to succeed London as Europe's financial capital.

Berlin stands little chance of competing for a piece of the lucrative banking pie.

But Yzer believes multinational companies, from airlines to pharmaceutical firms, will see the advantage of basing their European headquarters in the capital of the EU's biggest economy.

"The decision (to leave the EU), which I regret, was taken by Britain," she says.

"So there can't be any surprise that those who see themselves firmly anchored inside the European Union, and that's the case for Germany and its capital Berlin, now want to make sure that they're a home for businesses that say 'we need to be in.'"

Berlin's image as a relaxed and relatively affordable city may convince some tech companies to relocate to Berlin, which is already home to audio-sharing platform SoundCloud and online retailer Zalando.

6Wunderkinder, makers of the 'Wunderlist' app, was formed and based in Berlin before being sold to Microsoft last year.

Yzer says she's already in contact with several tech companies based in London.

"Of course I'm speaking to companies that have their European headquarters in London about whether they should move their European headquarters to Berlin in the future," she says.

One of the key benefits that Berlin's business ambassadors will likely tout is access to the EU's single market that ensures the free movement of labour and capital.

"The prevailing feeling here in Berlin is that with the Brexit London has more or less taken itself out of the race," says Lukas Kampfmann, co-founder of Factory Berlin, a company that rents space to tech firms.

"And we do believe that over time the advantage of Berlin will grow and more tech start-ups will come to Berlin, will be founded here and will succeed here in comparison to London."

London and Brussels are likely to spend years haggling over trade tariffs and labour permits, creating uncertainty for UK companies wanting to do business on the other side of the channel.

"Once the Brexit has been done it's not going to get easier for London-based companies to do business in the world, but probably harder," says Kampfmann.

But, convincing companies to move to the continent may not be so easy.

Those who know Berlin have questioned whether it can match the cosmopolitan and dynamic atmosphere of London.

The city's new airport is years behind schedule, English isn't universally spoken and bureaucracy can be cumbersome.

"We have a situation that Great Britain will leave Europe. Will that necessarily mean that start-ups will come to Berlin? I don't think so," says Artur Fischer, co-CEO of the Berlin Stock Exchange.

"Because, at the moment a start-up doesn't necessarily need to enjoy all the advantages of the EU. It enjoys a local advantage. And at some stage it might need funding. But the funding process in today's world works through crowd-funding, it works through private equity. And that is available in London, it won't go away so swiftly."

Even if companies don't move straight away, people working in those London companies may move quicker.

Wooga, a games development company based in Berlin, already has 19 British staff members, out of a total of around 300.

Steven Gilmore is the head of human resources at the company and is also British.

He says he expects an increase in applications from London-based coders and designers.

"I personally would think that if you want to move from the UK, if you want to move to another European city, Berlin would be top of the list there," he says.

"You're looking for cities that have predominantly English-speaking, have support and help you when you kind of initially move. And Berlin is totally set up for people to move from all over Europe."

Berlin, Germany - 4 July 2016

1. Wide of people working in 'community space' in start-up hub 'The Factory' in central Berlin

2. Various close shots of people working in community space' in start-up hub 'The Factory' in central Berlin

3. Pan of space

4. Pull focus of people working

5. Various of people working in community space' in start-up hub 'The Factory' in central Berlin

6. Wide of Berlin skyline

7. Setup shot of Cornelia Yzer, Berlin's economy minister, seated at desk in office, opening folder

8. Close of Yzer

9. Close of Yzer writing

10. SOUNDBITE (German) Cornelia Yzer, Berlin State Economy Minister:

"As regrettable as I find the British decision, it's also clear that this could create chances for Berlin that I, as the minister for economy of this country, should use."

11. Wide high shot of Berlin street

12. Long shot of people on street

13. Mid of 'Rosenthaler Platz' sign where many start-ups are based

14. Long shot of people on street

15. SOUNDBITE (German) Cornelia Yzer, Berlin State Economy Minister:

"The decision (to leave the EU), which I regret, was taken by Britain. So there can't be any surprise that those who see themselves firmly anchored inside the European Union, and that's the case for Germany and its capital Berlin, now want to make sure that they're a home for businesses that say 'we need to be in.'"

16. Tilt up with Berlin wall memorial in foreground and 'The Factory' start-up hub in background

17. Wide of Berlin wall memorial in foreground and 'The Factory' start-up hub in background

18. Mid of 'Factory' sign

19. Various of people working in the 'community space' in start-up hub 'The Factory' in central Berlin

20. Close of 'Soundcloud' logo, a Berlin-based company based in the Factory

21. Pull focus of 'Soundcloud' url on computer screen

22. Pull in of smartphone with 'Wunderlist' application, made by 6Wunderkinder, a Berlin start-up that was sold to Microsoft in 2015

23. SOUNDBITE (German) Cornelia Yzer, Berlin State Economy Minister:

"Of course I'm speaking to companies that have their European headquarters in London about whether they should move their European headquarters to Berlin in the future."

24. Wide of start-up hub 'The Factory' exterior

25. Mid of 'Factory' sign

26. Various of Lukas Kampfmann, Co-Founder of Factory Berlin, speaking to colleague

27. SOUNDBITE (English) Lukas Kampfmann, Co-Founder of Factory Berlin:

"I absolutely believe it's an opportunity, not necessarily one that we wanted because we've been competing with London for quite a couple of years. But now the prevailing feeling here in Berlin is that with the Brexit London has more or less taken itself out of the race. And we do believe that over time the advantage of Berlin will grow and more tech start-ups will come to Berlin, will be founded here and will succeed here in comparison to London."

28. Various close shots of window with notes in the Factory office

29. SOUNDBITE (English) Lukas Kampfmann, Co-Founder of Factory Berlin:

"First of all, obviously right now what you have is a lengthy period of uncertainty. And uncertainty is never good for business. Until that is resolved there will be questions about how things will end up. And then obviously most everyone agrees that once the Brexit has been done it's not going to get easier for London-based companies to do business in the world, but probably harder."

30. Wide tilt to office of Wooga, a Berlin-based games company

31. Various of people working in Wooga office

32. Close of sign reading 'Player Experience'

33. Setup shot of Artur Fischer, Co-CEO of the Berlin Stock Exchange, at desk

34. Close of Fischer

35. Close of hands on keyboard

36. SOUNDBITE (English) Artur Fischer, Co-CEO of the Berlin Stock Exchange:

"So now, we have a situation that Great Britain will leave Europe. Will that necessarily mean that start-ups will come to Berlin? I don't think so. Because, at the moment a start-up doesn't necessarily need to enjoy all the advantages of the EU. It enjoys a local advantage. And at some stage it might need funding. But the funding process in today's world works through crowd-funding, it works through private equity. And that is available in London, it won't go away so swiftly."

37. Setup shot of Steven Gilmore, Head of HR at Wooga, speaking to colleague

38. Close of Gilmore

39. Wide of Gilmore and colleague

40. SOUNDBITE (English) Steven Gilmore, Head of HR at Wooga:

"I personally would think that if you want to move from the UK, if you want to move to another European city, Berlin would be top of the list there. You're looking for cities that have predominantly English-speaking, have support and help you when you kind of initially move. And Berlin is totally set up for people to move from all over Europe."

41. Wide of Berlin skyline

LEAD IN:

For years, Berlin and London have competed to be the 'Silicon Valley of Europe', the place where start-ups and tech companies base their operations.

After Britain's historic vote to leave the European Union, many in Berlin now feel the German capital has a clear advantage.

STORY-LINE:

It's called 'Silicon Alley'.

Thousands of start-ups are formed in Berlin each year. As many as one every 20 minutes according to 'Start-up Berlin' - an organisation which tracks new companies in the German capital.

The only other European city that could compete with Berlin for the title of the 'Silicon Valley of Europe' is London.

Following Britain's recent vote to leave the European Union, politicians and business leaders in Berlin are now sensing they have a chance to pull ahead in the race.

When Berlin's economy minister, Cornelia Yzer woke to news of the result of Britain's EU referendum, her initial reaction was disappointment.

But then she reached for her phone and stepped up her efforts to lure companies from Britain to the German capital.

"As regrettable as I find the British decision, it's also clear that this could create chances for Berlin that I, as the minister for economy of this country, should use," she says.

Yzer (pron. EE-ser) isn't the only official on the continent hoping for a Brexit bonanza.

Britain's referendum to leave the 28-nation bloc has already seen a frenzy of bids from cities such as Frankfurt, Paris and Amsterdam to succeed London as Europe's financial capital.

Berlin stands little chance of competing for a piece of the lucrative banking pie.

But Yzer believes multinational companies, from airlines to pharmaceutical firms, will see the advantage of basing their European headquarters in the capital of the EU's biggest economy.

"The decision (to leave the EU), which I regret, was taken by Britain," she says.

"So there can't be any surprise that those who see themselves firmly anchored inside the European Union, and that's the case for Germany and its capital Berlin, now want to make sure that they're a home for businesses that say 'we need to be in.'"

Berlin's image as a relaxed and relatively affordable city may convince some tech companies to relocate to Berlin, which is already home to audio-sharing platform SoundCloud and online retailer Zalando.

6Wunderkinder, makers of the 'Wunderlist' app, was formed and based in Berlin before being sold to Microsoft last year.

Yzer says she's already in contact with several tech companies based in London.

"Of course I'm speaking to companies that have their European headquarters in London about whether they should move their European headquarters to Berlin in the future," she says.

One of the key benefits that Berlin's business ambassadors will likely tout is access to the EU's single market that ensures the free movement of labour and capital.

"The prevailing feeling here in Berlin is that with the Brexit London has more or less taken itself out of the race," says Lukas Kampfmann, co-founder of Factory Berlin, a company that rents space to tech firms.

"And we do believe that over time the advantage of Berlin will grow and more tech start-ups will come to Berlin, will be founded here and will succeed here in comparison to London."

London and Brussels are likely to spend years haggling over trade tariffs and labour permits, creating uncertainty for UK companies wanting to do business on the other side of the channel.

"Once the Brexit has been done it's not going to get easier for London-based companies to do business in the world, but probably harder," says Kampfmann.

But, convincing companies to move to the continent may not be so easy.

Those who know Berlin have questioned whether it can match the cosmopolitan and dynamic atmosphere of London.

The city's new airport is years behind schedule, English isn't universally spoken and bureaucracy can be cumbersome.

"We have a situation that Great Britain will leave Europe. Will that necessarily mean that start-ups will come to Berlin? I don't think so," says Artur Fischer, co-CEO of the Berlin Stock Exchange.

"Because, at the moment a start-up doesn't necessarily need to enjoy all the advantages of the EU. It enjoys a local advantage. And at some stage it might need funding. But the funding process in today's world works through crowd-funding, it works through private equity. And that is available in London, it won't go away so swiftly."

Even if companies don't move straight away, people working in those London companies may move quicker.

Wooga, a games development company based in Berlin, already has 19 British staff members, out of a total of around 300.

Steven Gilmore is the head of human resources at the company and is also British.

He says he expects an increase in applications from London-based coders and designers.

"I personally would think that if you want to move from the UK, if you want to move to another European city, Berlin would be top of the list there," he says.

"You're looking for cities that have predominantly English-speaking, have support and help you when you kind of initially move. And Berlin is totally set up for people to move from all over Europe."

LEAD IN:

For years, Berlin and London have competed to be the 'Silicon Valley of Europe', the place where start-ups and tech companies base their operations.

After Britain's historic vote to leave the European Union, many in Berlin now feel the German capital has a clear advantage.

STORY-LINE:

It's called 'Silicon Alley'.

Thousands of start-ups are formed in Berlin each year. As many as one every 20 minutes according to 'Start-up Berlin' - an organisation which tracks new companies in the German capital.

The only other European city that could compete with Berlin for the title of the 'Silicon Valley of Europe' is London.

Following Britain's recent vote to leave the European Union, politicians and business leaders in Berlin are now sensing they have a chance to pull ahead in the race.

When Berlin's economy minister, Cornelia Yzer woke to news of the result of Britain's EU referendum, her initial reaction was disappointment.

But then she reached for her phone and stepped up her efforts to lure companies from Britain to the German capital.

"As regrettable as I find the British decision, it's also clear that this could create chances for Berlin that I, as the minister for economy of this country, should use," she says.

Yzer (pron. EE-ser) isn't the only official on the continent hoping for a Brexit bonanza.

Britain's referendum to leave the 28-nation bloc has already seen a frenzy of bids from cities such as Frankfurt, Paris and Amsterdam to succeed London as Europe's financial capital.

Berlin stands little chance of competing for a piece of the lucrative banking pie.

But Yzer believes multinational companies, from airlines to pharmaceutical firms, will see the advantage of basing their European headquarters in the capital of the EU's biggest economy.

"The decision (to leave the EU), which I regret, was taken by Britain," she says.

"So there can't be any surprise that those who see themselves firmly anchored inside the European Union, and that's the case for Germany and its capital Berlin, now want to make sure that they're a home for businesses that say 'we need to be in.'"

Berlin's image as a relaxed and relatively affordable city may convince some tech companies to relocate to Berlin, which is already home to audio-sharing platform SoundCloud and online retailer Zalando.

6Wunderkinder, makers of the 'Wunderlist' app, was formed and based in Berlin before being sold to Microsoft last year.

Yzer says she's already in contact with several tech companies based in London.

"Of course I'm speaking to companies that have their European headquarters in London about whether they should move their European headquarters to Berlin in the future," she says.

One of the key benefits that Berlin's business ambassadors will likely tout is access to the EU's single market that ensures the free movement of labour and capital.

"The prevailing feeling here in Berlin is that with the Brexit London has more or less taken itself out of the race," says Lukas Kampfmann, co-founder of Factory Berlin, a company that rents space to tech firms.

"And we do believe that over time the advantage of Berlin will grow and more tech start-ups will come to Berlin, will be founded here and will succeed here in comparison to London."

London and Brussels are likely to spend years haggling over trade tariffs and labour permits, creating uncertainty for UK companies wanting to do business on the other side of the channel.

"Once the Brexit has been done it's not going to get easier for London-based companies to do business in the world, but probably harder," says Kampfmann.

But, convincing companies to move to the continent may not be so easy.

Those who know Berlin have questioned whether it can match the cosmopolitan and dynamic atmosphere of London.

The city's new airport is years behind schedule, English isn't universally spoken and bureaucracy can be cumbersome.

"We have a situation that Great Britain will leave Europe. Will that necessarily mean that start-ups will come to Berlin? I don't think so," says Artur Fischer, co-CEO of the Berlin Stock Exchange.

"Because, at the moment a start-up doesn't necessarily need to enjoy all the advantages of the EU. It enjoys a local advantage. And at some stage it might need funding. But the funding process in today's world works through crowd-funding, it works through private equity. And that is available in London, it won't go away so swiftly."

Even if companies don't move straight away, people working in those London companies may move quicker.

Wooga, a games development company based in Berlin, already has 19 British staff members, out of a total of around 300.

Steven Gilmore is the head of human resources at the company and is also British.

He says he expects an increase in applications from London-based coders and designers.

"I personally would think that if you want to move from the UK, if you want to move to another European city, Berlin would be top of the list there," he says.

"You're looking for cities that have predominantly English-speaking, have support and help you when you kind of initially move. And Berlin is totally set up for people to move from all over Europe."

Berlin, Germany - 4 July 2016

1. Wide of people working in 'community space' in start-up hub 'The Factory' in central Berlin

2. Various close shots of people working in community space' in start-up hub 'The Factory' in central Berlin

3. Pan of space

4. Pull focus of people working

5. Various of people working in community space' in start-up hub 'The Factory' in central Berlin

6. Wide of Berlin skyline

7. Setup shot of Cornelia Yzer, Berlin's economy minister, seated at desk in office, opening folder

8. Close of Yzer

9. Close of Yzer writing

10. SOUNDBITE (German) Cornelia Yzer, Berlin State Economy Minister:

"As regrettable as I find the British decision, it's also clear that this could create chances for Berlin that I, as the minister for economy of this country, should use."

11. Wide high shot of Berlin street

12. Long shot of people on street

13. Mid of 'Rosenthaler Platz' sign where many start-ups are based

14. Long shot of people on street

15. SOUNDBITE (German) Cornelia Yzer, Berlin State Economy Minister:

"The decision (to leave the EU), which I regret, was taken by Britain. So there can't be any surprise that those who see themselves firmly anchored inside the European Union, and that's the case for Germany and its capital Berlin, now want to make sure that they're a home for businesses that say 'we need to be in.'"

16. Tilt up with Berlin wall memorial in foreground and 'The Factory' start-up hub in background

17. Wide of Berlin wall memorial in foreground and 'The Factory' start-up hub in background

18. Mid of 'Factory' sign

19. Various of people working in the 'community space' in start-up hub 'The Factory' in central Berlin

20. Close of 'Soundcloud' logo, a Berlin-based company based in the Factory

21. Pull focus of 'Soundcloud' url on computer screen

22. Pull in of smartphone with 'Wunderlist' application, made by 6Wunderkinder, a Berlin start-up that was sold to Microsoft in 2015

23. SOUNDBITE (German) Cornelia Yzer, Berlin State Economy Minister:

"Of course I'm speaking to companies that have their European headquarters in London about whether they should move their European headquarters to Berlin in the future."

24. Wide of start-up hub 'The Factory' exterior

25. Mid of 'Factory' sign

26. Various of Lukas Kampfmann, Co-Founder of Factory Berlin, speaking to colleague

27. SOUNDBITE (English) Lukas Kampfmann, Co-Founder of Factory Berlin:

"I absolutely believe it's an opportunity, not necessarily one that we wanted because we've been competing with London for quite a couple of years. But now the prevailing feeling here in Berlin is that with the Brexit London has more or less taken itself out of the race. And we do believe that over time the advantage of Berlin will grow and more tech start-ups will come to Berlin, will be founded here and will succeed here in comparison to London."

28. Various close shots of window with notes in the Factory office

29. SOUNDBITE (English) Lukas Kampfmann, Co-Founder of Factory Berlin:

"First of all, obviously right now what you have is a lengthy period of uncertainty. And uncertainty is never good for business. Until that is resolved there will be questions about how things will end up. And then obviously most everyone agrees that once the Brexit has been done it's not going to get easier for London-based companies to do business in the world, but probably harder."

30. Wide tilt to office of Wooga, a Berlin-based games company

31. Various of people working in Wooga office

32. Close of sign reading 'Player Experience'

33. Setup shot of Artur Fischer, Co-CEO of the Berlin Stock Exchange, at desk

34. Close of Fischer

35. Close of hands on keyboard

36. SOUNDBITE (English) Artur Fischer, Co-CEO of the Berlin Stock Exchange:

"So now, we have a situation that Great Britain will leave Europe. Will that necessarily mean that start-ups will come to Berlin? I don't think so. Because, at the moment a start-up doesn't necessarily need to enjoy all the advantages of the EU. It enjoys a local advantage. And at some stage it might need funding. But the funding process in today's world works through crowd-funding, it works through private equity. And that is available in London, it won't go away so swiftly."

37. Setup shot of Steven Gilmore, Head of HR at Wooga, speaking to colleague

38. Close of Gilmore

39. Wide of Gilmore and colleague

40. SOUNDBITE (English) Steven Gilmore, Head of HR at Wooga:

"I personally would think that if you want to move from the UK, if you want to move to another European city, Berlin would be top of the list there. You're looking for cities that have predominantly English-speaking, have support and help you when you kind of initially move. And Berlin is totally set up for people to move from all over Europe."

41. Wide of Berlin skyline

FOR CLEAN VERSION SEE STORY NUMBER: 4060423

LEAD IN:

Brexit has cast uncertainty over the future of thousands of British residents living in Spain's Costa del Sol.

EU leaders are due soon to begin unprecedented - and knotty - negotiations on how to extricate the UK from the bloc.

Some Britons living in Spain are considering changing nationality and brushing up on their Spanish language skills.

STORY-LINE:

A cloud of uncertainty hangs over British expats in Spain.

Nobody is saying what the rights of Britons living in the EU might be in a future outside the bloc. Many are worried about losing entitlements in Spain, which is part of the EU.

A dozen students, most of them British pensioners who have been living in the "Costa del Sol" for decades, have joined a new Spanish Nationality Course at the Parnell Academy in Mijas.

They're learning the basics of the language, as well as some local history and culture, to prepare for two exams that must be taken ahead of being granted Spanish Nationality.

"I really have no intention of going back to the UK", says Lesley Lawrence, one of the students, who has been living in Spain for around 20 years.

"It's possible that I will change my nationality because of the Brexit vote", she adds. "It depends how things go after they trigger article 50, because until then we don't know how it's going to affect us."

Another student Philip Hubner has owned a house in Spain for 17 years and moved to Mijas full time two years ago. He is now keen to mingle more with the local Spaniards.

"I'm going to make a determined effort to learn the language to integrate with the local people here in Spain. I know a few words, I know how to buy...get a beer, "cerveza", …, "la cuenta por favor", could I have the bill?"

The owner of the school, Richard Parnell, is familiar with both countries. He was born in Britain and has lived in Spain since he was 5 years old.

After the Brexit result he started the course to help his fellow Brits living in Spain to cope with the long term implications.

"I saw the fallout of the vote to leave and I knew that myself, as a foreigner living in Spain, I would have certain problems and I knew that there would be other people. I was thinking of opening an academy anyway, well, why not make a course that would make these people who need to learn Spanish and maybe help them get the Spanish nationality," he explains.

The value of the British currency is another major concern. Many retired expats, live on a U.K. pension that is sent in pounds and pensioners must exchange that income to the Euro, which is used in Spain.

The pound has lost almost a fifth of its value since June 23.

Shortly after the Brexit vote, Anne Hernandez, a decades-long British resident in Mijas, co-founded the 'Brexpats in Spain' association, to try to address those fears.

"Having met people come to us asking for help, we've identified a list of priorities and obviously everybody's individual, but there are general priorities, being for example: health care, pensions, finance and banking, education, and nationality," she says.

The association currently has 2,800 members and has expanded outside the borders of Mijas to other towns along the coast.

The local mayor's office estimates that there are 11,000 British residents in Mijas, out of a total population of 80,000, so the mayor takes a strong interest in their concerns.

"We in the town hall have offered the association that has been created, the Brexpat association which intends to unite all these British people who feel helpless, defenceless or disoriented, all the help that we can provide from Mijas, with the goal of extending (movement) along the "Costa del Sol". Around 65,000 British live in the province of Malaga, so it's a significant part of the population," explains Juan Carlos Maldonado, the mayor of Mijas.

"When the results of the Brexit (referendum) were known, a big uncertainty was created. We're talking about the (local) economy, because it's tourism, residential tourism, and in the local administration this uncertainty creates a concern, because we know how important tourism is for us," he adds.

An estimated 1.2 million Britons live in other EU countries, many of them in France, Spain and Portugal, according to Britain's House of Commons library.

But analysts believe the true number could be at least double that — and maybe a lot more, because many don't bother registering with their embassies or the local authorities.

Mijas, Malaga - October 6, 2016

1. Wide of coastal area of Mijas

2. Pan of typical apartments in the area and people walking by the sea side

3. Mid of people having drinks on a terrace

4. Various of British pensioners taking Spanish classes in the Parnell School

5. Set up Lesley Lawrence

6. SOUNDBITE (English) Lesley Lawrence, Student of Spanish Nationality Course:

"It's possible that I will change the nationality because of the Brexit vote. It depends how things go after they trigger article 50, because until then we don't know really how it's going to affect us. But if it does affect me and it's better for me to speak and live in Spain, then I shall stay in Spain, rather than go back to the UK. I really have no intention of going back to the UK."

7. Wide of teacher at whiteboard

8. Close up of Lawerence

9. SOUNDBITE (English) Lesley Lawrence, Student of Spanish Nationality Course:

"I was very disappointed with the vote, to put it mildly. I wasn't allowed to vote because I've been living in Spain too long and I felt that was very unjust. It is an European issue, it's not just an issue in Britain and the effects of Brexit are going to affect those of us who've lived in Spain for a long time. It's already affected me, I'm retired, it's affected my pension."

10. Teacher at the whiteboard

11. Mid of students

12. Close of hand writing

13. SOUNDBITE (English) Philip Hubner, Student of Spanish Nationality Course:

"I'm going to make a determined effort to learn the language to integrate with the local people here in Spain. I know a few words, I know how to buy...get a beer, "cerveza", …, "la cuenta por favor", could I have the bill?"

14. Richard Parnell talking to students

15. SOUNDBITE (English) Richard Parnell, Parnell Academy:

"I saw the fallout of the vote to leave and I knew that myself, as a foreigner living in Spain, I would have certain problems and I knew that there would be other people. I was thinking of opening an academy anyway, well, why not make a course that would help these people who need to learn Spanish and maybe help them get their Spanish nationality".

16. Various of Anne Hernandez sitting at a terrace drinking coffee

17. SOUNDBITE (English) Anne Hernandez, University lecturer and co-founder of 'Brexpats in Spain' association:

"Having met people come to us asking for help, we've identified a list of priorities and obviously everybody's individual, but there are general priorities, being for example: health care, pensions, finance and banking, education, and nationality."

18. Mid of Juan Carlos Maldonado, mayor of Mijas, working in his office

19. SOUNDBITE (Spanish) Juan Carlos Maldonado, Mayor of Mijas:

"We in the town hall have offered the association that has been created, the Brexpat association which intends to unite all these British people who feel helpless, defenceless or disoriented, all the help that we can provide from Mijas, with the goal of extending (movement) along the "Costa del Sol". Around 65,000 British live in the province of Malaga, so it's a significant part of the population".

20. Close of Maldonado

21. SOUNDBITE (Spanish) Juan Carlos Maldonado, Mayor of Mijas:

"When the results of the Brexit (referendum) were known, a big uncertainty was created. We're talking about the (local) economy, because it's tourism, residential tourism, and in the local administration this uncertainty creates a concern, because we know how important tourism is for us".

22. Various of woman on beach

23. Various of Royal Beach bar in a predominantly British residential area of Mijas called Calahonda

24. Pan of beach and the owner of Royal Beach talking

25. SOUNDBITE (Spanish) Sergio Morales, co-owner of Royal Beach bar in Mijas:

"Most of our clients here, around 80% of them, are British. And then a few of everything: Dutch, Germans, Norwegians, Spaniards… a bit of everything, but the most abundant in Calahonda is the British".

26. Various of people at the seaside

27. Wide of the beach

28. Wide of people on the beach

LEAD IN:

Brexit has cast uncertainty over the future of thousands of British residents living in Spain's Costa del Sol.

EU leaders are due soon to begin unprecedented - and knotty - negotiations on how to extricate the UK from the bloc.

Some Britons living in Spain are considering changing nationality and brushing up on their Spanish language skills.

STORY-LINE:

A cloud of uncertainty hangs over British expats in Spain.

Nobody is saying what the rights of Britons living in the EU might be in a future outside the bloc. Many are worried about losing entitlements in Spain, which is part of the EU.

A dozen students, most of them British pensioners who have been living in the "Costa del Sol" for decades, have joined a new Spanish Nationality Course at the Parnell Academy in Mijas.

They're learning the basics of the language, as well as some local history and culture, to prepare for two exams that must be taken ahead of being granted Spanish Nationality.

"I really have no intention of going back to the UK", says Lesley Lawrence, one of the students, who has been living in Spain for around 20 years.

"It's possible that I will change my nationality because of the Brexit vote", she adds. "It depends how things go after they trigger article 50, because until then we don't know how it's going to affect us."

Another student Philip Hubner has owned a house in Spain for 17 years and moved to Mijas full time two years ago. He is now keen to mingle more with the local Spaniards.

"I'm going to make a determined effort to learn the language to integrate with the local people here in Spain. I know a few words, I know how to buy...get a beer, "cerveza", …, "la cuenta por favor", could I have the bill?"

The owner of the school, Richard Parnell, is familiar with both countries. He was born in Britain and has lived in Spain since he was 5 years old.

After the Brexit result he started the course to help his fellow Brits living in Spain to cope with the long term implications.

"I saw the fallout of the vote to leave and I knew that myself, as a foreigner living in Spain, I would have certain problems and I knew that there would be other people. I was thinking of opening an academy anyway, well, why not make a course that would make these people who need to learn Spanish and maybe help them get the Spanish nationality," he explains.

The value of the British currency is another major concern. Many retired expats, live on a U.K. pension that is sent in pounds and pensioners must exchange that income to the Euro, which is used in Spain.

The pound has lost almost a fifth of its value since June 23.

Shortly after the Brexit vote, Anne Hernandez, a decades-long British resident in Mijas, co-founded the 'Brexpats in Spain' association, to try to address those fears.

"Having met people come to us asking for help, we've identified a list of priorities and obviously everybody's individual, but there are general priorities, being for example: health care, pensions, finance and banking, education, and nationality," she says.

The association currently has 2,800 members and has expanded outside the borders of Mijas to other towns along the coast.

The local mayor's office estimates that there are 11,000 British residents in Mijas, out of a total population of 80,000, so the mayor takes a strong interest in their concerns.

"We in the town hall have offered the association that has been created, the Brexpat association which intends to unite all these British people who feel helpless, defenceless or disoriented, all the help that we can provide from Mijas, with the goal of extending (movement) along the "Costa del Sol". Around 65,000 British live in the province of Malaga, so it's a significant part of the population," explains Juan Carlos Maldonado, the mayor of Mijas.

"When the results of the Brexit (referendum) were known, a big uncertainty was created. We're talking about the (local) economy, because it's tourism, residential tourism, and in the local administration this uncertainty creates a concern, because we know how important tourism is for us," he adds.

An estimated 1.2 million Britons live in other EU countries, many of them in France, Spain and Portugal, according to Britain's House of Commons library.

But analysts believe the true number could be at least double that — and maybe a lot more, because many don't bother registering with their embassies or the local authorities.

Mijas, Malaga - October 6, 2016

1. Wide of coastal area of Mijas

2. Pan of typical apartments in the area and people walking by the sea side

3. Mid of people having drinks on a terrace

4. Various of British pensioners taking Spanish classes in the Parnell School

5. Set up Lesley Lawrence

6. SOUNDBITE (English) Lesley Lawrence, Student of Spanish Nationality Course:

"It's possible that I will change the nationality because of the Brexit vote. It depends how things go after they trigger article 50, because until then we don't know really how it's going to affect us. But if it does affect me and it's better for me to speak and live in Spain, then I shall stay in Spain, rather than go back to the UK. I really have no intention of going back to the UK."

7. Wide of teacher at whiteboard

8. Close up of Lawerence

9. SOUNDBITE (English) Lesley Lawrence, Student of Spanish Nationality Course:

"I was very disappointed with the vote, to put it mildly. I wasn't allowed to vote because I've been living in Spain too long and I felt that was very unjust. It is an European issue, it's not just an issue in Britain and the effects of Brexit are going to affect those of us who've lived in Spain for a long time. It's already affected me, I'm retired, it's affected my pension."

10. Teacher at the whiteboard

11. Mid of students

12. Close of hand writing

13. SOUNDBITE (English) Philip Hubner, Student of Spanish Nationality Course:

"I'm going to make a determined effort to learn the language to integrate with the local people here in Spain. I know a few words, I know how to buy...get a beer, "cerveza", …, "la cuenta por favor", could I have the bill?"

14. Richard Parnell talking to students

15. SOUNDBITE (English) Richard Parnell, Parnell Academy:

"I saw the fallout of the vote to leave and I knew that myself, as a foreigner living in Spain, I would have certain problems and I knew that there would be other people. I was thinking of opening an academy anyway, well, why not make a course that would help these people who need to learn Spanish and maybe help them get their Spanish nationality".

16. Various of Anne Hernandez sitting at a terrace drinking coffee

17. SOUNDBITE (English) Anne Hernandez, University lecturer and co-founder of 'Brexpats in Spain' association:

"Having met people come to us asking for help, we've identified a list of priorities and obviously everybody's individual, but there are general priorities, being for example: health care, pensions, finance and banking, education, and nationality."

18. Mid of Juan Carlos Maldonado, mayor of Mijas, working in his office

19. SOUNDBITE (Spanish) Juan Carlos Maldonado, Mayor of Mijas:

"We in the town hall have offered the association that has been created, the Brexpat association which intends to unite all these British people who feel helpless, defenceless or disoriented, all the help that we can provide from Mijas, with the goal of extending (movement) along the "Costa del Sol". Around 65,000 British live in the province of Malaga, so it's a significant part of the population".

20. Close of Maldonado

21. SOUNDBITE (Spanish) Juan Carlos Maldonado, Mayor of Mijas:

"When the results of the Brexit (referendum) were known, a big uncertainty was created. We're talking about the (local) economy, because it's tourism, residential tourism, and in the local administration this uncertainty creates a concern, because we know how important tourism is for us".

22. Various of woman on beach

23. Various of Royal Beach bar in a predominantly British residential area of Mijas called Calahonda

24. Pan of beach and the owner of Royal Beach talking

25. SOUNDBITE (Spanish) Sergio Morales, co-owner of Royal Beach bar in Mijas:

"Most of our clients here, around 80% of them, are British. And then a few of everything: Dutch, Germans, Norwegians, Spaniards… a bit of everything, but the most abundant in Calahonda is the British".

26. Various of people at the seaside

27. Wide of the beach

28. Wide of people on the beach

The head of the global economic forum OECD warned Britain that leaving the European Union would be tantamount to taxing its citizens - another in a growing cavalcade of cautionary advice ahead of a June 23 referendum on membership in the 28-nation bloc.

The warning by Angel Gurria, the secretary-general of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, came just days after expressions of concern by US President Barack Obama, the UK Treasury and the International Monetary Fund.

He described the notion that Britain might gain a better trade deal outside the union as somewhat fanciful.

Gurria's assessment follows that made by the UK Treasury last week, which determined that leaving the European Union would cost Britain the equivalent of 6,100 US dollars per household.

The estimate was based on an analysis of the long-term costs and benefits of EU membership and its alternatives.

The ever-more dire OECD judgment came the same day that authorities reported Britain's economy slowed in the first three months of the year amid concerns about the global economy as well as the vote on EU membership.

The UK economy grew by a quarter-on-quarter rate of 0.4 percent in January-March, down from 0.6 percent in the fourth quarter of last year, the Office for National Statistics said Wednesday.

Services, which comprise 78 percent of the British economy, continued to grow, expanding by 0.6 percent.

But other sectors declined, including construction, mining and manufacturing.

The head of the global economic forum OECD warned Britain that leaving the European Union would be tantamount to taxing its citizens - another in a growing cavalcade of cautionary advice ahead of a June 23 referendum on membership in the 28-nation bloc.

The warning by Angel Gurria, the secretary-general of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, came just days after expressions of concern by US President Barack Obama, the UK Treasury and the International Monetary Fund.

He described the notion that Britain might gain a better trade deal outside the union as somewhat fanciful.

Gurria's assessment follows that made by the UK Treasury last week, which determined that leaving the European Union would cost Britain the equivalent of 6,100 US dollars per household.

The estimate was based on an analysis of the long-term costs and benefits of EU membership and its alternatives.

The ever-more dire OECD judgment came the same day that authorities reported Britain's economy slowed in the first three months of the year amid concerns about the global economy as well as the vote on EU membership.

The UK economy grew by a quarter-on-quarter rate of 0.4 percent in January-March, down from 0.6 percent in the fourth quarter of last year, the Office for National Statistics said Wednesday.

Services, which comprise 78 percent of the British economy, continued to grow, expanding by 0.6 percent.

But other sectors declined, including construction, mining and manufacturing.

London - 27 April 2016

1. Wide of Angel Gurria, Secretary-General of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) speaking on stage at the Old Theatre, London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE)

2. Man taking photos

3. Close of audience

4. SOUNDBITE (English) Angel Gurria, Secretary-General, OECD:

"Brexit would, rather like a tax, hit the wellbeing and the pockets of UK citizens. Unlike most taxes, however, this one will not finance the provision of public services or close the fiscal gap. The 'Brexit tax' would be a pure deadweight loss - a cost incurred with no economic benefit. And this tax would not be a one-off levy. Britons would be paying it for many years."

5. Cutaway of audience

6. SOUNDBITE (English) Angel Gurria, Secretary-General, OECD:

"We estimate that in a Brexit scenario, GDP per household in 2030 would be lower than the baseline, that means staying, by at least 3,200 pounds and up to 5,000 pounds in the most pessimistic case."

7. Various of audience

8. SOUNDBITE (English) Angel Gurria, Secretary-General, OECD:

"While no one knows precisely what the costs would be, what is striking about our estimates and those produced by the other institutions, is that all the numbers under a Brexit case are negative. The best outcome under Brexit is still worse than remaining. And the worst outcomes are very bad indeed. Very expensive. The Brexit tax just gets bigger."

9. Wide of stage

10. Cutaway of economist Professor Lord Stern listening on stage

11. SOUNDBITE (English) Angel Gurria, Secretary-General, OECD:

"Our conclusion is unequivocal. The UK is much stronger as a part of Europe and Europe is much stronger with the UK as a driving force. There is no upside for the UK in Brexit. Only costs that can be avoided and advantages to be seized by remaining in Europe. No one should have to pay the Brexit tax."

12. Close of audience

13. Wide of stage

This should be a fine time for British carmakers, with sales increasing nicely, but for one major storm front - the impossible-to-predict ramifications of the country's vote to leave the European Union (EU).

As British industry leaders showed off their wares on Wednesday beneath the Eiffel Tower and ahead of the Paris Auto Show, Britain's EU exit, or 'Brexit', remains vexing because it's still not clear exactly how the complex and highly globalised auto trade will be affected.

Michael Hawes, Chief Executive at the Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders (SMMT), told those gathered in Paris on Wednesday that the single market was "fundamental to the current strength we're enjoying".

Hawes added that the British government now has "a major challenge" to balance the wishes of the British public with the continued success of the auto industry.

The sector has attracted record investment in recent years of 3.5 billion pounds (USD 4,549,119,400), but auto industry representatives like Hanno Kirner, Executive Director of Corporate Strategy at Jaguar Land Rover Automotive, said the key to ongoing success "is we have to maintain free trade with Europe".

Many expect Brexit to be disruptive, and to raise costs for companies, but the hard talk negotiations between Britain and the EU on the crucial issues of tariffs and the free movement of labour are still months away - and will possibly take years to resolve.

That means years of uncertainty over the cost of building cars in Britain and the ease of exporting them to other EU countries.

It will also create doubts about how difficult it will become to import vital car parts from other EU countries, to say nothing of the restrictions likely to be put in place on the free movement of skilled workers needed to assemble vehicles.

This is the main reason investment has slowed in an industry that was enjoying a good run of health - production grew more than 12 per cent in the first half of 2016 compared to the year before.

While the drop in the pound since the June vote to leave the EU has helped car exports from Britain, overall uncertainties are casting a shadow over the future.

"We had a short-term gain but we are very mindful of the long term," Simon Sproule, marketing director for Aston Martin, said in Paris.

He said the company's investment plan remains "completely unchanged since Brexit," at least for now. And it's focusing on non-European markets, too.

Carmakers do not know how much production costs will surge, and whether the increases, possibly in the form of higher tariffs, will end Britain's attractiveness as a platform for building cars and getting them into the European market.

There was one possible sign of a continental divide: while international carmakers are unveiling a slew of new models at the Paris Car Show this week, Land Rover chose to stay on the other side of the English Channel to demonstrate its latest model Wednesday.

Company officials played down any political message behind the decision. But with the industry converging on Paris this week, whether to consider British manufacturers part of the European market is a question on many minds.

Paris - 28 September 2016

1. Pan from Eiffel Tower to British-made cars on display

2. Cars on display

3. Close of Jaguar engraved in air intake

4. Pan of new Jaguar SUV

5. Hanno Kirner talking to reporters

6. SOUNDBITE (English) Hanno Kirner, Executive Director of Corporate Strategy at Jaguar Land Rover Automotive:

"Key to us is we have to maintain free trade with Europe. Key is that we continue to have access to global talent and key for us is that industrial regulation doesn't change. Those are the three points that are really important to us and we're trying to talk to government to explain, we're trying to talk to European governments to explain and we believe it's in the mutual interest of both the UK and European countries to maintain those three key points."

7. Kirner

8. SOUNDBITE (English) Hanno Kirner, Executive Director of Corporate Strategy at Jaguar Land Rover Automotive:

"We cannot stop investing. We are in a long-term industry. We have been investing nearly a billion pounds (1,299,767,000 US dollars) in our engine manufacturing capacity in Wolverhampton. We just continue to grow and so we cannot make our decisions dependent on political singular events so our investment this year - 3.5 billion pounds (4,549,119,400 US dollars) in the UK, the biggest industrial investment - is going to continue what it is and is going to go forward."

9. Aston Martin DB11

10. Aston Martin logo

11. Pan of DB11

12. SOUNDBITE (English) Simon Sproule, Vice President and Chief Marketing Officer at Aston Martin:

"What we've seen in the short term is currency wins with the devaluation of the pound. As an exporter - and we're dominantly an exporter from the UK - that's been a benefit to us. The economic uncertainty is still out there. We're scenario planning. The short-term impact in terms of the British economy does not seem to be so severe. We're seeing a little hesitation in the market but overall, we're pretty much business as usual. But we're planning obviously for when Article 50 is triggered and then we start to get in the discussions."

13. cutaways of Sproule

14. SOUNDBITE (English) Simon Sproule, Vice President and Chief Marketing Officer at Aston Martin:

"No, in fact our investment plans are completely unchanged before Brexit and after Brexit. We announced before Brexit that we are going to invest in a new manufacturing plant in the UK. That's the second manufacturing plant, a plant in Wales that's going to create 750 jobs. Additionally we are going to create another 250 jobs in the West Midlands so that's a thousand direct jobs by the end of the decade just for Aston Martin and those plans are unchanged."

15. Auto industry representatives on stage

16. Representatives on stage with cars

17. Tilt-down from Eiffel Tower to stage with cars

18. Michael Hawes giving interview

19. SOUNDBITE (English) Michael Hawes, Chief Executive at Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders (SMMT):

"The current uncertainties are significant and business never likes uncertainty. The Government has a major challenge now that it's facing. An industry like ours, we want to remain within the single market but we recognise the challenge that's been put forward as a result of the referendum. People voted due to concerns around immigration and the two are not necessarily compatible. Our role is to ensure we reflect our members', the industry's view and that is from a business perspective that being part of the single market is fundamental to the current strength that we enjoy."

20. Sacre Coeur church through window of convention room on first floor of Eiffel Tower

21. Various of crowd attending UK automaker industry event

22. Close of Great Britain campaign logo

23. Wide of Mark Garnier walking onto podium

24. SOUNDBITE (English) Mark Garnier, Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for International Trade:

"The British people have spoken and we live in a democracy and we will deliver that democracy. But for people like me, it's incredibly important that when I go back to Westminster, we are delivering these messages which you are giving us. The SMMT are very efficient at engaging with parliamentarians and making sure we understand what's important to you. We know, full well, that you need to be able to secure, in the long term, zero tariff access to the single market. We also know full well that it is incredibly important that you can get engineers when you need them that can either move around your businesses that are pan-European or if you are not, that you can source engineers from other parts of the EU to come in and help your businesses develop and grow stronger."

25. Garnier talking

26. Crowd

Britain must leave the EU customs union to strike new trade deals after Brexit, the country's trade minister said in a speech in London on Tuesday, widening a major fissure within British politics over future trade relations with the bloc.

UK International Trade Secretary Liam Fox said 90 percent of global growth in the next 10 to 15 years will be outside Europe, and remaining inside the tariff-free EU trade zone would limit Britain's opportunities to strike new trade deals with the world's fastest-growing economies.

"We cannot afford to be bound by the practices and the patterns of the past. We have to take the opportunities available unfettered by those who would make the rules on our behalf," he said.

But Fox was contradicted by the trade department's former top civil servant, Sir Martin Donnelly, who left his job last year, who said quitting the customs union was like "giving up a three-course meal ... for the promise of a packet of crisps."

He told BBC Radio 4's Today programme that 60 percent of Britain's trade is with the EU or with countries that have EU trade deals.

"The particular choice that I heard Sir Martin Donnelly outline - that was a choice between the European Union and trade opportunities elsewhere and the continuation of EU trade agreements - I don't believe that is the choice that we face," Fox said, when asked to respond to Donnelly's comments.

And commenting on Sir Martin's claim that Britain would need a Fairy Godmother to get a good EU deal Fox said that Britain needed to look "beyond where we are today."

"I understand as I say that those who have been professionally committed to those for many years would want to adhere to them. I want to think beyond where we are today, to the opportunities available to (in) the future," he told reporters.

Fox spoke a day after opposition leader Jeremy Corbyn said his Labour Party would "seek to negotiate a new, comprehensive UK-EU customs union to ensure there are no tariffs with Europe."

The issue is a major fault line in UK Brexit plans. While pro-Brexit politicians such as Fox argue for leaving the customs union and the EU's single market in goods and services, others want Britain to retain close ties with the EU to soften the economic shock of leaving.

UK POOL

London, 27 February 2018

1. Wide of Britain's International Trade Secretary, Liam Fox at lectern UPSOUND (English) Reporter: "Former Permanent Sir Martin Donnelly has likened the plan that you just outlined to swapping a three course meal for a packet of crisps. What's your response to that and are you concerned there are some in the British establishment who still don't accept Brexit and want to stop it?"

2. SOUNDBITE (English) Liam Fox, Britain's International Trade Secretary:

"First of all it's unsurprising that those who spent a lifetime working within the European Union would see moving away from the European Union as being threatening. The particular choice that I heard Sir Martin Donnelly outline - that was a choice between the European Union and trade opportunities elsewhere and the continuation of EU trade agreements - I don't believe that is the choice that we face. We are already trying to seek a full and liberal partnership with the European Union. We are already having discussions about expanding our trade agreements beyond the EU and we're also talking about rolling over the EU agreements into UK law so that we get no disruption in terms of market access at the point of exit. So it's not a choice of one or the other, and in any case I think the UK Brexit process is as we've all discovered a little more complex than a packet of Walkers. When it comes to the other issues is I hope that we'll be able to persuade our colleagues as the prime minister sets out the case that the cabinet decided at Chequers last week that they will find that persuasive and they will understand that the benefits of the approach that the prime minister will set out will actually be to the greater prosperity and security of the people of this country and I hope they will understand that the drawbacks of the customs union that I've set out today would remarkably hinder this country in terms of the future economic opportunities that might otherwise be available.

3. Wide of Fox at lectern

4. SOUNDBITE (English) Liam Fox, Britain's International Trade Secretary UPSOUND (English) Reporter: "Dr Fox, given that your former head of department has said you'd need a Fairy Godmother to get the kind of "have cake and eat it" deal that he says you want with the European Union (reporter appears in shot) and you yourself have said that British business needs to raise its game to take advantage of Brexit. Is the greatest danger that Brexit could lead to national self harm or that there simply aren't enough true believers like you?"

5. SOUNDBITE (English) Liam Fox, Britain's International Trade Secretary:

"I think that we need to set out an ambitious programme for the United Kingdom. It's not about sticking to the patterns of the past. And I understand as I say that those who have been professionally committed to those for many years would want to adhere to them. I want to think beyond where we are today, to the opportunities available to (in) the future. The fact, as I said at the beginning, that the IMF has pointed out that 90 percent of global growth will be outside the European continent in the next 10 to 15 years. We cannot afford to be bound by the practices and the patterns of the past. We have to take the opportunities available unfettered by those who would make the rules on our behalf."

6. Wide of Fox at lectern

RESTRICTION SUMMARY: AP CLIENTS ONLY

SHOTLIST

AP TELEVISION - AP CLIENTS ONLY

Melton Mowbray - 2 August 2016

1. Various of 'Borough of Melton' road sign

2. Wide exterior of local butcher's shop

3. Various of Melton Mowbray pork pies in shop

4. Clarinet player in Melton Mowbray main street playing outside Ye Olde Pork Pie Shoppe run by Dickinson and Morris

5. Various of managing director of pork pie makers Dickinson and Morris, Stephen Hallam, making pork pie

6. Close of pork pies going into the oven

7. SOUNDBITE (English) Stephen Hallam, managing director of pork pie makers Dickinson and Morris:

"So we had to go to Europe, there is no law in Britain, with a protected food name scheme. Now, that took us a long while, some 12 to 15 years. And we've got the endorsement, we've got the recognised protection. It's policed through trading standards. If European protection is lost through coming out of Europe, then we need in this country to tabulate or formulate some legislation that picks up where PGI (protected geographical indication) has always been for us to protect the pork pie, the Melton Mowbray pork pie and other food products, for perpetuity."

8. Pork pies coming out of the oven

9. Pork pie being sliced open

10. Wide of Melton Mowbray market food hall

11. Melton Mowbray pie sign

12. Set up shot of Mathew O'Callaghan, chairman and founder of Melton Mowbray Pork Pie association and chairman of the United Kingdom Protected Food Names Association

13. SOUNDBITE (English) Mathew O'Callaghan, chairman and founder of Melton Mowbray Pork Pie association, chairman of the United Kingdom Protected Food Names Association:

"Once Brexit occurs, we lose all the protection for the UK. And there is 72 of them protected food names both within the UK and within Europe. And that's worth over a billion pounds. Anybody in Europe can then copy our products (after Brexit) as anybody in the UK can copy a Melton Mowbray Pork Pie for example. It's not been thought through, unfortunately."

14. Cutaway O'Callaghan

15. SOUNDBITE (English) Mathew O'Callaghan, chairman and founder of Melton Mowbray Pork Pie association, chairman of the United Kingdom Protected Food Names Association:

"It means that anybody could make a Melton Mowbray Pork Pie for example in Poland, not use the proper recipe so make it in hoops, not using cured pork, use less than 30 percent pork, make a cheaper imitation in Poland and sell it in the UK passing it off as a Melton Mowbray Pork Pie. Now that's going to cost us jobs. It's worth about 60 million pounds to this area (pork pies), not only in sales, but it's worth another 70 million pounds in terms of food tourism. This market is buzzing with people. They come here for our food heritage. We'd lose that as well."

16. Various of cattle auction at Melton Mowbray market

17. Various of cattle

18. Market sign

19. Exterior of the Melton Cheeseboard shop

20. Various of owner of Melton Cheeseboard shop and judge at world cheese awards, Tim Brown, cutting local Stilton Cheese

21. Pan of wedges of packaged Stilton cheese

22. SOUNDBITE (English) Tim Brown, owner of Melton Cheeseboard shop and judge at world cheese awards:

"I would hope that DEFRA (UK Government Department for Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs) who would presumably organise the scheme would take it on board and say' we're going to just reproduce the same scheme and we will back it by the power of the British Government'."

23. Mid of Stilton

STORYLINE:

Certain British food items, such as the Melton Mowbray pork pie or Stilton cheese are sold at a premium thanks to a certificate of regional authenticity.

But that marker of distinction - the same kind that ensures Champagne can only come from the French region of the same name - is granted by the European Union and is now at risk after Britain voted to leave the 28-country bloc.

Stephen Hallam's pork pie business generates around 4 million US dollars a year, because his product is protected by that certificate of regional authenticity.

The certificate is an internationally recognised mark of quality reserved for produce that has a historical reputation for excellence and meets strict criteria.

Hallam's pies, for example, are made with uncured British pork within a specific geographical area and are baked with no supporting baking tin or hoop.

"We had to go to Europe, there is no law in Britain, with a protected food name scheme. Now, that took us a long while, some 12 to 15 years. And we've got the endorsement, we've got the recognised protection," said Hallam.

It's the same marker that ensures Champagne can only come from northeast France and Gorgonzola cheese from the Italian town of the same name.

But with Britain's looming exit, Hallam's pork pies and 72 other products in the UK food are at risk of losing the certificate.

Add to that 3.97 billion US dollars in EU subsidies for farmers and the risk that agriculture will not be a priority to protect during trade negotiations with the EU, and Britain's decision to leave the bloc risks hurting an already vulnerable part of the economy and fraying a sense of local identity.

Melton Mowbray is a town of roughly 25,000 where the local pork pies and Stilton cheese enjoy protected status.

"It's policed through trading standards. If European protection is lost through coming out of Europe, then we need in this country to tabulate or formulate some legislation," Hallam said.

Melton Mowbray pork pies generates 78 million US dollars a year for the community, Stilton cheese another 78 million US dollars and an additional 91 million US dollars comes to Melton Mowbray and the surrounding community through food tourism, explains Matthew O'Callaghan, who not only happens to be chairman of the UK Protected Food Names Association, but also leads Melton Mowbray's pork pie association.

The Melton Mowbray pork pies could lose their EU protections, O'Callaghan warned, which could expose many of the bakers to unfair competition.

"It means that anybody could make a Melton Mowbray Pork Pie for example in Poland, not use the proper recipe so make it in hoops, not using cured pork, use less than 30 percent pork, make a cheaper imitation," he said. "Now that's going to cost us jobs."

Stilton cheese can only hail from three counties in England, making it a vital industry in those communities.

The cheese enjoys trademark protections dating back as far as 1966 that should ensure its gourmet status although some in the industry are concerned whether European public opinion turns against Stilton as a means of protesting the Brexit vote.

Owner of Melton Cheeseboard shop and judge at world cheese awards, Tim Brown, explained that the 1966 trademark protection is a massive help to the Stilton industry, but called on the UK government to find legislation that could match the European certificate of regional authenticity to offer maximum protection for the product.

"I would hope that DEFRA (UK Government Department for Environment, Food, and Rural Affairs) who would presumably organise the scheme would take it on board and say we're going to just reproduce the same scheme and we will back it by the power of the British Government," he said.

The question over the benefits of the EU's certificates reflects the complexity of global trade.

Many people in rural Britain voted to leave the EU because belonging to the 28-country bloc threatened their sense of national identity.

In some voters' minds, globalisation is synonymous with regulations, immigrants and the loss of jobs to low-cost countries in Eastern Europe or China, even though it also has carved out markets for goods deemed fundamental to the British identity.

Most purveyors of protected products described the post-Brexit environment as hazy.

Some have safety in trademarks outside the EU, while others worry about the damage to Britain's brand on the continent and the complex network of trade deals that extend from the EU to Asia and South America.

"Once Brexit occurs, we loose all the protection for the UK. And there is 72 of them protected food names both within the UK and within Europe. And that's worth over a billion pounds," O'Callaghan worries.

"Anybody in Europe can then copy our products (after Brexit) as anyone in the UK can copy a Melton Mowbray Pork Pie for example. It's not been thought through unfortunately."

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