Author Thomas Harding is in the process of doing what the descendants of many Holocaust victims would find unimaginable: applying for a German passport.

When Britain voted to leave the European Union in June, the 48-year-old had to make a decision that was never necessary before the referendum - should he request the restoration of German citizenship stripped from his family by the Third Reich? He needed only a few hours to make up his mind.

“This is more than the practical, this is also about something for us, or for me, it's about something spiritual, it's about reconciliation,’’ he said. “It's about acknowledging the truth of the horrors of the past but also about trying to build a better future together, and as a European, that's what I hope to do."

It is one of the complicated realities of the UK’s pending divorce from the EU that many Britons whose ancestors came from other parts of Europe are claiming citizenship in other member states so they can retain ties to the Continent. Inquiries about passports are up at the German, Austrian, French and Polish embassies.

Some want to retain the ability to travel easily from country to country or maintain business ties. Others just want to be part of the European Union.

But for Jews whose families fled Germany to escape Adolf Hitler, the decision means re-examining long-held beliefs about history and the country that once persecuted them.

The children and grandchildren of Jewish refugees are taking advantage of a law that allows the descendants of people persecuted by the Nazis to regain the citizenship that was stripped from them in the 1930s and 1940s. More than 400 Britons have sought information about the law since the June 23 referendum, and German authorities have received at least 100 formal applications, compared with about 20 annually in recent years.

Michael Newman, chief executive of the Association of Jewish Refugees, said Brexit has fuelled interest in German citizenship, but it’s hard to know how many people will actually apply. Jews are now able to consider such a step because Germany has made huge strides in addressing the past, creating a culture of remembrance, he said.

“No amount of blood money or memorials will satisfy or suffice for some people but in terms of addressing its past and owning up to it and looking into things, it's done much that many other countries haven't,’’ said Newman.

Many of those seeking restoration of their citizenship don’t intend to live in Germany, but want the freedom to travel and work in EU nations.

Ben Lewis, a 49-year-old documentary filmmaker, is among those who would like to regain German citizenship.

Lewis, whose film and production company has worked for years on the continent, sees the potential of Brexit as an abomination, particularly the anti-immigrant sentiment that influenced many people to vote to leave.

“I just want to take a firm stance, a documented stance etched in acid on stone, that I object to Brexit," he said.

The decision for many might have been prompted by Brexit, but had been years in the making for some. Harding, for one, has long been coming to terms with his German past, a journey documented in part in his book, “The House by the Lake.’’

The way Harding sees it, Germany is now showing leadership by taking in over a million refugees.

As the result of the EU referendum became clear on the morning of June 24, Harding was on the phone to the German embassy to inquire about citizenship.

It’s logical, he says, for Jews to cling to the EU, which was created to build international links that would make another European war impossible.

“It was much less about saying goodbye to Britain than saying hello to Europe," he said.

London - 5 October 2016

1. Pan down from German and European Union flags to entrance of German Embassy in London

2. Various of flags

3. Mid of author Thomas Harding sitting on grass looking at passport that belonged to his German Jewish grandfather

4. Close of Harding's face

5. Various of passport

6. SOUNDBITE (English) Thomas Harding, author, in the process of applying for restoration of German passport following Brexit vote:

"This is more than the practical, this is also about something for us, or for me, it's about something spiritual, it's about reconciliation. It's about acknowledging the truth of the horrors of the past but also about trying to build a better future together, and as a European, that's what I hope to do."

7. Cutaway passport and photo of Harding's grandparents

8. SOUNDBITE (English) Thomas Harding, author, in the process of applying for restoration of German passport following Brexit vote:

"I think what has happened to me is I have become much more open towards Germany and at the same time following Brexit, I realised that there was going to be a very real loss. It was likely that me and my family would be unable to live and work in 27 countries in Europe and given the fact that I didn't have to give up my British passport, I didn't have to live in Germany by necessity or learn German, show I could speak German, it didn't seem like there was anything to lose and so for me, it was much less about saying goodbye to Britain than saying hello to Europe."

9. Harding flicking through passport

10. Mid of exhibit of Jewish Museum in London

11. Soft focus, yellow star that Jews were forced to wear in Nazi Germany

12. Set up of documentary maker Ben Lewis

13. Close of Lewis looking at museum exhibit

14. SOUNDBITE (English) Ben Lewis, documentary maker, in the process of applying for restoration of German passport following Brexit vote:

"Well, it was immediately after Brexit I thought the restoration of German citizenship was something that I wanted, because before Brexit I was part of the EU anyway. I was a European, I was deeply engaged in German culture from the age of 14 when I first started learning German, and in a way my whole life was orientated around creating links around rebuilding, if you like, as a Jew, links between myself, in Britain and German culture."

15. Cutaway hands

16. SOUNDBITE (English) Ben Lewis, documentary maker, in the process of applying for restoration of German passport following Brexit vote:

"I have many motivations for wanting to get German citizenship. I am thinking a lot about my child, I want him to have the same advantages in life that I had, you know, to be able to play on a European field. I've worked all over Europe in my life. I love Berlin - I could imagine living there. Perhaps that would happen in the future. And I just want to take a firm stance, a documented stance, something etched in acid on stone, that I object to Brexit."

17. Set up shot of Michael Newman, chief executive of the Association of Jewish Refugees

18. Newman typing

19. SOUNDBITE (English) Michael Newman, chief executive of the Association of Jewish Refugees:

"Well I think this is uppermost in the minds of the government that they are not going to walk away from any post Holocaust responsibilities and I think most people would look at what Germany has done since the Second World War in terms of addressing its past, the culture of remembrance, the educational resources, it's committed to teaching about the holocaust and see that what it has done has been leading the way and if you look at issues like restitution, archive, opening archives, documentation centres, even opening and creating museums, they are, they're leading the way in many respects in dealing with their history. It remains of course very subjective because no amount of blood, money or memorials will satisfy or suffice for some people but in terms of addressing its past and owning up to it and looking into things, it's done much that many other countries haven't."

20. Wide of German Embassy entrance for public

21. Close of entrance

22. Sign reading 'Welcome' in German and English

Financial entrepreneur Gina Miller's lawsuit begins with a simple question: can Prime Minister Theresa May start negotiating Britain's exit from the European Union without an act of Parliament?

But the suit, described by some legal experts as the U.K.'s most important constitutional case in decades, seeks to answer much bigger questions about where power lies in this nation's democracy and whether rights can be revoked without a vote of lawmakers.

May says the June 23 referendum on EU membership gave her a mandate to take Britain out of the bloc and that discussing the details of her strategy with Parliament would weaken the government's negotiating position.

May has announced plans to invoke Article 50 of the EU treaty, starting talks on Britain's future relationship with the single market, by the end March.

The lawsuit, hearings on which begin Thursday at the High Court in London, could derail those plans.

Miller, 51, runs SCM Private, an online investment manager, and is also a lawyer.

Miller, who supported the campaign to stay in the EU, says the case isn't about blocking Brexit - or keeping Britain in the EU.

Andrew Blick, an expert on the Magna Carta at King's College London, said the case involves an argument that dates back almost 400 years to the English Civil War as to whether power ultimately rests in the executive or Parliament.

Underscoring the importance of the case, May put Attorney General Jeremy Wright in charge of the legal team fighting the suit, making the announcement with a flourish at the recent Conservative Party Conference as she underscored she would "make a success'' of taking the country out of the EU.

Wright argues that the suit is an attempt to put a legal obstacle in the way of enacting the referendum result.

At issue is May's attempt to use Royal Prerogative, historic powers officially held by the queen, to trigger Article 50.

The powers, which have in reality passed to politicians, enable decisions to be made without a vote of Parliament and cover matters as grave as declaring war or as basic as issuing passports.

Historically, Royal Prerogative has also applied to foreign affairs and the negotiation of treaties.

Miller argues that Parliament should decide whether to invoke Article 50 - after a full debate and vote - because the rights of individuals are being revoked in the process.

Freedom of movement, freedom of trade and freedom to vote in European elections are among the rights that will change.

Politically, though, there's growing cross-party pressure to give Parliament a say on Brexit strategy before Article 50 is invoked.

A motion debated Wednesday in the House of Commons demands that lawmakers have a chance to "properly scrutinize,'' the Brexit strategy before the formal exit process begins.

AP TELEVISION

London - 12 October 2016

1. Big Ben

2. Union flag

3. Big Ben and Parliament

4. Close of Parliament

5. Close of 'Out' sign

6. Pan down of Parliament

7. Set up of Gina Miller, entrepreneur, bringing lawsuit against the Government over Article 50

8. Mid of Miller

9. Close of hands

10. SOUNDBITE (English) Gina Miller, entrepreneur, bringing lawsuit against the Government over Article 50:

"I think it's about whether or not the government can use this ancient Royal prerogative. Because if we can park Article 50 for a moment and Brexit, we have an unwritten, uncoded constitution, which means that if the precedent is set, that a government can bypass parliament, so an MP and a group of ministers, a handful of ministers, can decide your rights and my rights then I think we've rolled back the clock 400 years when it comes to sovereignty and democracy. And that to me is a much much bigger worry than Brexit. I think we go back almost to a dictatorship."

11. Cutaway

12. SOUNDBITE (English) Gina Miller, entrepreneur, bringing lawsuit against the Government over Article 50:

"Our parliament is sovereign. And the idea that Mrs May said that we're going to get back sovereignty, actually Parliament is sovereign and it is only Parliament that can bestow and take away people's rights. And by triggering Article 50 there will inevitably be a reduction in people's rights. So we're going to the courts, and I think the courts need to rule on the legal certainty of how we can leave the EU."

13. Wide of Royal Courts of Justice, which houses High Court

14. Soft focus Royal Courts of Justice sign

15. Tilt down of courts

16. Mid of courts

17. Set up shot of Dr Andrew Blick, Lecturer in Politics and Contemporary History, Kings College London

18. SOUNDBITE: (English) Dr Andrew Blick, Lecturer in Politics and Contemporary History, Kings College London:

"There is a kind of grey area, opened up whereby the government think first that they are bound to abide by the result of this referendum. Nothing was said about that in the legislation, but the government believe it's a binding result, that they have to go along with the leave verdict, and they also believe they have the sole power to put that verdict into action under an authority known as the Royal prerogative. Whether or not they really possess that power, whether they really can act unilaterally to take us out of the European Union, to trigger Article 50, of the treaty on the European Union, is what's being tested in the courts."

19. Royal Courts of Justice sign

20. SOUNDBITE (English) Dr Andrew Blick, Lecturer in Politics and Contemporary History, Kings College London:

"Even is something is legal, it doesn't mean that it's constitutional. Just because the government can behave in this way, some people in the court and outside the court may be of the view that that doesn't mean it should behave in this way. And that, actually, whatever the law is in the end, constitutionally, parliament should be more involved in this than the government wants it to be."

21. Royal Courts of Justice sign

The Assistant Secretary General of the Muslim Council of Britain said the Brexit vote appeared to have emboldened some people to commit hate crimes in the UK.

Speaking in London on Monday, Miqdaad Versi said that hundreds of hate crimes had been committed across the country in the past two days since the vote to leave the EU.

He said that the type of language being used in the abuse indicated that there was some sort of link with the referendum result.

Versi said it was now very important that civic society and politicians stood up to this racism and bigotry.

London Mayor Sadiq Khan has asked London police to be on heightened alert to deal with a possible increase in hate crimes as a result of the Brexit vote.

Khan said on Monday that there would be "zero tolerance" of any attempt to divide communities. He spoke after a Polish diplomat complained about abuse directed at the Polish community since Thursday's vote.

A Polish community centre in west London was vandalised and police in Cambridgeshire are looking into reports of racist notes being given to Polish residents.

Immigration was a big issue in the vote, with those wanting to take Britain out of the EU saying it would make it easier for Britain to control its borders.

Prime Minister David Cameron has also condemned a spate of racist attacks since the referendum, saying he would "not tolerate intolerance".

The Assistant Secretary General of the Muslim Council of Britain said the Brexit vote appeared to have emboldened some people to commit hate crimes in the UK.

Speaking in London on Monday, Miqdaad Versi said that hundreds of hate crimes had been committed across the country in the past two days since the vote to leave the EU.

He said that the type of language being used in the abuse indicated that there was some sort of link with the referendum result.

Versi said it was now very important that civic society and politicians stood up to this racism and bigotry.

London Mayor Sadiq Khan has asked London police to be on heightened alert to deal with a possible increase in hate crimes as a result of the Brexit vote.

Khan said on Monday that there would be "zero tolerance" of any attempt to divide communities. He spoke after a Polish diplomat complained about abuse directed at the Polish community since Thursday's vote.

A Polish community centre in west London was vandalised and police in Cambridgeshire are looking into reports of racist notes being given to Polish residents.

Immigration was a big issue in the vote, with those wanting to take Britain out of the EU saying it would make it easier for Britain to control its borders.

Prime Minister David Cameron has also condemned a spate of racist attacks since the referendum, saying he would "not tolerate intolerance".

London – 27 June 2016

1. Set up of Assistant Secretary General of Muslim Council of Britain Miqdaad Versi

2. Close-up of Versi

3. SOUNDBITE (English) Miqdaad Versi, Assistant Secretary General of Muslim Council of Britain:

"What we can say is that in the last two days we've had hundreds of hate crimes across the country, and they type of language that has been used, like 'Go back to your own country', 'We voted this way, now you have to get out,' - that type of language indicates there is some sort of link (to the referendum result), and that people on the ground feel somehow legitimised to say the things that they are (saying.) They feel emboldened that this result has meant that a majority of people support their racist and bigoted views, when in reality, that's not the case."

4. Cutaway

5. SOUNDBITE (English) Miqdaad Versi, Assistant Secretary General of Muslim Council of Britain:

"The reality is that this (referendum result) may have unleashed a Pandora's box of bigotry and Islamophobia that has emboldened those who wanted to say things in the past and haven't felt they've been able to. And as a result it is very important that civic society and politicians stand up to say 'no' to racism, 'no' to bigotry, and act rather than just stay silent on an issue that affects the whole of society."

6. Cutaway

British voters are deciding in a June 23 referendum on whether or not to leave the European Union with business owners, employers and analysts in disagreement as to how a so-called 'Brexit' may impact the jobs market.

Unemployment nearly across the 28-nation bloc stands at over 10 percent, almost double the UK rate.

Those in the remain camp argue that over three million jobs in the UK are linked to trade with the EU and point to massive investment from Europe into the Britain.

The EU has guaranteed workers' rights in the UK with guaranteed holiday pay, paid maternity and increased protection in the work place.

Many of UK's trade unions, major businesses and almost all the city say that a leave vote would have major negative repercussions for British workers with fears that a recession could hit wags and noting that financial services and huge players in the industrial sector would carry out on a threat to leave the UK.

Take Airbus UK, a company which employs 15,000 people, its president, Paul Kahn, says he wouldn't necessarily pull out of the UK, but long term investment would come under threat.

"The biggest issue we have with Brexit is that we just don't know what out looks like. So that's where the short-term uncertainty happens. And as soon as you create that uncertainty then that starts to affect long-term decisions. So the impact that I worry about is the long-term impact, he says.

"And that lack of investment, once the investment is made somewhere else that is it. The investment isn't going to be taken away from the other country it goes to so we will have lost out for a generation so that really becomes an issue for our children and our children's children about what sort of jobs we have, what sort of economy we have, how balanced is that economy, do we make things."

But those for Brexit say that EU regulation has hindered business, and that leaving the EU may create more jobs, as well as arguing that lower migration could push wages up.

JD Wetherspoon pub chain owner and founder Tim Martin who employs 37,500 people sees the European Union as "fundamentally undemocratic" and has been campaigning hard to leave the EU.

He donated 200,000 pounds (284,000 US dollars) to the official leave campaign and is distributing anti-remain beer mats and magazines arguing for Brexit in his 900 pubs up and down the country.

"If we have democracy, we will do really well. We will be able to sort all the other problems out and there is no reason why we can't be a more prosperous country," he says. "We will have more money because we won't be paying so much into the EU, and it will unleash great entrepreneurial forces within the country."

Not all his staff agree. Alex Papa is a 21 year old student from Rome studying international business at Birkbeck University, College of London, and has been working behind the bar at a branch JD Wetherspoon for a year. He says he is worried about a leave vote from "an economic point of view, and especially for a personal point of view."

"If I ever wanted my child or my family to come here one day in order to divide (share) their life with me, that would be impossible," he says.

Specialist in the EU job market Swati Dhingra of the London School Economics also worries about the implication of a leave vote, saying that her analysis shows that reduced trade and investment with the EU could leave to a five percent contraction in the British economy, leading to a loss of over 300-thousand jobs.

She also argues against those in the leave camp who tie UK unemployment to migration levels, the long standing view of many Brexiters, including UK Independence Party leader and EU lawmaker Nigel Farage.

"We know population growth also has increases in demand which also ends up contributing to economic growth. So what we expect from migration is a very similar kind of story which is you've got access to people who are well educated often or whose education was something you didn't contribute and now they're coming into your country. So they end up creating jobs, they end up also not taking away jobs from British workers, and the main reason is in a growing economy there is room for everybody," she says.

The uncertainty over the result of the EU referendum remains with some polls showing a majority of British voters are in favour of leaving, while others point toward the opposite scenario.

British voters are deciding in a June 23 referendum on whether or not to leave the European Union with business owners, employers and analysts in disagreement as to how a so-called 'Brexit' may impact the jobs market.

Unemployment nearly across the 28-nation bloc stands at over 10 percent, almost double the UK rate.

Those in the remain camp argue that over three million jobs in the UK are linked to trade with the EU and point to massive investment from Europe into the Britain.

The EU has guaranteed workers' rights in the UK with guaranteed holiday pay, paid maternity and increased protection in the work place.

Many of UK's trade unions, major businesses and almost all the city say that a leave vote would have major negative repercussions for British workers with fears that a recession could hit wags and noting that financial services and huge players in the industrial sector would carry out on a threat to leave the UK.

Take Airbus UK, a company which employs 15,000 people, its president, Paul Kahn, says he wouldn't necessarily pull out of the UK, but long term investment would come under threat.

"The biggest issue we have with Brexit is that we just don't know what out looks like. So that's where the short-term uncertainty happens. And as soon as you create that uncertainty then that starts to affect long-term decisions. So the impact that I worry about is the long-term impact, he says.

"And that lack of investment, once the investment is made somewhere else that is it. The investment isn't going to be taken away from the other country it goes to so we will have lost out for a generation so that really becomes an issue for our children and our children's children about what sort of jobs we have, what sort of economy we have, how balanced is that economy, do we make things."

But those for Brexit say that EU regulation has hindered business, and that leaving the EU may create more jobs, as well as arguing that lower migration could push wages up.

JD Wetherspoon pub chain owner and founder Tim Martin who employs 37,500 people sees the European Union as "fundamentally undemocratic" and has been campaigning hard to leave the EU.

He donated 200,000 pounds (284,000 US dollars) to the official leave campaign and is distributing anti-remain beer mats and magazines arguing for Brexit in his 900 pubs up and down the country.

"If we have democracy, we will do really well. We will be able to sort all the other problems out and there is no reason why we can't be a more prosperous country," he says. "We will have more money because we won't be paying so much into the EU, and it will unleash great entrepreneurial forces within the country."

Not all his staff agree. Alex Papa is a 21 year old student from Rome studying international business at Birkbeck University, College of London, and has been working behind the bar at a branch JD Wetherspoon for a year. He says he is worried about a leave vote from "an economic point of view, and especially for a personal point of view."

"If I ever wanted my child or my family to come here one day in order to divide (share) their life with me, that would be impossible," he says.

Specialist in the EU job market Swati Dhingra of the London School Economics also worries about the implication of a leave vote, saying that her analysis shows that reduced trade and investment with the EU could leave to a five percent contraction in the British economy, leading to a loss of over 300-thousand jobs.

She also argues against those in the leave camp who tie UK unemployment to migration levels, the long standing view of many Brexiters, including UK Independence Party leader and EU lawmaker Nigel Farage.

"We know population growth also has increases in demand which also ends up contributing to economic growth. So what we expect from migration is a very similar kind of story which is you've got access to people who are well educated often or whose education was something you didn't contribute and now they're coming into your country. So they end up creating jobs, they end up also not taking away jobs from British workers, and the main reason is in a growing economy there is room for everybody," she says.

The uncertainty over the result of the EU referendum remains with some polls showing a majority of British voters are in favour of leaving, while others point toward the opposite scenario.

AP TELEVISION

London - 27 May 2016

1. Various of Italian student and barman Alex Papa pulling pint of London Pride beer at Baker street JD Wetherspoon pub

2. Pan from fruit machine to booklet in all JD Wetherspoon pubs on referendum called "In or Out - you decide."

3. JD Wetherspoon owner and founder Tim Martin drinking half pint at bar

4. Pull focus into European beer pumps

5. Wetherspoon referendum booklet

6. SOUNDBITE (English) Tim Martin, JD Wetherspoon owner and founder:

"The economist have got it wrong. They've got it wrong of the Euro because they didn't concentrate on the big picture. And the big picture is you can't have a currency without a government. It doesn't work. This time, they're again not concentrating on the big picture. Democracy, freedom, prosperity is the big picture. And they're turning it around as they did with the Euro and looking at micro issues which are very secondary. If we have democracy, we will do really well. We will be able to sort all the other problems out and there's no reason why we can't be a prosperous country. We will have more money because we won't be paying so much into the EU, and it will unleash great entrepreneurial forces within the country."

7. Papa behind the bar pulling pint

8. Close of Papa's face

9. SOUNDBITE (English) Alex Papa, 21-year-old student from Rome, studying international business at Birkbeck College, University of London, and has been working in JD Wetherspoon for a year:

"I came here in order to start my university, and work part time in order to better myself. And I discovered in this country, there is these possibilities, opportunities that my country didn't give to me. I am worried about exit of Britain in the European Union from an economic point of view, and especially for a personal point of view. If I ever wanted my child or my family to come here one day in order to divide (share) their life with me, that would be impossible."

10. Various of people at bar

11. SOUNDBITE (English) Craig Milligan, 33-year-old builder from London:

"Definitely out. 100 percent out. Yes, at the moment I feel there are threats getting made by the government, and I don't believe a word of it at the moment. I see out as always the best way. At the moment we have got too many bureaucrats in Europe telling us exactly what we've got to do, and when we've got to do it, and I don't think we're able to govern our own country any more to be honest."

AIRBUS VNR

UK (Exact location unknown) - Date unavailable

12. Various of people working in an Airbus factory

AP TELEVISION

London – 13 June 2016

13. Set up of Paul Kahn, Airbus UK President

14. SOUNDBITE (English) Paul Kahn, Airbus UK President:

"The biggest issue we have with Brexit is that we just don't know what out looks like. So that's where the short-term uncertainty happens. And as soon as you create that uncertainty then that starts to affect long-term decisions. So the impact that I worry about is the long-term impact. And that lack of investment, once the investment is made somewhere else that is it. The investment isn't going to be taken away from the other country it goes to so we will have lost out for a generation so that really becomes an issue for our children and our children's children about what sort of jobs we have, what sort of economy do we have, how balanced is that economy, do we make things."

AIRBUS VNR

UK (Exact location unknown) - Date unavailable

15. Various of people working in an Airbus factory

AP TELEVISION

London – 13 June 2016

16. SOUNDBITE (English) Paul Kahn, Airbus UK President:

"In Airbus Group we make things that fly and we're very proud of that and we're very good at it. But that comes from a regulatory environment that is integrated, it's a European regulatory environment. We do things once to one standard so if you introduce a British standard as well as a European standard then that makes things more complicated it doesn't make things simpler and that's the environment we are in."

17. Airbus model on desk

AP TELEVISION

London - 27 May 2016

18. Various set ups of Swati Dhingra, assistant professor of economics at the London School of Economics and co-author of report on Life Outside the EU

19. SOUNDBITE (English) Swati Dhingra, Assistant Professor of economics at the London School of Economics and co-author of report on Life Outside the EU:

"British economy would contract about five percent, we would see about a five percent loss in the British GDP primarily because there would be reduced trade and investment with the European Union and potentially with the rest of the world as we loose access to the European market. So roughly what translates into would be somewhere in the order of 300-thousand job loss which is what many reports have given, the number. So we would see because of the contraction in the British economy an impact on jobs available to British workers."

20. Dhingra looking at her own report on immigration and Brexit on computer screen

21. SOUNDBITE (English) Swati Dhingra, Assistant Professor of economics at the London School of Economics and co-author of report on Life Outside the EU:

"We know population growth also has increases in demand and which also ends up contributing to economic growth. So what we expect from migration is a very similar kind of story, which is you've got access to people who are well educated often or whose education was something you didn't contribute to and now they're coming into your country. So they end up creating jobs, they end up also not taking away jobs from British workers, and the main reason is in a growing economy there is room for everybody."

22. Papa pulling pint in the pub

23. Tilt up to In or Out sign

The pound has dropped to a 31-year low as investors fret over the British government's suggestion it will focus on controlling immigration in its talks to leave the European Union.

Sterling dropped to below 1.28 US dollars on Tuesday, days after British Prime Minister Theresa May clarified the timeframe for Britain's exit from the bloc, saying she will trigger two years of formal exit talks before April.

But members of her governing Conservative Party are wrestling over control of the steering wheel that will take Britain toward either a looser but still intertwined relationship with the bloc, or a dramatic "hard Brexit" with unknown consequences.

Hard-core Brexiteers believe regaining control - over financial rules, business regulations and especially over immigration - is more important than remaining in the EU's single market or customs union.

The EU insists Britain cannot choose to benefit from access to the single market without also keeping open its borders to EU citizens.

Markets analyst Michael Hewson said the tone of May's remarks suggested Britain could be veering towards a "hard Brexit" and markets reacted over the "perception that could cause a significant amount of disruption."

Hewson said there was scope for further Sterling weakness, especially against the US dollar with the potential for the Federal Reserve to raise interest rates by December.

London - 4 October 2016

1. Entrance of CMC Market in the City of London

2. Various of screens showing live currency and stocks exchanges

3. Various of analyst Michael Hewson talking to a colleague then walking by

4. SOUNDBITE (English) Michael Hewson, Chief Market Analyst at CMC Markets:

"Theresa May, UK Prime Minister, basically told the markets that she intended to trigger article 50 of the Lisbon treaty by the end of Q1 2017 and that wasn't really a surprise. I think what was the surprise was the tone of her remarks. The tone of her remarks suggested she really wanted to take control of immigration and that has led markets to join the dots and essentially speculate on the fact that she could be looking for what is termed a hard Brexit, i.e. a pull out from the single market. And I think there's a perception that could cause a significant amount of disruption."

5. Cutaways of Hewson

6. SOUNDBITE (English) Michael Hewson, Chief Market Analyst at CMC Markets:

"I certainly think there's scope for further sterling (pound) weakness particularly against the dollar because there's an awful lot of speculations and the Federal Reserve may well raise interest rate in December so from that point of view the Federal Reserve is potentially on a hiking cycle so that could pressure the pound. Against the euro yes we could see potentially a little bit more weakness but Europe has problems all of its own, particularly in the banking sector. So I think the downside for Sterling against the euro could be far more limited than it is say against the US dollar."

7. Various of people working in the office

UK Prime Minister Theresa May said on Wednesday she intends to get "the best possible deal" with the European Union in relation to the trading of goods and services.

Speaking alongside Italian Prime Minister Matteo Renzi in Rome just over a month since the UK voted to leave the EU, May also said she would deliver in establishing some control on the free movement of people.

Renzi described last month's Brexit vote as a "sad event", before adding the decision will not stop the UK and Italy from building "a new relationship of friendship".

UK Prime Minister Theresa May said on Wednesday she intends to get "the best possible deal" with the European Union in relation to the trading of goods and services.

Speaking alongside Italian Prime Minister Matteo Renzi in Rome just over a month since the UK voted to leave the EU, May also said she would deliver in establishing some control on the free movement of people.

Renzi described last month's Brexit vote as a "sad event", before adding the decision will not stop the UK and Italy from building "a new relationship of friendship".

Rome - 27 July 2016

1. UK Prime Minister Theresa May and Italian Prime Minister Matteo Renzi walking through Villa Dora Pamphili gardens and then standing at lecterns

2. SOUNDBITE (English) Theresa May, UK Prime Minister:

"We had a very clear message from the British people in the Brexit vote, that hey want us to bring in some control on free movement. They don't want free movement rules for movement of people from the European Union member states into the UK to operate as they have done in the past. And we will deliver on that. But, on the other side, we do of course need to ensure that we get the best possible deal in relation to trade in goods and services, and I am looking at this with an open mind, I think we should be developing the model that suits the United Kingdom and the European Union."

3. Cutaway

4. SOUNDBITE (English) Theresa May, UK Prime Minister:

"Yesterday's attack in northern France on an innocent Catholic priest, in a place of sanctuary and peace, was yet another brutal reminder of the threat that we all face. Following on from the atrocities in Nice and Germany it reinforces the need for action both in Europe and on the wider global stage. In Europe we must increase further our intelligence cooperation, and share vital information swiftly and effectively in order to better protect ourselves from these terrorists who seek to destabilise us."

5. Cutaway

6. SOUNDBITE (Italian) Matteo Renzi, Italian Prime Minister:

"Brexit was a sad event for us, but an event that we respect. The certainty on the timing is the crucial element to allow us to construct together a new relationship of friendship. The fact of no longer both belonging to the same European institution does not take away anything from the need to maintain the links that this city knows well, but that all Italian cities know well, because the cultural, political, institutional, humanitarian relations and values that link the United Kingdom to Italy is a relationship of extraordinary strength. It is a relationship that has lasted for centuries and will surely continue to move forward in the next months and years."

7. May and Renzi finishing their statements, UPSOUND (English) Theresa May, UK Prime Minister: "I will never complain about the Italian sun. It's wonderful"

Thousands of British expatriates have learned to love the pleasure the Portuguese sunshine and the easier lifestyle, but with the so called "Brexit" on the horizon, a cloud of uncertainty is taking shape in the Algarve's blue skies. What will happen if Britain votes to leave the European Union in a June referendum?

The UK and Portugal are both part of the 28 countries making up the bloc.

EU laws stipulate that the bloc's citizens have the same rights as those nationals in any other member nation.

The impending ballot has brought questions and concerns for the British expats about what might happen if they no longer belong to the EU.

Would the so-called 'Brexit' bring different rules for their property ownerships and taxation, as well as inheritance rights?

Will British expats still be entitled to local welfare benefits and free public health services?

Would they still be able to have automatic residence and work permits?

In Vilamoura, where many expatriates live in extensive condominiums, the Lawn Bowls green showcases one of Britain's most genteel sports.

The Vilamoura Lawn Bowls Club has around 40 members who play three-hour games, and there is enough interest in the sport from Britons living along Portugal's southern Algarve coastline to sustain eight lawn bowls clubs which now play in two leagues.

For John Hewitson, who retired out here with his wife 15 years ago and lives off his British old-age pension, the immediate worry is the exchange rate.

The British pound has weakened recently as markets fret over the referendum.

If sterling drops to parity with the shared euro currency, which Portugal uses, it "would be a disaster for pensioners," he says.

Campaigners who want the UK out of the EU say they are fed up with, among other things, immigrants having access to often overstretched British welfare benefits and public services.

The House of Commons library calculates there are around three (m) million EU migrants living in the UK.

Peter Booker, who retired with his schoolteacher wife to Tavira in the eastern Algarve 17 years ago after a three-decade career in the British coal industry, founded the Algarve History Association, which encourages expatriates to learn about Portugal.

Booker rejects the benefits argument, saying reciprocity is fair and right.

He said he benefits in Portugal ... and the Portuguese benefit in Britain. That, he said, is right and it should remain like that.

Sheila MacDonald a retired Scottish woman, lives in Tavira Garden, a condominium set around a large swimming pool, in the town of the same name, that is home to dozens of expatriates.

She came for the healthy climate and belongs to expat clubs that study books, music and archaeology.

She worries about welfare and "this whole business of 'no welfare for people who are emigrating into Great Britain," and asks about the "Brits who have emigrated into the EU."

Sixty-year-old Michael Wood says the Portuguese Health Service has been a good friend to him as well, with prices "next to nothing" when compared to Britain.

Wood does not consider returning anytime soon.

"Why? Why would I want to?" He says with a smile.

Britain's House of Commons library estimates there are roughly 1.2 (m) million British migrants living in other EU countries, especially France, Spain and Portugal.

Analysts reckon, however, the true number could be at least double that and maybe a lot more because many people don't bother registering with their embassies or local authorities.

Thousands of British expatriates have learned to love the pleasure the Portuguese sunshine and the easier lifestyle, but with the so called "Brexit" on the horizon, a cloud of uncertainty is taking shape in the Algarve's blue skies. What will happen if Britain votes to leave the European Union in a June referendum?

The UK and Portugal are both part of the 28 countries making up the bloc.

EU laws stipulate that the bloc's citizens have the same rights as those nationals in any other member nation.

The impending ballot has brought questions and concerns for the British expats about what might happen if they no longer belong to the EU.

Would the so-called 'Brexit' bring different rules for their property ownerships and taxation, as well as inheritance rights?

Will British expats still be entitled to local welfare benefits and free public health services?

Would they still be able to have automatic residence and work permits?

In Vilamoura, where many expatriates live in extensive condominiums, the Lawn Bowls green showcases one of Britain's most genteel sports.

The Vilamoura Lawn Bowls Club has around 40 members who play three-hour games, and there is enough interest in the sport from Britons living along Portugal's southern Algarve coastline to sustain eight lawn bowls clubs which now play in two leagues.

For John Hewitson, who retired out here with his wife 15 years ago and lives off his British old-age pension, the immediate worry is the exchange rate.

The British pound has weakened recently as markets fret over the referendum.

If sterling drops to parity with the shared euro currency, which Portugal uses, it "would be a disaster for pensioners," he says.

Campaigners who want the UK out of the EU say they are fed up with, among other things, immigrants having access to often overstretched British welfare benefits and public services.

The House of Commons library calculates there are around three (m) million EU migrants living in the UK.

Peter Booker, who retired with his schoolteacher wife to Tavira in the eastern Algarve 17 years ago after a three-decade career in the British coal industry, founded the Algarve History Association, which encourages expatriates to learn about Portugal.

Booker rejects the benefits argument, saying reciprocity is fair and right.

He said he benefits in Portugal ... and the Portuguese benefit in Britain. That, he said, is right and it should remain like that.

Sheila MacDonald a retired Scottish woman, lives in Tavira Garden, a condominium set around a large swimming pool, in the town of the same name, that is home to dozens of expatriates.

She came for the healthy climate and belongs to expat clubs that study books, music and archaeology.

She worries about welfare and "this whole business of 'no welfare for people who are emigrating into Great Britain," and asks about the "Brits who have emigrated into the EU."

Sixty-year-old Michael Wood says the Portuguese Health Service has been a good friend to him as well, with prices "next to nothing" when compared to Britain.

Wood does not consider returning anytime soon.

"Why? Why would I want to?" He says with a smile.

Britain's House of Commons library estimates there are roughly 1.2 (m) million British migrants living in other EU countries, especially France, Spain and Portugal.

Analysts reckon, however, the true number could be at least double that and maybe a lot more because many people don't bother registering with their embassies or local authorities.

Vilamoura - 1 March 2016

1. Pensioners playing a game of bowls known as 'woods' at the lawn bowls green of Vilamoura

2. Players and score board marker

3. Set up shot for pensioner John Hewitson

4. SOUNDBITE (English) John Hewitson, 73-year-old pensioner:

"All pensions are paid into the UK and it comes out here in Euros. We went through a good patch and then we come through a bad patch. I think if UK did come out of the Eurozone (referring to the European Union) I think it would mean that the pound is fluctuating again quite a lot before it stabilises and it could stabilise the wrong way and go nearer the one to one, I suppose, which would be a disaster for the pensioners."

5. Wide of lawn bowls green

Albufeira - 1 March 2016

6. Pan from ocean to beach

7. Various of restaurants in downtown Albufeira

8. Sign reading "English Breakfast"

9. Set up shot for pensioner Michael Wood pulling a pint

10. Close of pint of beer

11. SOUNDBITE (English) Michael Wood, 60-year-old pensioner and pub owner:

"I go to see the doctor and it costs me five Euros. I go to the Emergency and it costs me 15 Euros. I don't mind paying five Euros or 15 Euros because you know you're going to get seen straight away, within half-an-hour or maybe within an hour. You're not sitting there for eight or nine hours and if it is an emergency you're straight in anyway. And of course the cost of prescriptions - next to nothing, really."

12. Close of logo on Wood's shirt

13. SOUNDBITE (English) Michael Wood, 60-year-old pensioner and pub owner:

"People say, 'would you ever go back to England?' I say, 'Why?' Why would I want to? I'm quite happy here."

Tavira - 2 March 2016

14. Sign of Tavira Garden, residential and holiday complex

15. Mid of swimming pool

16. Set up shot for pensioner Sheila MacDonald

17. SOUNDBITE (English) Sheila MacDonald, 79-year-old Pensioner:

"We're concerned about GP services here. Are we going to be entitled to it? In theory, if they are going to prevent this whole business of 'no welfare for people who are emigrating into Great Britain', then what about the Brits who have emigrated into the EU?"

Olhao - 2 March 2016

18. Various of Olhao dock

19. Set up shot for pensioner Peter Booker

20. SOUNDBITE (English) Peter Booker, pensioner and founder of Algarve History Association:

"The agreements with the European Union mean free movement of labour and people within the Union. I don't see what's wrong with that happening. I benefit here in Portugal, Portuguese benefit in Britain and I think that that is right, it should remain like that and I don't see any justification for altering those rules."

21. Various of news stand with British papers

Albufeira - 1 March 2016

22. Various of Albufeira beach

The financial entrepreneur challenging the British government over its European Union exit plans says she has been subjected to sexual and racial abuse messages, threatening mail and hacks on her company's computer systems.

Gina Miller has had to make different arrangements for her children in school. She's hired bodyguards and contacted the police.

The case is considered to be the most important constitutional matter in a generation, revolving around the question of whether Prime Minister Theresa May can start negotiating Britain's exit from the European Union without an act of Parliament.

May says the referendum on EU membership gave her a mandate to take Britain out of the EU and that discussing the details of her strategy with Parliament would weaken the government's negotiating position.

May has announced plans to invoke Article 50 of the EU treaty, starting talks on Britain's future relationship with the single market, by the end of March.

Miller's lawsuit against the government seeks to answer this as well as much bigger questions about where power lies in this nation's democracy and whether rights can be revoked without a vote of lawmakers.

She won the first round of the legal challenge at the High Court last month, a decision that only accelerated the outrage. The lawsuit which is set to be heard before the Supreme Court in London on Monday.

She says that while she is not suprised by the anger generated by the issue, "what does surprise me is the level of sexual and racial violence that I've received."

Miller adds that her recent victory presented an opportunity for a "conversation" on the issue with politicians but to date has not heard from any.

It was her campaign in recent years for transparency in fees charged by investment managers to their clients that first won her widespread notice in business circles - even as it made her unpopular among fellow asset managers.

She recalled attending an event in which she noticed a group of men staring at her. She walked over and introduced herself.

"And they sort of muttered, and one of them said to the other - well you know you have a nickname in the city. And I thought, it's not going to be good, is it? So I said what is it? And they said we call you the black widow spider."

Miller says she hopes people will move on to other issues because she has a family to consider, but in the meantime, leaving the UK is an option she is considering which "would be the saddest day."

London - 1 December 2016

1. Set-up of lead claimant in Article 50 case Gina Miller

2. SOUNDBITE (English) Gina Miller, lead claimant in Article 50 case:

"I think it will take time, but if over time it doesn't abate and people don't move on to whatever next happens, then - I have young children. I'm really going to have to think about their lives and you know, they can't live in a bubble in a house, not going to be able to go out and not being able to be part of society and have the freedom to live in Britain and I would have to think about what to do then. But if at that stage the only solution is to leave the UK, because of my family, then to me that would be the saddest day. Because I love Britain, and everything about Britain is about its inclusiveness, about its tolerance, about the great British way. It's about fair play and you know around the world, Britain is seen as the country where, you know, even people say it - it's not the British way."

3. Cutaway

4. SOUNDBITE (English) Gina Miller, lead claimant in Article 50 case:

"When it comes to the anger, I'm not surprised. Everything to do with Brexit is so emotionally charged that it's almost become a religion. I say being Catholic, I can say that Catholics can criticise the pope but nobody one else can. And it's a bit like that with Brexit. Leavers can talk about it but nobody else dare talk to about it, even if what you are talking about is something that's very sober and pragmatic and strategic. You are not allowed to talk about that. So I think the anger from that doesn't surprise me. What does surprise me is the level of sexual and racial violence that I've received. Not just from social media. But letters, phone calls, emails, to my staff to our offices, this was a part of society that I really thought we had healed 20, 30, or 40 years ago, but it seems we haven't."

5. Cutaway

6. SOUNDBITE (English) Gina Miller, lead claimant in Article 50 case:

"We've had cyberattacks on our business websites, we've had to make different arrangements with the children and school. I don't go anywhere. I don't go out so it has turned into a poisoned chalice if you like. But I'm still determined that I'm carrying on with this, because I feel that if I didn't do it, then nobody would be asking the questions I'm asking. And we cannot have - all the people who were banging on the table and went on and on about parliamentary sovereignty, I mean they should be ashamed of themselves - and allowing the press and politicians to carry on like this because I'm actually fighting for the thing that they wanted."

7. Cutaway

8. SOUNDBITE (English) Gina Miller, lead claimant in Article 50 case:

"I think they've been cowards because they've let me take the case which gave them time to think about what they wanted to do but what I'm really angry about is the fact that when we won in the high court - surely that gave them the legal certainty and it gave them an area to have a conversation and to go forward. But I've not heard from a single politician about the case. There is no discussion. There is no moving forward. There still seems to me to be two camps to me politically. On one side we have the people who are misleading the public and still lying, and on the other side you have ones that are being quite cowardly and are thinking what will our constituents say. But I thought politics was about the people and what is best for our country. It's not about preserving their own self-interest and their power. So I'm really disappointed in them."

9. Cutaway

10. SOUNDBITE (English) Gina Miller, lead claimant in Article 50 case:

"And they sort of muttered, and one of them said to the other - well you know you have a nickname in the city. And I thought, it's not going to be good, is it? Of course, I said what is it? And they said we call you the black widow spider. At which point I paused and I thought well that's wrong on so many levels. And then I thought, well thank you because that must mean I'm doing something right. Because nobody in the city has managed to come up with an intellectual argument as to why I was wrong. And I have to say, it's very much the same here. People do not talk about the case, and the central pillars of our arguments of our case. They attack me personally. So I see it as they have nothing else to do. They are not attacking the message, they are attacking the messenger. Which must mean I am winning."

11. Various cutaways

A top European human rights official has described the use of anti-migrant rhetoric by some British politicians ahead of the 23 June referendum on European Union membership as "out of control."

Nils Muiznieks, the Council of Europe's Commissioner for Human Rights, warned that it could make the use of racist language more acceptable across continent.

Speaking during a visit to Greece on Friday, Muiznieks said that the rhetoric used in Britain had been "very scary."

Migration was a central issue during the referendum campaign before British voters opted to leave the EU.

Muiznieks said he was also worried about the language against migrants being used by politicians in Hungary ahead of a 2 October referendum there on EU settlement quotas.

A top European human rights official has described the use of anti-migrant rhetoric by some British politicians ahead of the 23 June referendum on European Union membership as "out of control."

Nils Muiznieks, the Council of Europe's Commissioner for Human Rights, warned that it could make the use of racist language more acceptable across continent.

Speaking during a visit to Greece on Friday, Muiznieks said that the rhetoric used in Britain had been "very scary."

Migration was a central issue during the referendum campaign before British voters opted to leave the EU.

Muiznieks said he was also worried about the language against migrants being used by politicians in Hungary ahead of a 2 October referendum there on EU settlement quotas.

Athens, 8 July 2016

1. Wide of news conference room

2. Close-up annual activity report 2015

3. Nils Muiznieks, the Council of Europe's Commissioner for Human Rights arriving at news conference

4. SOUNDBITE (English) Nils Muiznieks, Council of Europe's Commissioner for Human Rights:

"The debate surrounding Brexit was very scary because you had racist rhetoric about migrants and migration from the highest political levels in the UK months ago. We wrote a long memorandum to the UK government on this, on migration policy but specifically on the language that they are using, which is very stigmatizing towards migrants. But then in the run-up to the referendum itself, the last two months in particular, you had a huge spike in hate speech."

5. Close-up of pen in Muiznieks' hand

6. Journalist at news conference

7. SOUNDBITE (English) Nils Muiznieks, Council of Europe's Commissioner for Human Rights:

"And what did it lead to? It lead to a huge spike in hate crimes and hate incidents right after the referendum. So words matter. Discourse matters. It sends signals of what is acceptable and what is not acceptable behaviour and we saw In the UK the consequence of this discourse which got out of control. And my concern is it sent a signal to right-wing populists all over Europe about the ease which with one can manipulate this discourse for political gain."

8. Journalist typing on laptop

9. Muiznieks speaks with journalist

When his friend Arek was killed in the street, Eric Hind had sickening evidence that the country he'd come to call home had changed.

But the Polish IT consultant had started to feel uneasy even before that, as Britain prepared to vote earlier this year on whether to remain in the European Union.

As debate heated up about the U.K.'s place in Europe, Hind's outsider status was made all too clear to him.

"When I first moved to the U.K. I felt like it was a dream come true," he said with quiet sadness. "It's the country where there are no differences, people just get on with each other, there are no questions asked about where you're from.

"But now I just have to watch my back. People are worried to use their own language in the streets. It's not what it is supposed to be like, or what it was like before."

Hind was among hundreds of thousands of Poles who seized the opportunity when the EU expanded into eastern Europe in 2004 to move to Britain, regarded as a welcoming country with a flexible labour market and relatively high wages.

Twelve years on, he'd settled in Harlow, near London, with a family and a good job.

After the June 23 vote, Hind says he received text messages that said things like, "What time is my bus back home, have I got my passport and good luck in Poland."

Free movement among member states is a key principle of the EU, and millions of Europeans have become used to studying, working or retiring abroad. Britain's vote to quit the bloc - after a "leave" campaign that urged people to "take back control" - is in part a renunciation of that borderless ideal.

The support for leaving the EU was swelled by citizens who felt the presence of so many people from other EU countries was making Britain less "British" and making it harder for Britons to find jobs, housing, and medical care.

One campaign poster featured a long line of migrants beside the slogan "breaking point."

Anti-racism groups say the vote also unleashed a wave of xenophobia that has brought insults, abuse and physical attacks.

Much of the recorded abuse has been aimed at eastern Europeans, who have come to Britain in the hundreds of thousands over the past decade - and particularly Poles, the largest group, who number a million in the U.K.

'Polish' has become derogatory," said Suresh Grover of the Monitoring Group, a charity that works with victims of hate crime.

"People who have racist views have become emboldened and they now keep on saying things that were seen to be unacceptable," he adds.

Official figures back up anecdotal evidence of a rise in hate crime since the referendum. According to the Home Office, police recorded 1,546 racially or religiously aggravated offences in England and Wales in the two weeks before referendum day, and 2,241 in the two weeks after it. The total for July was up 41 percent from the same month a year earlier. August's level was lower, but still higher than before for Brexit vote.

Incidents reported around the country include offensive graffiti daubed on a Polish community centre; cards saying "no more Polish vermin" left on cars; a Polish man punched and kicked in Yeovil, southwest England; another Polish man beaten by a gang of teenagers in the northern city of Leeds; and a 21-year-old Polish student stabbed in the neck with a broken bottle in the English Midlands town of Telford.

On Aug. 27, a Saturday night, Hind's friend Arkadiusz Jozwik, known as Arek, was involved in an altercation with youths outside a pizza parlour in Harlow, about 20 miles (32 kilometres) north of London. The 40-year-old was felled by a single punch, hit his head and died in hospital two days later.

Police said they were investigating the death as a hate crime, and arrested six teens aged 15 and 16. Five have been released for lack of evidence, while one remains on bail.

Poland's ambassador to Britain, Arkady Rzegocki, said he was "shocked and deeply concerned" by the hostility toward a community whose presence in Britain goes back to World War II, when Polish pilots fought in the Battle of Britain and a Polish government-in-exile was based in London.

"The hospitality of British society was very famous, and we appreciate it," he said.

Rzegocki said he is confident that common sense and British decency will prevail. He said the embassy has received many supportive letters from Britons condemning the attacks.

And he points out that Britain is a country with low unemployment whose economy relies on migrants, including armies of Polish plumbers, nannies and fruit-pickers.

"I am sure that most of British society is very welcoming to immigrants - especially to the Poles which had, and still have, a huge contribution to the British economy and to the British culture," he said.

He notes that for Europe, the 20th century was the era of "borders and protectionism - and it wasn't a good century in European history."

No one is arguing that the referendum introduced prejudice to Britain - earlier groups of immigrants, from Jews 100 years ago to West Indians after World War II, also experienced hostility. In the 2014 British Social Attitudes survey, about a third of people admitted to being a little or very prejudiced against other races.

Dorothy Spriggs, an 85-year-old who has lived in Harlow for almost 50 years says she can here people making derogatory comments about 'foreigners coming in' when she's on the bus.

Harlow is a post-World War II "new town" whose first residents included bombed-out Londoners. Over the years they've been joined by others - Chinese, Indians and more recently eastern Europeans, whose shops and delis sit alongside the town's fish-and-chip shops, Indian restaurants and kebab takeaways.

Spriggs stopped recently beside a makeshift memorial near the spot where Jozwik died: bunches of flowers, a candle and three large stuffed animals lined up neatly on benches.

"Try to understand the opinion of the other people," she urges.

"Listen to them, listen to them about their culture, things like that. You know, learn more about their way of life and our way of life and sort of intermix in that way," she adds.

That appeal may be too late to keep Hind in Harlow, or in Britain.

He's stopped going into town after 6 p.m. He's planning to leave the U.K., so his 2-year-old British-born daughter can grow up somewhere she will feel safe.

Hind worries he won't be allowed to remain in Britain even if he wants to.

The government has refused to guarantee that the estimated 3 million EU nationals in Britain can stay unless U.K. citizens elsewhere in the EU get the same right. Europe's borders are firming up again.

"It's just not nice to live in a country where you don't know where you stand ... if you don't know what will happen tomorrow, if someone will come to your door and say, 'OK, time for you to pack your bags and go home,'" Hind said.

"Everyone wants to feel safe and I don't think this is the case now in the U.K."

++CLIENTS PLEASE USE THIS EDIT WHICH CONTAINS AN ADDITIONAL SOUNDBITE BY DOROTHY SPRIGGS AND UPDATED STORYLINE++

Harlow - 20 October 2016

1. Bench with flowers, lantern and picture of Arek Jozwik, a Polish national who was killed on 27 August

2. Photo of Arek, pan

3. Wide of benches

4. Mid of bench area, soft toys where Polish national Arkadiusz Jozwik, known as Arek, was killed

5. Various of Polish national Eric Hind, living in the UK since 2004 and friend of Arek smoking a cigarette

6. Mid of Hind seated

7. SOUNDBITE (English) Eric Hind, Polish IT consultant, living in the UK since 2004, friend of Arek:

"When I first moved to the U.K. I felt like it was a dream come true, it's the country where there are no differences, people just get on with each other, there are no questions asked about where you're from, the dialect you are talking with, and stuff like that. But now I just have to watch my back. People are worried to use their own language in the streets. It's not what it is supposed to be like, or what it was like before."

8. Close-up Hind's hands

9. SOUNDBITE (English) Eric Hind, Polish IT consultant, living in the UK since 2004, friend of Arek:

"It's just not nice to live in a country where you don't know where you stand. So that's worrying and not very assuring to anyone. If you don't know what will happen tomorrow, if someone will knock to your door and say, 'OK, time for you to pack your bags and go home. I mean everyone wants the same, everyone wants to feel safe and I don't believe this is the case now in the U.K. You don't know what will happen and that's not good."

10. Mid of Harlow shopping centre street

11. Close of Union Flag flying from window

12. Various of shop exteriors selling goods from Europe

13. Various exteriors of Polish food shop

14. SOUNDBITE (English) Dorothy Spriggs, an 85-year-old who has lived in Harlow for almost 50 years:

"You've only got to hear people's conversation - if you're on the bus or somewhere like that, you know, over the course of the years, they say 'oh, its all these foreigners coming in'."

15. Cutaway of candle for Arek

16. SOUNDBITE (English) Dorothy Spriggs, an 85-year-old who has lived in Harlow for almost 50 years:

"Well, try to understand that's the opinion of the other people. Listen to them, listen about their culture, things like that. You know, learn more about their way of life and our way of life and sort of intermix in that way. I think so anyway."

17. Various set up shots of Suresh Grover, Director of the Monitoring Group, a charity that works with victims of hate crime.

18. SOUNDBITE (English) Suresh Grover, Director of the Monitoring Group:

"That underbelly has been let out loose. People who have racist views have become emboldened and they now keep saying things that were seen to be unacceptable. The 'n' word is back on the agenda, the 'p' word and Polish, the word Polish has become as derogatory as a 'Paki'. That's absolutely senseless, degrading, dehumanising in the 21st century Britain. A modern Britain which won Olympics on the basis of multicultural dynamic society."

19. Pan down of photo of race protest

20. Close of books

21. Various set up shots of Poland's ambassador to Britain, Arkady Rzegocki

22. SOUNDBITE (English) Arkady Rzegocki, Poland's Ambassador to Britain:

"Poles are present in Britain for decades or even centuries. Permanent presence of Poland is going (back) to the Second World War and after that, so I was a little bit shocked when it appeared that after the referendum we noticed more xenophobic incidents in different parts of Great Britain. Unfortunately after the referendum, we noticed some increase of incidents."

23. Cutaway hands

24. SOUNDBITE (English) Arkady Rzegocki, Poland's ambassador to Britain:

"I am sure that most of British society is very welcoming to immigrants, especially to the Poles which had, and still have, a huge contribution to the British economy and to the British culture, so I hope it will remain."

25. Wide of Polish embassy

26. Pan up to Polish and EU Flag

27. Close of Polish flag

South Korea said on Tuesday that it respects the decision made by British citizens for the UK to leave the European Union.

South Korean foreign ministry spokesman Cho June-hyuck made the comments at a regular ministry briefing, adding that Seoul will be monitoring closely the impact of the referendum result on a local and global level.

Cho also commented on a joint statement released by Chinese President Xi Jinping and his Russian counterpart Vladimir Putin following their bilateral talks on Saturday, in which the two countries clarified their strong opposition to North Korea's nuclear and missile development, saying it was welcomed by South Korea.

As for China and Russia's opposition to the US deployment of THAAD (Terminal High Altitude Aerial Defence) to South Korea, Cho said that Seoul was considering THAAD deployment only for the purpose of protecting the lives and safety of its people.

South Korea said on Tuesday that it respects the decision made by British citizens for the UK to leave the European Union.

South Korean foreign ministry spokesman Cho June-hyuck made the comments at a regular ministry briefing, adding that Seoul will be monitoring closely the impact of the referendum result on a local and global level.

Cho also commented on a joint statement released by Chinese President Xi Jinping and his Russian counterpart Vladimir Putin following their bilateral talks on Saturday, in which the two countries clarified their strong opposition to North Korea's nuclear and missile development, saying it was welcomed by South Korea.

As for China and Russia's opposition to the US deployment of THAAD (Terminal High Altitude Aerial Defence) to South Korea, Cho said that Seoul was considering THAAD deployment only for the purpose of protecting the lives and safety of its people.

Seoul – 28 June 2016

1. South Korean Foreign Ministry spokesman Cho June-hyuck arriving for briefing

2. Wide of briefing

3. Journalists at briefing

4. Cho at lectern

5. SOUNDBITE (Korean) Cho June-hyuck, South Korean Foreign Ministry spokesman:

"First of all, our government respects the decision made by the British citizens. Our government is paying close attention to the local and global impacts of Britain's decision to leave the EU, as well as the impact on our bilateral relations. Since it will take about two years for negotiations with the EU even after the country officially notifies the European Union of its withdrawal, the South Korean government will cope (with Brexit) by monitoring the state of negotiations between the UK and EU and will meticulously analyse the short, mid and long-term impacts (of Brexit) on politics and the economy during the period (of negotiations)."

6. Journalists at briefing

7. SOUNDBITE (Korean) Cho June-hyuck, South Korean Foreign Ministry spokesman:

"The joint statement (announced by Chinese President Xi Jinping and Russian President Vladimir Putin after the bilateral talks) includes the part saying the two countries sternly oppose North Korea's nuclear and missile development. Our government welcomes the joint statement. Also, we welcome that China and Russia publicly promised at a summit level to fully implement the Security Council Resolution 2270."

8. Journalists at briefing

9. SOUNDBITE (Korean) Cho June-hyuck, South Korean Foreign Ministry spokesman:

"(As for China and Russia's position on THAAD which was stated in the same joint statement,) our government's stance is that we are considering the deployment of THAAD (Terminal High Altitude Aerial Defence) at US Forces in Korea for the pure purpose of protecting lives and the safety of our citizens and national security from Pyongyang's threats, amidst the situation in which North Korea continues to heighten its overall nuclear missile capabilities as can be seen from the North's Musudan missile launch on June 22nd."

10. Wide of briefing

When Britain decides this week whether to leave the European Union, London's voice may prove decisive. But for which side?

Britain's capital, home to almost nine million people, encompasses the most pro-EU place of the country, and the least.

In the cosmopolitan City financial district, where almost half a million people from around the globe work in Europe's biggest financial centre, pro-EU sentiment predominates.

But just a few miles away, the borough of Havering, stronghold of working-class East Enders, topped a national survey of the most anti-EU places in Britain.

The two districts represent the opposing views at the heart Britain's EU debate.

One sees the bloc’s free flow of people and money as a benefit. The other sees it as a threat.

Havering, a chunk of suburban Essex county absorbed into Greater London in 1965, is a workaday place of 20th-century houses and strips of shops on busy roads.

Many residents are Cockneys who moved out of London's East End in search of more space and quiet, or their children.

It's not the poorest part of London, nor the area with the most immigrants.

Havering is one of London's least ethnically diverse boroughs - 83 percent of people here identify themselves as "white British," compared to 45 percent in London as a whole.

Almost 90 percent of Havering residents were born in Britain, compared to 63 percent for all of London.

Like other local authorities, Havering Council has had its funding from central government slashed under austerity programmes aimed at reducing the national deficit.

"We've been told there is austerity, we must cut back," said Lawrence Webb, a Havering councillor for the anti-EU UK Independence Party.

While fishmonger David Crosbie, working on a drizzly morning in Havering's Romford street market, is an emphatic "leave" voter.

For Crosbie, the decision has a lot to do with borders, on land and sea.

He says he is tired of European fishermen trawling waters around Britain under the EU's Common Fisheries Policy.

"Remain" campaigners say government austerity is rooted in the 2008 financial crisis and in British politicians' choices, not the EU.

Nonetheless, migrants and the EU often take the blame in Havering, where many people say they do not see the benefits of immigration.

That view is less common in central London and not just in the financial district.

In multiethnic inner-city areas such as Camden and Islington, it's rare to spot a "leave" sign.

Immigration has become the most emotive issue of the campaign for Thursday’s referendum, stirring fears of instability among voters and drawing allegations of xenophobia from "remain" supporters.

The EU is built on the principle that citizens can live and work in any of the 28 member states.

Since the bloc expanded to include former Communist countries in eastern Europe more than a decade ago, hundreds of thousands of people have moved west to Britain and other, wealthier, EU nations.

The perception that EU migrants come to take jobs and, somewhat paradoxically, to live on welfare benefits, is driving "leave" sentiment in Havering and other Eurosceptic areas.

But 15 miles (24 kilometres) to the southwest in the historic heart of financial London, policy chief Mark Boleat argues that thousands of jobs, and London's standing as a financial centre, depend on the EU.

That view is backed by the Economist Intelligence Unit, which said last week that leaving the EU would endanger London's status as a global financial hub, "almost certainly depriving UK-based financial firms of their passport to conduct business anywhere in the EU."

When Britain decides this week whether to leave the European Union, London's voice may prove decisive. But for which side?

Britain's capital, home to almost nine million people, encompasses the most pro-EU place of the country, and the least.

In the cosmopolitan City financial district, where almost half a million people from around the globe work in Europe's biggest financial centre, pro-EU sentiment predominates.

But just a few miles away, the borough of Havering, stronghold of working-class East Enders, topped a national survey of the most anti-EU places in Britain.

The two districts represent the opposing views at the heart Britain's EU debate.

One sees the bloc’s free flow of people and money as a benefit. The other sees it as a threat.

Havering, a chunk of suburban Essex county absorbed into Greater London in 1965, is a workaday place of 20th-century houses and strips of shops on busy roads.

Many residents are Cockneys who moved out of London's East End in search of more space and quiet, or their children.

It's not the poorest part of London, nor the area with the most immigrants.

Havering is one of London's least ethnically diverse boroughs - 83 percent of people here identify themselves as "white British," compared to 45 percent in London as a whole.

Almost 90 percent of Havering residents were born in Britain, compared to 63 percent for all of London.

Like other local authorities, Havering Council has had its funding from central government slashed under austerity programmes aimed at reducing the national deficit.

"We've been told there is austerity, we must cut back," said Lawrence Webb, a Havering councillor for the anti-EU UK Independence Party.

While fishmonger David Crosbie, working on a drizzly morning in Havering's Romford street market, is an emphatic "leave" voter.

For Crosbie, the decision has a lot to do with borders, on land and sea.

He says he is tired of European fishermen trawling waters around Britain under the EU's Common Fisheries Policy.

"Remain" campaigners say government austerity is rooted in the 2008 financial crisis and in British politicians' choices, not the EU.

Nonetheless, migrants and the EU often take the blame in Havering, where many people say they do not see the benefits of immigration.

That view is less common in central London and not just in the financial district.

In multiethnic inner-city areas such as Camden and Islington, it's rare to spot a "leave" sign.

Immigration has become the most emotive issue of the campaign for Thursday’s referendum, stirring fears of instability among voters and drawing allegations of xenophobia from "remain" supporters.

The EU is built on the principle that citizens can live and work in any of the 28 member states.

Since the bloc expanded to include former Communist countries in eastern Europe more than a decade ago, hundreds of thousands of people have moved west to Britain and other, wealthier, EU nations.

The perception that EU migrants come to take jobs and, somewhat paradoxically, to live on welfare benefits, is driving "leave" sentiment in Havering and other Eurosceptic areas.

But 15 miles (24 kilometres) to the southwest in the historic heart of financial London, policy chief Mark Boleat argues that thousands of jobs, and London's standing as a financial centre, depend on the EU.

That view is backed by the Economist Intelligence Unit, which said last week that leaving the EU would endanger London's status as a global financial hub, "almost certainly depriving UK-based financial firms of their passport to conduct business anywhere in the EU."

Havering -1 June 2016

1. Wide of market, vote leave sign

2. Close of vote leave sign

3. Mid of market

4. England flag

5. Pan from town hall sign to Havering town hall, flags flying

6. SOUNDBITE (English) Lawrence Webb, UKIP Councillor:

"There are many, many reasons, not least of which is the cost to us as a council and a country of being members of the EU. But this referendum is about one single issue, and that is sovereignty. It's about who makes the laws that govern our lives although if you speak to ten different people you get ten different reasons why people may be voting out, but that in a nutshell is what it is about. It is about who makes those decisions over our lives."

7. Cutaway of flags flying over town hall

8. SOUNDBITE (English) Lawrence Webb, UKIP Councillor:

"We've been told there is austerity, we must cut back. The one budget, or two budgets that haven't been cut are our membership fee of the EU and foreign aid. Our view is that money should be spent here. So stop giving Brussels a single penny until we sort our own economy out."

9. Wide of market

10. Seafood at fishmonger stand at Havering market

11. SOUNDBITE (English) David Crosby, fishmonger:

"They want to stay in because it's beneficial to them. But that's not even one percent of the population. 90 odd percent of them don't earn like half a million pounds a year in bonuses and all this lark which they can tuck round the corner like in Liechtenstein, Panama, wherever. Normal people like have to go and work for a living and they want to earn their own money."

12. Keep calm and leave the EU sign

13. SOUNDBITE (English) Sukh Singh, works on family stall:

"They (Europeans) come here, and they don't work and they just claim benefits and also they don't give a chance to people who are born here, to English people."

14. SOUNDBITE (English) Jackie Duvall, market researcher:

"If immigration is so wonderful two and two isn't making four. They say they contribute towards the economy, I don't doubt it but and the end of the day, where is the money going? Where are all the extra taxes going? Is it going to hospitals? No. Education, the prison service? It's going nowhere. So, it's a con trick."

London - 17 June 2016

15. Pan of Bank of England

16. Set up of Mark Boleat, policy chairman at City of London Corporation

17. SOUNDBITE (English) Mark Boleat, policy chairman at City of London Corporation:

"The City of London's position is that Britain should remain a member of the European Union. We think the European Union has been good for the country generally, very good for financial services, many jobs depend on it, and we think that leaving the European Union will be taking a significant risk. The city would undoubtedly remain a very large international financial centre, but we think it would be smaller than it would be if Britain remained in."

18. Cutaway of Boleat talking

19. SOUNDBITE (English) Mark Boleat, policy chairman at City of London Corporation:

"You take investment banking, there are 100,000 jobs roughly in Europe, 90,000 of them in Britain. If Britain is not in the European Union, that ability would be lost. And secondly, is the free movement of labour. The City is very international. You hear almost any language conceivable in the streets of London. The big institutions have no hesitation in bringing in people from France, Germany and Spain, Italy, Romania, Bulgaria and similarly people move from Britain to those countries. If Britain was not in the European Union, that would not be so easy."

20. Pan down from Bank to Royal Exchange sign

21. Set up shot of Amy Wilson 27, Technology Consultant in the City

22. SOUNDBITE (English) Amy Wilson, Technology Consultant in the City:

"I'm strongly 'remain', I think probably most people I know are also strongly 'remain'. I don't know if it seems to me like it's a London thing, it seems more like a generational thing to me."

23. Cutaway of Royal Exchange

24. SOUNDBITE (English) Michael Patterson, restaurateur in the City:

"My view is we should remain and have another referendum in five years time when the situation will be much clearer and we will get a decisive result which will last for all time."

25. City workers eating lunch

26. SOUNDBITE (English) James Sylvester, works in IT services in the City:

"It's also the devil you know. It's better to be in and fight rather than to be out and fight. It's an easier way. Path of least resistance."

27. City workers on street

28. SOUNDBITE (English) Richard Wells, works part time as a Broker for Lloyds:

"It's very close for me, 51-49 in favour of Brexit, I have to say. I've done some studies on it. It's going to knock share prices, stock markets, the economy for a bit. I think it's more important as things go to try and get our country back a bit more. I think that's more important to me than it is the economic effect. But it's so close, it's really, really close."

29. Pan down of exchange

If her compatriots back in Britain vote this week to leave the European Union, the only thing Dale Carr's sure about is that life's going to get far more difficult for her in Germany.

Carr runs two "Broken English" shops in the German capital, specialising in teas, marmalades and other goodies from the UK.

At the very least, Carr figures the import of some items could be blocked, others will be slapped with duties, and she'll no longer be able to deduct some of the taxes on shipping like she has in the past.

Beyond that, like the other 105,000 Britons living in Germany, the 63-year-old can really only speculate.

Carr came to Germany for what was supposed to be a three month trip in 1978 and never looked back.

But like many of her customers that means she's been away too long to be eligible to vote in the referendum.

Among her customers, there's a feeling of indignation that they cannot vote and have no say, especially among the veterans, she said.

But because she's lived in Germany so long as a taxpayer, there's another option open to Carr, her Scottish husband, and her two adult children who were born in Berlin but have British citizenship: dual citizenship.

She says the first thing she will do in the event of Britain leaving the EU is apply for German citizenship to give her and her family the opportunity to move wherever they want in Europe.

Things are a little different for Jon Worth, a native of Newport, in South Wales, who has only been in Germany for just shy of three years.

As a self-employed communications consultant, the 36-year-old may face further hurdles convincing the German authorities to allow him to stay with no company backing him.

And even if he met the prerequisites, Germany's immigration agencies are so backlogged processing the cases of the hundreds of thousands of Syrians and other asylum seekers entering the country that British applying for citizenship may find themselves in a long queue.

One Berlin district office, for example, already in March only had appointments available in January 2017 to even begin the process.

Like Carr, Worth's not sure what to expect because there has been so little information released on what comes next in the event of a British exit.

Amid the uncertainty, he's used social media to organise get-togethers of expatriates from around the country to discuss the possible scenarios.

Germany's own experience with how its unchecked nationalism in the 20th century helped cause two world wars means that today it is among the most committed to the European project, and Chancellor Angela Merkel's government has repeatedly emphasised it wants Britain to remain part of the European Union.

Recently that rhetoric has been sharpened slightly, to include comments suggesting that Britain would lose influence and opportunity if it tries to operate outside the European Union.

Echoing the sentiments of many, Claudia Arz, one of Carr's customers, said she was very European in perspective and believed that a British exit would be bad both for Europe and Britain.

For shop owner Dale Carr only one thing is certain. Britain's exit will not help bring back "the Great Britannia as it was and going back somehow into the past or recreating the past."

Carr said following the Brexit talk over the last months has convinced her that the EU needs to reform some of its rules and regulations, but that it would be better for Britain to work for those changes from within.

If her compatriots back in Britain vote this week to leave the European Union, the only thing Dale Carr's sure about is that life's going to get far more difficult for her in Germany.

Carr runs two "Broken English" shops in the German capital, specialising in teas, marmalades and other goodies from the UK.

At the very least, Carr figures the import of some items could be blocked, others will be slapped with duties, and she'll no longer be able to deduct some of the taxes on shipping like she has in the past.

Beyond that, like the other 105,000 Britons living in Germany, the 63-year-old can really only speculate.

Carr came to Germany for what was supposed to be a three month trip in 1978 and never looked back.

But like many of her customers that means she's been away too long to be eligible to vote in the referendum.

Among her customers, there's a feeling of indignation that they cannot vote and have no say, especially among the veterans, she said.

But because she's lived in Germany so long as a taxpayer, there's another option open to Carr, her Scottish husband, and her two adult children who were born in Berlin but have British citizenship: dual citizenship.

She says the first thing she will do in the event of Britain leaving the EU is apply for German citizenship to give her and her family the opportunity to move wherever they want in Europe.

Things are a little different for Jon Worth, a native of Newport, in South Wales, who has only been in Germany for just shy of three years.

As a self-employed communications consultant, the 36-year-old may face further hurdles convincing the German authorities to allow him to stay with no company backing him.

And even if he met the prerequisites, Germany's immigration agencies are so backlogged processing the cases of the hundreds of thousands of Syrians and other asylum seekers entering the country that British applying for citizenship may find themselves in a long queue.

One Berlin district office, for example, already in March only had appointments available in January 2017 to even begin the process.

Like Carr, Worth's not sure what to expect because there has been so little information released on what comes next in the event of a British exit.

Amid the uncertainty, he's used social media to organise get-togethers of expatriates from around the country to discuss the possible scenarios.

Germany's own experience with how its unchecked nationalism in the 20th century helped cause two world wars means that today it is among the most committed to the European project, and Chancellor Angela Merkel's government has repeatedly emphasised it wants Britain to remain part of the European Union.

Recently that rhetoric has been sharpened slightly, to include comments suggesting that Britain would lose influence and opportunity if it tries to operate outside the European Union.

Echoing the sentiments of many, Claudia Arz, one of Carr's customers, said she was very European in perspective and believed that a British exit would be bad both for Europe and Britain.

For shop owner Dale Carr only one thing is certain. Britain's exit will not help bring back "the Great Britannia as it was and going back somehow into the past or recreating the past."

Carr said following the Brexit talk over the last months has convinced her that the EU needs to reform some of its rules and regulations, but that it would be better for Britain to work for those changes from within.

Berlin - 16 June 2016

1. Sign at store reading (English) "Broken English"

2. Shop owner Dale Carr in her store

3. Carr talking to costumer

4. Carr talking

5. British teapots in store

6. Costumers inside "Broken English" store

7. Cup with British flag

8. SOUNDBITE (English) Dale Carr, British owner of "Broken English" shop in Berlin:

"The main reason is that we would still be inside Europe and that we would still have this wonderful right to live and work anywhere in Europe, also for my children of course. They may one day well they want to go somewhere else or have the opportunity to go somewhere else. We may too. But if my only opportunity is back to the UK it narrows things a little."

9. Carr at cashier

10. Carr with costumer

11. Customers at store

12. SOUNDBITE (English) Dale Carr, British shop owner:

"So if we have to fork out a chunk of money to pay all the VAT bills also on my shipping costs which I see no reason at all why I should be able to claim it back here, those days will be gone, that would automatically put prices up between 18 and probably 20 percent to start with and that puts it out of the reach of a lot of people."

Berlin - 19 June 2016

13. British and European flags

14. Public event about the referendum at Kollwitzplatz

15. Jon Worth with British flag at statue of artist Kaethe Kollwitz

16. "Hug a Brit" action during public event informing about the referendum

17. SOUNDBITE (English) Jon Worth, British citizen and pro-Europe activist who lives in Berlin:

"There is considerable nervousness because many people don't know what Britain's relationship with the European Union is going to look like if Britain leaves the EU and then what that will mean for the British living here in Germany and indeed anywhere else in the rest of the European Union at a personal level. There are people who wonder what would happen to student fees if they are studying, what happens to their pensions if they're retired. In my own situation I'm self-employed, those are the people who can never get a Visa if we ever needed a Visa to potentially stay in Germany. So we are the people who as British profited from EU freedom of movement and therefore we are very fearful about what would happen where that be taken away."

Berlin - 16 June 2016

18. Cups with London print

19. Claudia Arz shopping at "Broken English" store

20. SOUNDBITE (German) Claudia Arz, German citizen, journalist:

"I think Great Britain will make a big mistake if they leave the European Union also regarding Scotland, which would come closer to the European Union in such a case, a danger of a conflict could arise between Great Britain and Scotland. All in all I believe the British economy would suffer badly."

21. Claudia Arz talking to Carr

22. SOUNDBITE (English) Dale Carr, British shop owner:

"And so this idea of bringing back the Great Britannia as it was and going back somehow into the past or recreating the past - none of us can do that, Brexit or no Brexit you know."

23. British and Berlin flags and picture of Queen Elizabeth II

24. Puppet dogs and Queen Elizabeth II waving

Gina Miller needs to look no further than her own small investment firm to know that leaving the European Union would be bad for Britain.

She has an analyst who is Italian: would he need a visa? She has customers who are British retirees living in Spain: will they return home to keep access to health care and liquidate their euro investments? Her firm, SCM Direct, works closely with French bank Societe Generale: would that relationship continue?

"It could be terrible for the city,'' she said suggesting the impact could be similar to the 2008 financial crisis.

From the international banks in the skyscrapers of Canary Wharf to the traditional home of Britain's financial industry in the City of London and the hedge funds of Mayfair, bankers and money managers across the capital are watching the June 23 referendum on EU membership with trepidation. Many fear a vote to leave would undermine London's position as the world's pre-eminent financial center and damage an industry that underpins the British economy.

In case of a British exit, or Brexit, from the EU, US banking giant JPMorgan said last week that they would have to move staff to the continent to ensure it could continue to serve clients who want to invest there, Dimon said. Other global banks with customers in the rest of the EU would be in a similar situation.

Britain has been the gateway to the EU for many banks, brokerages and fund managers for decades. In addition to having a trusted legal system and institutions that operate in English, the language of international finance, London is in the right time zone to access most of the Earth during its working day and has a reputation for delivering top-notch financial services. The industry is also surrounded by an ecosystem of expertise, lawyers, accountants and consultants, to support it.

Some 60 percent of all European headquarters of non-EU firms are based in the U.K., according to TheCityUK, which lobbies on behalf of the financial industry. The UK hosts more headquarters of non-EU firms than Germany, France, Switzerland and the Netherlands put together.

London's advantages are such that people in favor of leaving the EU, such as Peter Hargreaves, co-founder of brokerage firm Hargreaves Lansdown, think it will retain its luster no matter what. He poured scorn on the notion that it could be easily replicated.

"In addition to the cost of building the infrastructure for a rival to the City of London one has also got to work out whether people will want to live in another financial center,'' he said. "They certainly wouldn't want to live in Paris, although Paris is a pretty city, purely because of the tax rates and in all honesty they wouldn't want to live in Frankfurt because actually there isn't even the housing there to house them. People want to live in London.''

London's financial sector has complained about a number of EU rules, such as limits on bankers' bonuses and an attempt to impose a tax on financial transactions.

Those considerations, however, are largely trumped by concerns that leaving the EU would make access to the other 27 EU countries more difficult, many analysts say.

The principle of "passporting" currently allows any firm registered in one EU country to operate in any other member state without facing another layer of regulation. It's the same principle that allows exporters to ship their goods to any EU country free of tariffs. Losing that freedom is a particular concern for the many foreign firms who use London not only as a financial hub but as an entry point into the EU.

While the UK could probably negotiate a new arrangement for trade in goods, it would be much more complicated to hammer out a deal on services, experts believe. The situation has no precedent, no country the size of the UK has ever left such an integrated economic union, so the outcome of any talks can't be predicted.

And anything that curtails Britain's financial industry has implications for the UK economy as a whole, not just the bankers who were pilloried for taking home million-pound bonuses while they fueled the global financial crisis.

The industry's importance is even more obvious in Britain's trade figures. While the country posted an overall trade deficit of 34.4 billion pounds (50 billion US dollars) in 2014, it generated a 72 billion pound surplus from exporting financial and related services.

"Uncertainty is bad news," said Vicky Pryce, an economist and former joint head of the UK government economic service.

"It will take some time for that to settle down, it will take some time for the negotiations to take place. There is a two year period during which officials and also ministers will have to sit down and try and negotiate a deal and we just don’t know whether even over that period something will come out that will be in the slightest bit beneficial for the city so a lot of uncertainty

The City of London - the square mile roughly bounded by the walls of the original Roman city - has been the financial heart of Britain since the 17th century, when merchants meeting at local coffee houses formed Lloyd's of London and the London Stock Exchange. It has survived wars, famines and fires and would likely survive any outcome from the EU vote. The question is in what form.

Jeffrey Evans, the Lord Mayor of the City of London, whose office has promoted The City as place to do business since the Magna Carta was signed in 1215, says leaving the EU in not a risk worth taking.

Speaking in an opulent drawing room that feels more like a museum, with Dutch masters lining the walls, Evans noted that leaving the EU is "a very important matter."

"This is a decision that will affect future generations," he said.

Gina Miller needs to look no further than her own small investment firm to know that leaving the European Union would be bad for Britain.

She has an analyst who is Italian: would he need a visa? She has customers who are British retirees living in Spain: will they return home to keep access to health care and liquidate their euro investments? Her firm, SCM Direct, works closely with French bank Societe Generale: would that relationship continue?

"It could be terrible for the city,'' she said suggesting the impact could be similar to the 2008 financial crisis.

From the international banks in the skyscrapers of Canary Wharf to the traditional home of Britain's financial industry in the City of London and the hedge funds of Mayfair, bankers and money managers across the capital are watching the June 23 referendum on EU membership with trepidation. Many fear a vote to leave would undermine London's position as the world's pre-eminent financial center and damage an industry that underpins the British economy.

In case of a British exit, or Brexit, from the EU, US banking giant JPMorgan said last week that they would have to move staff to the continent to ensure it could continue to serve clients who want to invest there, Dimon said. Other global banks with customers in the rest of the EU would be in a similar situation.

Britain has been the gateway to the EU for many banks, brokerages and fund managers for decades. In addition to having a trusted legal system and institutions that operate in English, the language of international finance, London is in the right time zone to access most of the Earth during its working day and has a reputation for delivering top-notch financial services. The industry is also surrounded by an ecosystem of expertise, lawyers, accountants and consultants, to support it.

Some 60 percent of all European headquarters of non-EU firms are based in the U.K., according to TheCityUK, which lobbies on behalf of the financial industry. The UK hosts more headquarters of non-EU firms than Germany, France, Switzerland and the Netherlands put together.

London's advantages are such that people in favor of leaving the EU, such as Peter Hargreaves, co-founder of brokerage firm Hargreaves Lansdown, think it will retain its luster no matter what. He poured scorn on the notion that it could be easily replicated.

"In addition to the cost of building the infrastructure for a rival to the City of London one has also got to work out whether people will want to live in another financial center,'' he said. "They certainly wouldn't want to live in Paris, although Paris is a pretty city, purely because of the tax rates and in all honesty they wouldn't want to live in Frankfurt because actually there isn't even the housing there to house them. People want to live in London.''

London's financial sector has complained about a number of EU rules, such as limits on bankers' bonuses and an attempt to impose a tax on financial transactions.

Those considerations, however, are largely trumped by concerns that leaving the EU would make access to the other 27 EU countries more difficult, many analysts say.

The principle of "passporting" currently allows any firm registered in one EU country to operate in any other member state without facing another layer of regulation. It's the same principle that allows exporters to ship their goods to any EU country free of tariffs. Losing that freedom is a particular concern for the many foreign firms who use London not only as a financial hub but as an entry point into the EU.

While the UK could probably negotiate a new arrangement for trade in goods, it would be much more complicated to hammer out a deal on services, experts believe. The situation has no precedent, no country the size of the UK has ever left such an integrated economic union, so the outcome of any talks can't be predicted.

And anything that curtails Britain's financial industry has implications for the UK economy as a whole, not just the bankers who were pilloried for taking home million-pound bonuses while they fueled the global financial crisis.

The industry's importance is even more obvious in Britain's trade figures. While the country posted an overall trade deficit of 34.4 billion pounds (50 billion US dollars) in 2014, it generated a 72 billion pound surplus from exporting financial and related services.

"Uncertainty is bad news," said Vicky Pryce, an economist and former joint head of the UK government economic service.

"It will take some time for that to settle down, it will take some time for the negotiations to take place. There is a two year period during which officials and also ministers will have to sit down and try and negotiate a deal and we just don’t know whether even over that period something will come out that will be in the slightest bit beneficial for the city so a lot of uncertainty

The City of London - the square mile roughly bounded by the walls of the original Roman city - has been the financial heart of Britain since the 17th century, when merchants meeting at local coffee houses formed Lloyd's of London and the London Stock Exchange. It has survived wars, famines and fires and would likely survive any outcome from the EU vote. The question is in what form.

Jeffrey Evans, the Lord Mayor of the City of London, whose office has promoted The City as place to do business since the Magna Carta was signed in 1215, says leaving the EU in not a risk worth taking.

Speaking in an opulent drawing room that feels more like a museum, with Dutch masters lining the walls, Evans noted that leaving the EU is "a very important matter."

"This is a decision that will affect future generations," he said.

London - 24 May 2016

1. Various aerials of Canary Wharf

London - 6 June 2016

2. Set up of Gina Miller, co-founder of wealth management company SCM Direct

3. SOUNDBITE (English) Gina Miller, co-founder of wealth management company SCM Direct:

"It could be terrible for the city because there is so much going on in the city, and we are seen as being one of the forefronts in the financial services and being a leader in that sector and if you look at all the modelling that has gone on there will definitely be a huge impact because a lot of the euro clearing happens in the UK. We have already seen that this first quarter of this year compared to last year, M and As - mergers and acquisitions - are down 39 percent, we've seen a real halt in foreign investment in the UK. If gilt markets - foreigners why would they want to buy our gilts, we could be hit in gilts we don't know what will happen with sterling. Nobody knows."

London - 24 May 2016

4. Aerial of the city

London - 22 May 2016

6. Pan of Bank of England

7. Pull focus from flowers to Bank

8. Workers and sign for Bank underground station

London - 24 May 2016

9. Set up of Jeffrey Evans, the Lord Mayor of the City of London

10. SOUNDBITE (English) Jeffrey Evans, the Lord Mayor of the City of London:

"Well, first of all it’s very important matter, it’s a, this is a decision that will affect future generations. The city of London we had, we reached a decision in March the corporation that we would take a position and that’s very strongly that we wish to remain in, it was a clear majority for that. And it’s, it’s very important the city of London is really, perhaps are most successful industry in the UK, recognises the financial, press and business services, we recogonise the importance of the EU to London and the UK."

London - 24 May 2016

11. Aerials of the city with the Shard and the Gerkhin

Bristol - 6 June 2016

12. Various of set up of Peter Hargreaves, co-founder of brokerage firm Hargreaves Lansdown

13. SOUNDBITE (English) Peter Hargreaves, co-founder of brokerage firm Hargreaves Lansdown:

"In addition to the cost of building the infrastructure for a rival to the City of London one has also got to work out whether people will want to live in another financial center. They certainly wouldn't want to live in Paris, although Paris is a pretty city, purely because of the tax rates and in all honesty they wouldn't want to live in Frankfurt because actually there isn't even the housing there to house them. People want to live in London it's got the best restaurants in the world, the best sport facilities in the world, the best theatres in the world, I mean why would anyone want to live anywhere else."

FILE: London - 22 February 2016

14. Various of trading floor and traders at GKFX brokers in London

Bristol - 1 June 2016

15. Set up Vicky Pryce, economist and former joint head of the U.K. government economic service

16. SOUNDBITE (English) Vicky Pryce, economist and former joint head of the U.K. government economic service:

"It is just possible, even if there is a 'Brexit vote', the UK we get some special allowance in terms of the way in which it operates, particularly in the service sector with the rest of Europe. But it will take some time for that to settle down, it will take some time for the negotiations to take place. There is a two year period during which officials and also ministers will have to sit down and try and negotiate a deal and we just don’t know whether even over that period something will come out that will be in the slightest bit beneficial for the city so, a lot of uncertainty. Uncertainty is bad news."

London - 24 May 2016

14. Aerials of the city

FOR CLEAN VERSION SEE STORY NUMBER: apus058159

Britain's stunning vote to bolt from the European Union sent political tremors across the Atlantic Friday, fueling Donald Trump's confidence that frustrated U.S. voters will back similarly sweeping change and rattling Democrats who are banking on Americans ultimately choosing a more conventional leader in Hillary Clinton.

The British referendum was no exact mirror of the U.S. political landscape. The American electorate is far more diverse and Trump is deeply unpopular with minority voters, a serious weakness dogging his Republican candidacy. The referendum also centered on a single issue, while the presidential election can be as much a decision about personality and temperament as candidates' policies.

Yet the parallels between the forces that drove the British vote and those at the core of Trump's campaign are striking. Among them: a belief that globalization is hurting the working class, and increased immigration is changing the country's character. In both nations, there is strong resentment of political elites who often appear to have little connection to the voters they're supposed to represent.

The British referendum comes as Trump tries to rebound from one of the worst stretches of his campaign. He's struggled to raise money and build a robust organization for the general election, and this week he shook up his operation by firing campaign manager Corey Lewandowski.

"Brexit is a wakeup call," said AP political reporter Steve Peoples. "We're seeing similar things playing out here in the U.S."

FOR CLEAN VERSION SEE STORY NUMBER: apus058159

Britain's stunning vote to bolt from the European Union sent political tremors across the Atlantic Friday, fueling Donald Trump's confidence that frustrated U.S. voters will back similarly sweeping change and rattling Democrats who are banking on Americans ultimately choosing a more conventional leader in Hillary Clinton.

The British referendum was no exact mirror of the U.S. political landscape. The American electorate is far more diverse and Trump is deeply unpopular with minority voters, a serious weakness dogging his Republican candidacy. The referendum also centered on a single issue, while the presidential election can be as much a decision about personality and temperament as candidates' policies.

Yet the parallels between the forces that drove the British vote and those at the core of Trump's campaign are striking. Among them: a belief that globalization is hurting the working class, and increased immigration is changing the country's character. In both nations, there is strong resentment of political elites who often appear to have little connection to the voters they're supposed to represent.

The British referendum comes as Trump tries to rebound from one of the worst stretches of his campaign. He's struggled to raise money and build a robust organization for the general election, and this week he shook up his operation by firing campaign manager Corey Lewandowski.

"Brexit is a wakeup call," said AP political reporter Steve Peoples. "We're seeing similar things playing out here in the U.S."

AP TELEVISION

London - June 23, 2016

1. Wide votes being counted

2. Mid votes being counted

AP TELEVISION

Washington D.C. - 24 June 2016

++SOT PARTIALLY COVERED++

3. SOUNDBITE (English) Steve Peoples, Politics reporter, Associated Press:

"It's very clear that the same forces that fueled this Brexit vote in the U.K. are at play here in the U.S. Donald Trump's supporters are very much fueled by economic populism ousim and nationalist pride, if you will, almost bordering on xenophobia at times. Those are the same forces that fueled that brexit vote that shocked most of the political world. And Trump has really claimed it as a victory of sorts, for that kind of politics for his campaign here in America."

US POOL

Turnberry, Scotland - 24 June 2016

4. Various Trump arriving in Scotland

POOL

Houston - 17 June 2016

5. Trump speaking at podium

AP TELEVISION

Washington D.C. - 24 June 2016

++SOT PARTIALLY COVERED++

6. SOUNDBITE (English) Steve Peoples, Politics reporter, Associated Press:

"Tone on immigration was a huge factor on what happened in Britain, and that's also a huge factor here in 2016. There's a refugee crisis going on in Europe. Here in America the focus more is on immigrants coming across the southern border in Mexico and Donald Trump of course has made building the wall a pillar of his campaign. So to the extent that he's able to use that and connect with voters here in America is very similar to what happened over in Great Britain."

POOL

Phoenix, Arizona - 18 June 2016

7. Mid Trump at rally

AP TELEVISION

London - 24 June 2016

8. Wide London's Big Ben

9. Various of The Sun newspaper being printed

UK POOL

London - 24 June 2016

10. British Prime Minister David Cameron approaching the lectern to give a statement

AP TELEVISION

Washington D.C. - 24 June 2016

++SOT PARTIALLY COVERED++

11. SOUNDBITE (English) Steve Peoples, Politics reporter, Associated Press:

"I think for anyone who thought that Donald Trump really might not have a strong chance here in America, watching what happened in Great Britain is clearly a wake up call. That kind of politics can be succesful. It was successful there when virtually the whole political establishment and economic establishment and just about every expert thought it wouldn't be a good idea but it happened anyway. We're seeing similar things playing out here in the U.S. So I think for anyone thinking Donald Trump is a little bit too outside the norm to be successful, this really is a wake up call."

POOL

Redding, California- 3 June 2016

8. Wide tracking Trump getting off plane

9. Mid tracking Trump waving amongst signs

It's often said that David Cameron is a lucky politician who has seemed to coast through politics on instinct and charm during a career that has culminated in six years as British prime minister. But now his luck may be running out.

In calling a referendum on Britain's membership in the European Union, Cameron has taken a gamble that could end his career - and take his country out of an international alliance it joined more than 40 years ago.

It would be a rare but fateful miscalculation for a politician who has a reputation for thriving under pressure and astutely judging political risks.

"I think he's actually been pretty stunned by the strength of the 'leave' cause," said Cameron biographer James Hanning. "The golden rule is, never hold a referendum unless you're confident of winning it, and I think he thought that the moderate voices would prevail by some distance. But that's not the way the polls are suggesting it's going to go."

The referendum campaign has been unexpectedly bitter and divisive, and was brought to a shocked halt when Labour lawmaker Jo Cox was shot and stabbed to death in the street last week.

Both sides suspended campaigning out of respect for Cox, amid fears that the political fury unleashed by the EU campaign was somehow connected to the killing.

Before Cox died, opinion polls had shown surging sentiment in favor of leaving the 28-nation union.

A majority of supporters of Cameron's Conservative Party said they would vote to quit the bloc in Thursday's referendum.

That's bitter news for Cameron, who called the referendum to puncture growing support for the anti-EU U.K. Independence Party and placate the strongly Eurosceptic right wing of the Conservatives.

When he promised the referendum, in 2013, Cameron said it would "settle this European question in British politics" once and for all.

He told voters he would forge a new deal between Britain and the EU that would make remaining an attractive prospect.

At a Brussels summit in February, he won changes to welfare benefits that he said would reduce immigration and an exemption for Britain from the EU's commitment to "ever-closer union" - a phrase that stirs images of a European super-state in some patriotic British hearts.

But many voters have proved resistant to Cameron's message that Britain is stronger, safer and more economically secure within the EU than it would be outside it.

The concessions he gained have been dismissed as paltry by "leave" campaigners, who say they will do little to limit immigration from other EU nations because the bloc guarantees free movement among member states. It's a subject that resonates with many voters, who have seen hundreds of thousands of people come to Britain over the past decade from new EU members in Eastern Europe. (Hundreds of thousands of Britons also live in other EU countries, a less remarked-upon fact).

Far from healing Conservative divisions over Europe, the referendum has exacerbated them. Cameron has led the "remain" campaign, but let Eurosceptic members of his Cabinet call for a "leave" vote.

As a result, senior Conservatives, including former London Mayor Boris Johnson and Justice Secretary Michael Gove, have spent months attacking him.

Tory leader for a decade and Prime Minister since 2010, Cameron has vowed to stay in office if there is a "leave" vote.

But many feel he will have little choice but to resign quickly, with a pro-Brexit figure like Johnson or Gove his likely successor.

Even if Britain votes to remain, Cameron's days as leader are numbered. He has already announced he will step down before the next election in 2020. A deeply divided party will likely want him to leave long before that, so that a new leader can help heal the referendum's wounds, and dissident Conservative lawmakers could trigger a no-confidence vote to oust Cameron.

Hanning said 50-year-old Cameron will be worried about what the referendum means for his legacy. A son of privilege, educated at elite Eton College and Oxford University, he has a strong sense of national duty. He won two elections espousing a fiscally conservative, socially moderate "one-nation Conservatism" that he believes speaks to a large swath of the British public.

Tim Bale, professor of politics at Queen Mary, University of London, said Cameron had hoped to be remembered for restoring the economy after the 2008 financial crisis and for social reforms such as legalizing same-sex marriage.

"I think gay marriage will still be an important one," Bale said. "But unfortunately I think he's going to be remembered in the history books as the prime minister who took us out of Europe."

UK POOL

FILE: London - 11 May 2010

++4:3++

++DUSK SHOTS++

1. Various of newly elected British Prime Minister David Cameron and his wife Samantha getting out of car and heading to Number 10 Downing Street

2. Wide of Cameron approaching microphone, media all around

3. SOUNDBITE (English) David Cameron, new British Prime Minister

"Her Majesty the Queen has asked me to form a new government, and I have accepted."

4. Cameron and Samantha waving in front of Number 10

AP TELEVISION

London - 14 June 2016

5. Various cutaways of UK Parliament

6. Set up of Tim Bale, Professor of Politics, Queen Mary University of London

7. SOUNDBITE (English) Tim Bale, Professor of Politics, Queen Mary University of London:

"I think when he called the referendum it didn't seem such a big gamble to be honest. I think he thought the way to the economic argument would overcome any of the arguments that the leave campaign might be able to mount against him, but I don't think he bargained on quite how important the immigration argument would be."

UK POOL

London - 6 June 2016

8. Various Cameron campaigning

AP TELEVISION

London - 14 June 2016

9. SOUNDBITE (English) Tim Bale, Professor of Politics, Queen Mary University of London:

"I think if Mr Cameron doesn't win this referendum he is going to go down as the Prime Minister who clearly took us out of Europe, but he's also going to I think lose his job. I think it's going to be very, very difficult for someone who fronted the 'Remain' campaign and said some of the things he said about other politicians and about the disaster that Brexit would be, to carry on as Prime Minister."

10. Cutaway

11. SOUNDBITE (English) Tim Bale, Professor of Politics, Queen Mary University of London:

"I think all Prime Ministers especially when they know they are coming to the end think about their legacy. Mr Cameron would have hoped that his legacy would have been a slow recovery from the awful situation the economy got into before 2010, and perhaps gay marriage - I think gay marriage will still be an important one but I think unfortunately he is going to be remembered in history, and in history books as the Prime Minister who took us out of Europe."

UK POOL

FILE: London - 20 February 2016

12. SOUNDBITE (English) David Cameron, British Prime Minister:

"I have just chaired a meeting of the cabinet in which I updated them on the special status we have secured for Britain and the cabinet agreed that the government's position would be to recommend that Britain remains in a reformed European Union.

UK POOL

FILE: London - 17 May 2016

13. Cameron being greeted on stage

14. SOUNDBITE (English) David Cameron, British Prime Minister:

"Basically there are 3 million jobs in our country that are dependent in some way on trade with the single market. Now I don't argue all those jobs would go but if we were to restrict our trade with the single market clearly they are going to be affected."

AP TELEVISION

London - 14 June 2016

15. Set up of James Hanning, former Deputy Editor of The Independent on Sunday and the co-author of a biography of David Cameron

16. Cutaway of photo in book showing Cameron as a student

17. SOUNDBITE (English) James Hanning, co-author of 'Cameron, Practically a Conservative':

"I think he's actually been pretty stunned by the strength of the leave cause. The golden rule is never hold a referendum unless you're confident of winning it, and I think he thought the moderate voices would prevail by some distance but that's not the way the polls are suggesting it's going to go."

18. Cutaway of book

19. SOUNDBITE (English) James Hanning, co-author of 'Cameron, Practically a Conservative':

"Well I think he has had big shock. A few months ago I imagine he was sitting there thinking well I can leave serenely having won two general elections and three referendums and that's a pretty good record for any Prime Minister. Suddenly things are looking very different. I don't think he's ever wanted to leave the EU, I don't think he's a real Eurosceptic at all although he is claiming to be, and I think if we do leave he will be looking back and thinking we will have left the EU almost by accident and that's a huge mark against him and I think he will find that quite a hard cross to bear."

20. Cutaway of book

21. SOUNDBITE (English) James Hanning, co-author of 'Cameron, Practically a Conservative':

"I think there are a great many people in the Tory party who think this referendum has been a big mistake and while he will legitimately be able to claim some sort of vindication of his choice to hold a referendum (if remain wins) and the issue has been ventilated and presumably it will be off the agenda for a good while in the eyes of at least most of the party, I think a lot of people will be saying ok, he's had his time, that's enough."

UK POOL

FILE: Eastleigh, Hampshire – 23 May 2016

22. British Chancellor George Osborne and British Prime Minister David Cameron approaching lecterns

23. SOUNDBITE (English) David Cameron, British Prime Minister:

"The shock to our economy after leaving Europe would tip the country into recession. This could be for the first time in history a recession brought on ourselves. As I stand here in B&Q, it would be a DIY recession. And it really matters to everyone."

24. Cutaway Cameron and Osborne

LEAD IN

2016 has been a year of upheavals and upsets that some would prefer to forget.

So what can we expect in 2017? Will the year of the rooster change the world pecking order or will it be business as usual?

While analysts are mixed on what lies ahead, one Chinese fortune teller says the world can expect "turmoil".

STORY-LINE

It was a result few people predicted, but one which will play a major role in shaping the year ahead.

Donald Trump's inauguration as the 45th US President will be held on January 20th and it's expected to draw people of all persuasions to Washington whether it's to celebrate or commiserate.

His stunning election win sparked numerous protests, and it's provoked widespread speculation about the impact that some of his controversial campaign promises might have when he takes office in 2017.

Chief U.S. Economist with S&P Global Ratings, Beth Ann Bovino says there's still some uncertainty over what path he will take.

"In terms of the impact of the Trump presidency on growth, you have to keep in mind that right now campaign promises are just what they are, promises, they are not policies. So let's see what happens in terms of how they get through Congress and whether.. and basically what comes out at the end."

If there are no major shocks to the economy, growth is expected to be around 2.5 percent and more interest rate rises are likely, according to Bovino.

"If you look at the job gains now averaging around 180,000 per month for the year to date and the unemployment rate under 5 percent we have a rather strong jobs market, so in terms of pushing the unemployment rate down even further and strengthening the jobs market that might actually result in stronger inflation as well, making the fed likely having to move further," she says.

In light of CIA accusations of Russian hacking, Trump's relations with the Kremlin will come into focus in January.

The Senate Foreign Relations Committee plans to hold an open hearing that will examine possible Russian meddling in November's presidential election.

Political analyst Masha Lipman says there are signs Moscow's relationship with Washington will thaw, but adds that both leaders are not giving much away just yet.

"We used to say that Putin is unpredictable and keeps his intentions and his plans as secret. Now we have at least one more person, who is unpredictable and this is the president of the United States — President-elect at this point, but of course in 2017, he will become the president of the United States. We still know very little about his policies. His appointments leave many shocked and speechless even, shaking heads in disbelief. But what his policies are going to be is an open question."

Lipman says the ongoing civil war in Syria means Trump and President Putin will need to make some tough choices.

Syria has been torn apart by more than five years of war - at the moment both countries support different sides.

Over the border, the Iraqi special forces are still battling the Islamic State group, also known as Daesh.

UK Defence Secretary Michael Fallon says that "Daesh is now failing and controls less than 10 percent of Iraqi territory."

Political Sociology Professor at Future university in Cairo, Saeed Sadek says even if Daesh is eventually defeated, Iraq could still face many challenges.

"The only problem for the Iraqi people is off course they have this ethnic and religion sectarian conflict may continue and erupt here and there from fanatics on both sides corruption and oil prices will also affect the Iraqi economy for 2017," he says.

2017 will also see Britain set the wheels in motion for its exit from the European Union.

Prime Minister Teresa May has set a March deadline to start Brexit and will face 2 years of tense debate as she tries to get the UK the best deals on trade.

German Chancellor Angela Merkel says Britain faces "rough" and "hard" negotiation. But Merkel also faces a fight for her own survival with elections later in the year.

Germany will elect the members of the Bundestag, as the German parliament is called, after the summer in 2017.

Merkel's Christian Democrats are currently in a coalition government with the Social Democrats (SPD).

However, the Global Public Policy Institute (GPPI) in Berlin says there has been a right wing backlash because of her policy welcoming Syrian refugees.

"The AFD (Alternative Fuer Deutschland) party is actually taking away quite a few voters from the Christian Democrats. And it is a very unfortunate thing for Merkel to have a party formed to her right. That indeed is a vital threat to her political ambitions. And next year it will be interesting to see whether we will have a major terrorist attack for example in Germany. That is one of the big uncertainties.

If that happens I think you will see a lot of increase in support for the right-wing populists. Or if we have an unravelling of the refugee situation again with the EU-Turkey pact unravelling on refugees. That could also increase the pressure on Germany and that could also be in a sense a supporting factor for the AFD," says GPPI director Thorsten Benner.

While the West slows, the one jewel in the world economic crown is likely to be India as its growth outperforms the rest of the world.

Veena Jha, an economist and policy analyst, says India's economy is now growing faster than China and the country must seek new markets.

She says Britain could be the biggest loser because Brexit will slow Indian investment in the UK as it looks elsewhere.

"India has to consolidate its trade relationships within Asia. It has to look to Europe, without Britain, for a strong trade relationship. It has to solidify its relationships, particularly, with Germany, Netherlands, and France, which are the largest markets. It has to look to the US for an Indo-US free trade agreement and kind of a strategic partnership which has been talked about but has not been inked."

However there could be hiccups as Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi moves towards a cashless society, promoting digital transactions instead to curb the black market.

However the coins fall, 2017 is the Chinese Year of the Rooster which begins on January 28th. The Rooster is the sign of dawn and awakening, but it also means that triumph can only be achieved at the price of hard work.

Chinese Feng Shui Master and Astrologist Dong Yilin says many countries will face huge challenges with their economies.

"In the year of rooster, the Heavenly Stem (in Yi Qing) is fire and the Earthly Branch is gold and they are struggling with each other. It's like a process of burning gold and beating it into a craftwork. The craftwork is beautiful but it has to go through enormous hardships. Therefore, in the year of 2017, we will see many "turmoils" not only in China but also many other parts of the world like the Europe and the US."

One thing's for certain, a busy 2017 awaits whatever way the compass points.

AP Television

New York - 9 November 2016

1. Various of Trump fans celebrating

2. Wide of Trump and his family

3. Woman celebrating Trump's win

4. Trump and family walking on stage

5. People cheering Trump

6. Trump shaking hands with Mike Pence

Miami - 11 November 2016

7. Various of anti-Trump protests

New York - 1 December 2016

8. SOUNDBITE (English) Beth Ann Bovino, Chief U.S. Economist, S&P Global Ratings:

"In terms of the impact of the Trump presidency on growth, you have to keep in mind that right now campaign promises are just what they are, promises, they are not policies. So let's see what happens in terms of how they get through Congress and whether.. and basically what comes out at the end."

Washington - recent

9. Exterior of US Capitol

New York, US - 13 June 2014

10. New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX) floor

US - Exact date and location unknown

11. Man filling up car at petrol station

New York - 1 December 2016

12. SOUNDBITE (English) Beth Ann Bovino, Chief U.S. Economist, S&P Global Ratings:

"If you look at the job gains now averaging around 180,000 per month for the year to date and the unemployment rate under 5 percent we have a rather strong jobs market, so in terms of actually pushing the unemployment rate down even further and strengthening the jobs market that might actually result in stronger inflation as well, making the fed likely having to move further."

Moscow, Russia — December 15, 2016

13. Various of Kremlin

14. Various of political analyst Masha Lipman looking at computer

15. SOUNDBITE (English) Masha Lipman, political analyst:

"We used to say that Putin is unpredictable and keeps his intentions and his plans as secret. Now we have at least one more person, who is unpredictable and this is the President of the United States - President-elect at this point, but of course in 2017, he will become the President of the United States. We still know very little about his policies. His appointments leave many shocked and speechless even, shaking heads in this belief. But what his policies are going to be is an open question. "

Aleppo, Syria - 15 December 2016

16. Wide of Aleppo outskirts

17. Wide of buses parked near evacuation area

18. Various of United Nations vehicles parked near evacuation centre

Bartella, Iraq - 21 October 2016

19. Various of Bartella, east of Mosul during fight against IS group

20. Various of Iraqi Special Forces

Cairo, Egypt - 13 December 2016

21. Set up of Dr. Saeed Sadek Political Sociology Professor at Future university in Cairo at office

22. SOUNDBITE (English) Saeed Sadek, Political Sociology Professor at Future university in Cairo:

"The only problem for the Iraqi people is of course they have this ethnic and religion sectarian conflict may continue and erupt here and there from fanatics on both sides, corruption and oil prices will also affect the Iraqi economy for 2017."

London, UK - 13 July 2016

23. Various of British flag on parliament

UK Pool

London - 27 June 2016

24. British PM Teresa May ( formerly Home Secretary) arriving at 10 Downing Street

AP Television

Berlin, Germany - 12 July 2016

25. Various of German newspaper headlines about Teresa May

26. Various of German Chancellor Angela Merkel

Berlin - 1 December 2016

27. Various of the German Parliament building (Bundestag)

28. Thorsten Benner, director of the Global Public Policy Institute (GPPi) in Berlin, in his office

29. SOUNDBITE: (English), Thorsten Benner, director of the Global Public Policy Institute (GPPi) in Berlin:

"The AFD (Alternative Fuer Deutschland) is actually taking away quite a few voters from the Christian Democrats. And it is a very unfortunate thing for Merkel to have a party formed to her right. That indeed is a vital threat to her political ambitions. And next year it will be interesting to see whether we will have a major terrorist attack for example in Germany. That is one of the big uncertainties.

If that happens I think you will see a lot of increase in support for the right-wing populists. Or if we have an unravelling of the refugee situation again with the EU-Turkey pact unravelling on refugees. That could also increase the pressure on Germany and that could also be in a sense a supporting factor for the AFD".

Surat, India - 5 December 2016

30. Various of men working in Indian diamond factory

New Delhi, India – 3 December 2016

31. Various of economist Veena Jha in her office

32. SOUNDBITE (English) Veena Jha, Economist:

"India has to consolidate its trade relationships within Asia. It has to look to Europe, without Britain, for a strong trade relationship. It has to solidify its relationships, particularly, with Germany, Netherlands, and France, which are the largest markets. It has to look to the US for an Indo-US free trade agreement and kind of a strategic partnership which has been talked about but has not been inked."

New Delhi, India – 7 November 2016

33. British Prime Minister Theresa May shakes hands with her Indian counterpart Narendra Modi during her official visit to India

Surat, India - 5 December 2016

34. Various street scenes in Surat

Rojama Mayong Village, Assam, India – 18 November 2016

35. A woman waiting to exchange defunct currency bills at a bank

Beijing, China - 30 November 2016

36. Various of Chinese Feng Shui master and astrologist Dong Yilin

37. SOUNDBITE (Mandarin) Dong Yilin, Chinese Feng Shui Master and Astrologist:

"In the year of the rooster, the Heavenly Stem (in Yi Qing) is fire and the Earthly Branch is gold and they are struggling with each other. It's like a process of burning gold and beating it into a craftwork. The craftwork is beautiful but it has to go through enormous hardships. Therefore, in the year of 2017, we will see many "turmoils" not only in China but also many other parts of the world like Europe and the US."

38. Close of compass

UK Labour Party leader Jeremy Corbyn refused to be drawn on the post-referendum political upheaval in Britain as he entered an informal dinner organised by the Party of European Socialists (PES) at the Paris Bourse.

Corbyn has faced increasing pressure from his own parliamentary party to step down since the results of the vote were announced, losing a no confidence vote by a tally of 172-40 on 28 June.

During Thursday's meeting, politicians from the PES group are due to discuss their vision for the way forward following the UK's referendum decision to leave the European Union.

Their two-day meeting will focus on refugees on Friday at a different Paris venue, where Corbyn is expected to deliver a morning address.

UK Labour Party leader Jeremy Corbyn refused to be drawn on the post-referendum political upheaval in Britain as he entered an informal dinner organised by the Party of European Socialists (PES) at the Paris Bourse.

Corbyn has faced increasing pressure from his own parliamentary party to step down since the results of the vote were announced, losing a no confidence vote by a tally of 172-40 on 28 June.

During Thursday's meeting, politicians from the PES group are due to discuss their vision for the way forward following the UK's referendum decision to leave the European Union.

Their two-day meeting will focus on refugees on Friday at a different Paris venue, where Corbyn is expected to deliver a morning address.

Paris - 7 July 2016

1. Politicians from the constituent parties of the Party of European Socialists (PES) entering the Paris Bourse

2. SOUNDBITE (English) Jeremy Corbyn, UK Labour Party leader:

(Question: Jeremy can you give us an update on the moves to try to secure a settlement on the leadership of the party that you lead tonight?)

"The moves that I can report to you are that I am here in Paris, meeting colleagues from the Party of European Socialists to discuss how we maintain a social Europe, how we protect workers' rights across Europe, and how we protect human rights across Europe, whilst recognising the results of the (UK) referendum. Thank you very much." (Corbyn turns around and walks up steps)

3. Paris Bourse exterior

4. Sergei Stanishev, PES leader and former Prime Minister of Bulgaria, standing outside building

5. SOUNDBITE (English) Sergei Stanishev, PES leader and former Prime Minister of Bulgaria:

"The right wing, who was in favour of Brexit, they didn't have any idea what is following and they didn't have any plan for the United Kingdom, so the whole campaign was based on a big lie."

6. Cutaway of sign reading (French) "Bourse Palace. Visitors' entrance."

7. Sign reading (English) "PES Leaders."

8. SOUNDBITE (English) Sergei Stanishev, PES leader and former Prime Minister of Bulgaria:

"We should learn from the messages we received from UK, because it is just a symptom. Too many people are frustrated because of the lack of economic growth, and for the socialist family this is the number one priority. We need more investment, public investment, including creating steady jobs."

9. Various of attendees