Author Thomas Harding is in the process of doing what the descendants of many Holocaust victims would find unimaginable: applying for a German passport.

When Britain voted to leave the European Union in June, the 48-year-old had to make a decision that was never necessary before the referendum - should he request the restoration of German citizenship stripped from his family by the Third Reich? He needed only a few hours to make up his mind.

“This is more than the practical, this is also about something for us, or for me, it's about something spiritual, it's about reconciliation,’’ he said. “It's about acknowledging the truth of the horrors of the past but also about trying to build a better future together, and as a European, that's what I hope to do."

It is one of the complicated realities of the UK’s pending divorce from the EU that many Britons whose ancestors came from other parts of Europe are claiming citizenship in other member states so they can retain ties to the Continent. Inquiries about passports are up at the German, Austrian, French and Polish embassies.

Some want to retain the ability to travel easily from country to country or maintain business ties. Others just want to be part of the European Union.

But for Jews whose families fled Germany to escape Adolf Hitler, the decision means re-examining long-held beliefs about history and the country that once persecuted them.

The children and grandchildren of Jewish refugees are taking advantage of a law that allows the descendants of people persecuted by the Nazis to regain the citizenship that was stripped from them in the 1930s and 1940s. More than 400 Britons have sought information about the law since the June 23 referendum, and German authorities have received at least 100 formal applications, compared with about 20 annually in recent years.

Michael Newman, chief executive of the Association of Jewish Refugees, said Brexit has fuelled interest in German citizenship, but it’s hard to know how many people will actually apply. Jews are now able to consider such a step because Germany has made huge strides in addressing the past, creating a culture of remembrance, he said.

“No amount of blood money or memorials will satisfy or suffice for some people but in terms of addressing its past and owning up to it and looking into things, it's done much that many other countries haven't,’’ said Newman.

Many of those seeking restoration of their citizenship don’t intend to live in Germany, but want the freedom to travel and work in EU nations.

Ben Lewis, a 49-year-old documentary filmmaker, is among those who would like to regain German citizenship.

Lewis, whose film and production company has worked for years on the continent, sees the potential of Brexit as an abomination, particularly the anti-immigrant sentiment that influenced many people to vote to leave.

“I just want to take a firm stance, a documented stance etched in acid on stone, that I object to Brexit," he said.

The decision for many might have been prompted by Brexit, but had been years in the making for some. Harding, for one, has long been coming to terms with his German past, a journey documented in part in his book, “The House by the Lake.’’

The way Harding sees it, Germany is now showing leadership by taking in over a million refugees.

As the result of the EU referendum became clear on the morning of June 24, Harding was on the phone to the German embassy to inquire about citizenship.

It’s logical, he says, for Jews to cling to the EU, which was created to build international links that would make another European war impossible.

“It was much less about saying goodbye to Britain than saying hello to Europe," he said.

London - 5 October 2016

1. Pan down from German and European Union flags to entrance of German Embassy in London

2. Various of flags

3. Mid of author Thomas Harding sitting on grass looking at passport that belonged to his German Jewish grandfather

4. Close of Harding's face

5. Various of passport

6. SOUNDBITE (English) Thomas Harding, author, in the process of applying for restoration of German passport following Brexit vote:

"This is more than the practical, this is also about something for us, or for me, it's about something spiritual, it's about reconciliation. It's about acknowledging the truth of the horrors of the past but also about trying to build a better future together, and as a European, that's what I hope to do."

7. Cutaway passport and photo of Harding's grandparents

8. SOUNDBITE (English) Thomas Harding, author, in the process of applying for restoration of German passport following Brexit vote:

"I think what has happened to me is I have become much more open towards Germany and at the same time following Brexit, I realised that there was going to be a very real loss. It was likely that me and my family would be unable to live and work in 27 countries in Europe and given the fact that I didn't have to give up my British passport, I didn't have to live in Germany by necessity or learn German, show I could speak German, it didn't seem like there was anything to lose and so for me, it was much less about saying goodbye to Britain than saying hello to Europe."

9. Harding flicking through passport

10. Mid of exhibit of Jewish Museum in London

11. Soft focus, yellow star that Jews were forced to wear in Nazi Germany

12. Set up of documentary maker Ben Lewis

13. Close of Lewis looking at museum exhibit

14. SOUNDBITE (English) Ben Lewis, documentary maker, in the process of applying for restoration of German passport following Brexit vote:

"Well, it was immediately after Brexit I thought the restoration of German citizenship was something that I wanted, because before Brexit I was part of the EU anyway. I was a European, I was deeply engaged in German culture from the age of 14 when I first started learning German, and in a way my whole life was orientated around creating links around rebuilding, if you like, as a Jew, links between myself, in Britain and German culture."

15. Cutaway hands

16. SOUNDBITE (English) Ben Lewis, documentary maker, in the process of applying for restoration of German passport following Brexit vote:

"I have many motivations for wanting to get German citizenship. I am thinking a lot about my child, I want him to have the same advantages in life that I had, you know, to be able to play on a European field. I've worked all over Europe in my life. I love Berlin - I could imagine living there. Perhaps that would happen in the future. And I just want to take a firm stance, a documented stance, something etched in acid on stone, that I object to Brexit."

17. Set up shot of Michael Newman, chief executive of the Association of Jewish Refugees

18. Newman typing

19. SOUNDBITE (English) Michael Newman, chief executive of the Association of Jewish Refugees:

"Well I think this is uppermost in the minds of the government that they are not going to walk away from any post Holocaust responsibilities and I think most people would look at what Germany has done since the Second World War in terms of addressing its past, the culture of remembrance, the educational resources, it's committed to teaching about the holocaust and see that what it has done has been leading the way and if you look at issues like restitution, archive, opening archives, documentation centres, even opening and creating museums, they are, they're leading the way in many respects in dealing with their history. It remains of course very subjective because no amount of blood, money or memorials will satisfy or suffice for some people but in terms of addressing its past and owning up to it and looking into things, it's done much that many other countries haven't."

20. Wide of German Embassy entrance for public

21. Close of entrance

22. Sign reading 'Welcome' in German and English

+REPLAY+

UK BREXIT TRAVEL

SOURCE: ASSOCIATED PRESS

RESTRICTIONS: AP Clients Only

LENGTH: 6:20

SHOTLIST:

ASSOCIATED PRESS - AP CLIENTS ONLY

London, UK - 1 February 2019

1. Wide of visitors getting travel advice at stand in front of sign, reading (English): "This is how to holiday"

2. Close of word "Holiday"

3. Wide of Destinations: The Holiday & Travel Show at London's Olympia exhibition centre

4. Close of sign, reading "Europe"

5. Various of Wild Frontiers stand

6. SOUNDBITE (English) Michael Pullman, Marketing Manager, Wild Frontiers:

"Well, from our perspective, the travel industry has proven quite resilient. We've had a really good January just passed and our stand has been really busy today with people wanting to get holiday ideas. We did see initial drop off just after the Brexit referendum result, that was largely due to currency issues, so the pound obviously lost ten percent of its value. As a result, we had to put a lot of our prices up because we price our tours in dollars in a lot of our destinations. So, we saw a bit of a drop off then. But surprisingly, despite all the current chaos, we're seeing people are very interested in travelling to far off places from Uzbekistan to Iran and further afield."

7. Wide of world map at Wild Frontiers stand

8. SOUNDBITE (English) Michael Pullman, Marketing Manager, Wild Frontiers:

"Yes well, I'm not sure whether it's related to the current Brexit issue, but we certainly are seeing areas outside Europe growing in popularity from the Silk Road in the Middle East to Latin America as well. Quite why people are shifting their focus away from Europe and into these areas I'm not quite sure whether it's related or whether it's just (a) trend."

9. Wide of sign, reading (English): "Holidays packed full of experience"

10. Various of Cyprus stand

11. Various of Kirker Holidays stand

12. SOUNDBITE (English) Ted Wake, Managing Director, Kirker Holidays:

"People have seen political changes over the course of time and people will still want to go on a decent holiday to Italy, France, Spain, Morocco, Russia and whatever the challenges are in the short term, they won't compromise their ambitions to have a well-tailored, carefully-planned holiday that involves exactly the right elements that they enjoy on their holidays, whether it's wine tasting, visiting a great museum, having a walking tour in a city. They're not going to forego that because of some short-term anxiety."

13. Wide of stand for holidays to the Balkans

14. Mid of stand for holidays to Europe

15. Mid of Sunvil Holiday stand, Noel Josephides, Chairman of ABTA, in background

16. SOUNDBITE (English) Noel Josephides, Chairman, Association of British Travel Agents (ABTA):

"What the EU has said is that you need at least six months on your passport. Technically, if in fact the passport you're holding now was issued prior to its expiry, you have to add on those months onto the six months period. So, you may find yourself having to need ten months, nine months, fifteen months. So, you have to make sure exactly where you stand by going onto the government website, putting in the details of your passport, and then literally you will be told when you have to renew."

17. Wide of Josephides speaking to show visitor

18. SOUNDBITE (English) Noel Josephides, Chairman, Association of British Travel Agents (ABTA):

"You need to have your pet microchipped as before, so that's nothing new. But then you must visit your vet four months before you travel. You would then need a vaccination against rabies and once you've had the results of that blood test, which usually takes several weeks after the blood test, you then have to wait three months before you can travel."

19. Various of Flight Centre stand

20. SOUNDBITE (English) Noel Josephides, Chairman, Association of British Travel Agents (ABTA):

"Maybe initially, the first few days we'll see difficulties, but after that people will just adjust and the countries will adjust because the last thing they want to do is to put people off going."

21. Various of Guernsey stand

22. Various of Isle of Man stand

23. SOUNDBITE (English) Ranald Caldwell, Chairman, Isle of Man Visit Agency:

"The one certainty we can rely on is that more and more people in the UK are staying at home for a holiday. With Wonga indicating that 93 percent of people in the UK are staying at home for at least one week's holiday a year and that accounts for 13 billion pounds staying within the UK and wider island economy, so as far as we're concerned, we are looking to see a further growth in numbers with people staying at home because of safety and security reasons, but also exchange rate reasons."

24. Various of Airstream mobile home vehicle

25. Mid of sign, reading (English): "Destinations: the holiday and travel show"

26. Tilt up of palm tree

LEADIN:

Britons hoping to holiday in Europe this summer are being warned that if the UK crashes out of the EU without a deal, they may need up to 15 months left on their passport before it expires to enable them to travel.

The Association of British Travel Agents (ABTA) also says pet owners would find it much harder to obtain a pet passport.  

STORYLINE:

As the winter months drag on, many in the UK are dreaming of - and booking up - their next holiday getaway.

Here at London's Olympia, thousands have gathered for some travel inspiration at Destinations: The Holiday & Travel Show. It's the UK's largest and longest running travel event.

But this year, with just under eight weeks to go until the UK is due to leave the EU, uncertainty hangs over when, where and whether to travel.

Michael Pullman is marketing manager for Wild Frontiers, an award-winning company that offers adventure holidays.

He says his company has had a strong start to the year in terms of UK holidaymakers making bookings.

"From our perspective the travel industry has proven quite resilient. We've had a really good January just passed and our stand has been really busy today with people wanting to get holiday ideas."

But there was a decline after June 2016, when the referendum result was initially announced.

"We did see initial drop off just after the Brexit referendum result, that was largely due to currency issues, the pound obviously lost ten percent of its value. As a result we had to put a lot of our prices up because we price our tours in dollars in a lot of our destinations. So we saw a bit of a drop off then. But surprisingly despite all the current chaos we're seeing people are very interested in travelling to far off places from Uzbekistan to Iran and further afield," says Pullman.

Pullman says there's an increase in people from the UK choosing to travel to places further away than Europe, but says it's unclear whether this is related to Brexit.

"I'm not sure whether it's related to current Brexit issue, but we certainly are seeing areas outside Europe growing in popularity from the Silk Road in the Middle East to Latin America as well. Quite why people are shifting their focus away from Europe and into these areas I'm not quite sure whether it's related or whether it's just a trend."

Ted Wake, managing director of Kirker Holidays, that offers luxury short breaks, says he doubts Brexit will be enough to put British people off booking holidays to Europe.

"People have seen political changes over the course of time and people will still want to go on a decent holiday," he says.

"Whatever challenges are in the short term they won't compromise their ambitions to have a well-tailored, carefully planned holiday."

So, if British people are still keen to travel to Europe after March 29 - the date the UK is due to leave the EU - what do they need to know to ensure they don't get caught out at the airport?

The latest Home Office guidance states that UK residents should have at least six months left on their passports from the date of arrival in an EU country.

But there have been suggestions that if the UK crashes out of Europe without a deal, passports many need up to 15 months left on them, potentially leaving millions of UK passports invalid.

Noel Josephides, chairman of the Association of British Travel Agents (ABTA), says people could in fact get caught out, since the expiry date isn't always an accurate reflection of when the passport was issued.

"If in fact the passport you're holding now was issued prior to its expiry you have to add on those months onto the 6 months period. So you may find yourself having to need 10 months, 9 months, 15 months," he explains.

He adds that the safest way to check how long your passport is valid for is to put your details into the government's website.

Josephides says things will become even more complicated for people hoping to take their pets to Europe on a pet passport, should the UK leave the EU without a deal.

But he believes that any potential travel chaos after Brexit will be relatively short lived.

"People will just adjust and the countries will adjust because the last thing they want to do is to put people off going," he says.

Hundreds of tour operators and over 75 tourist boards are attending this year's Destinations travel event, from Europe and beyond, as well as the UK and its surrounding islands.

Ranald Caldwell is chairman of the Isle of Man Visit Agency.

The Isle of Man is an island in the Irish Sea, between Great Britain and Ireland. It's self-governing and not part of the UK or the EU.

Caldwell says given the amount of people in the UK choosing to "staycation" or holiday near their home, the Isle of Man could potentially benefit and become a great post-Brexit option for travellers.

"93 per cent of people in the UK are staying at home for at least a week's holiday a year and that accounts for 13 billion pounds staying within the UK and wider island economy, so as far as we're concerned, we are looking to see a further growth in numbers with people staying at home because of safety and security reasons, but also exchange rate reasons."

"Destinations: The Holiday & Travel Show" ran 31 January - 3 February.

====

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LEAD IN:

Virtual and augmented reality, health technology and mobile tech are taking centre stage at the annual TechCrunch Disrupt startup event in London.

According to a recent report, the British capital remains Europe's biggest tech hub despite the recent 'Leave' EU vote.

Experts say how migration is managed once Britain leaves the 28-nation bloc could be pivotal for the city's future tech scene.

STORY-LINE:

During London's 2012 Olympic Games, the Copper Box Arena hosted fencing duels and handball matches.

Four years on, a completely different type of competition is hotting up.

At TechCrunch Disrupt London, an annual tech conference, fledgling companies are competing for venture capitalists' attention in 'Start-Up Alley' and 'Battlefield' areas.

The 'Startup Battlefield' gives entrants the chance to feverishly pitch their company to a panel of judges. The winning team takes away a prize of 50,000 US dollars.

Virtual reality is a hot tech trend currently, but high-cost headsets mean many are yet to sample premium VR content.

Poland-based RiftCat is aiming to change that.

Its developers created PC technology that allows gamers to play high-quality VR games through simple mobile VR viewers like Google Cardboard.

VRidge - as it's called - is intended to act as a bridge between mobile and PC VR content.

"When you have two branches of virtual reality, the PC VR and mobile VR and they both have their advantages and disadvantages - PC VR is the highest quality, but it's expensive and mobile VR is cheap because you can use your phone and put it, you have only the lenses, but it has not that much capability," explains Marek Antoniuk from RiftCat.

"So, basically we are making a bridge in between these two worlds."

Hot on the heels of virtual reality, augmented reality - or AR - is becoming a popular topic following the global success of smartphone game 'Pokemon Go'.

Liverpool-based SwapBots created an augmented reality game which seemingly brings simple cardboard toys to life.

Users can combine boxes to create different characters, there's a variety of single and multiplayer games for players to explore.

"When you're young yourself, you imagine your toys coming to life," explains Phil Charnock from SwapBots.

"And now you can - I won't say replace your imagination - but you can kind of see your imagination living on the screen.

"You can see the toy itself, starting to move around, see them battle with each other and I think that's an incredible thing to be feeding kids' imaginations like that."

Medtech company xRapid is demonstrating its automated diagnostic smartphone app, designed to diagnose diseases such as malaria and tuberculosis.

Using the smartphone's camera and when connected to a microscope, the app deploys digital imaging and artificial intelligence to analyse smear tests.

It's claimed the technology is particularly useful in remote areas, far from trained doctors or a reliable internet connection.

"We take a blood sample, we use any kind of microscope and with the iPhone app that we developed, we can tell you if you are sick or not, give all the important details to the doctor to give the right diagnostic and the right treatment to patients," explains Charles Van Overmeire from xRapid.

Seoul-based Attocube is demonstrating its smartphone-connected wooden blocks, designed to inspire and educate young minds.

Players are challenged to create various letters, numbers and shapes using cubes decorated with different geometric patterns.

The idea is to boost creativity and problem solving while still giving children screen time.

"We created this cube and children learn the alphabet or numbers or images and create different patterns, and they make more and more creative, and (the) brain strengthens, yeah," explains Johnny Moon from Attocube.

London-based Firef.ly is demonstrating its mobile travel app which combines planning, guides and journals all in one place.

Users can browse guidebooks, add locations to Buck Lists, shoot and embed videos and photos onto a map, and tailor digital postcards for friends and family back home.

The idea is to provide all smartphone-enabled travellers require in one app.

"You look at Facebook, it's great for peeling through somebody's wall, but it's a sporadic hit of a bunch of different things, it doesn't join up the story," explains Chad Cribbins from Firef.ly.

"So, ours is uniquely dedicated to a journal of your travels, that you can peel back through time.

"So, all these lines that we capture, over months and months, even just living in London, becomes an interesting narrative for you to hold onto."

Despite Britain's recent 'Leave' EU vote, London appears to be maintaining its place as Europe's tech capital.

According to the recent 'State of European Tech' report by tech investment firm Atomico, London boasts over 300,000 developers.

French capital Paris came in second with over 134,000 - less than half London's total.

"It still remains, whatever you want to say about Brexit or anything else, London and the UK is still the biggest hub of startup ecosystems in the whole of Europe and that's really not going to change anytime soon," says Mike Butcher from tech website TechCrunch.

Despite that, Butcher says how Britain handles migration once it exits the 28-nation bloc could be pivotal for London's startup scene.

"It's going to be about talent because migration and skilled migration are hugely at the core of startups," he says.

"You know, the two things that affect startups are money and talent, and talent is really going to be affected by Brexit, how people get visas, how people access the UK, and how people are able to hire into the UK.

"Brexit is absolutely the core of this conversation about startups today."

TechCrunch Disrupt London 2016 runs 5-6 December at the Copper Box Arena in London's Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park.

London, UK - 5 December 2016

1. High wide shot of TechCrunch Disrupt London 2016 show floor

2. Wide of booths and attendees

3. Tilt down from 'Startup Battlefield' sign to show floor

4. Various of Marek Antoniuk, RiftCat, demonstrating RiftCat VRidge virtual reality technology

5. SOUNDBITE (English) Marek Antoniuk, RiftCat:

"When you have two branches of virtual reality, the PC VR and mobile VR and they both have their advantages and disadvantages - PC VR is the highest quality, but it's expensive and mobile VR is cheap because you can use your phone and put it, you have only the lenses, but it has not that much capability. So, basically we are making a bridge in between these two worlds."

6. Low shot of attendee removing virtual reality headset

7. Various of Phil Charnock, SwapBots, demonstrating SwapBots augmented reality toys

8. SOUNDBITE (English) Phil Charnock, SwapBots:

"When you're young yourself, you imagine your toys coming to life. And now you can - I won't say replace your imagination - but you can kind of see your imagination actually living on the screen. You can see the toy itself, starting to move around, see them battle with each other and I think that's an incredible thing to be feeding kids' imaginations like that."

9. Pull out from SwapBots toy to tablet showing augmented reality technology

10. Various of Charles Van Overmeire, xRapid, demonstrating xRapid automated diagnostic app with microscope

11. SOUNDBITE (English) Charles Van Overmeire, xRapid:

"We take a blood sample, we use any kind of microscope and with the iPhone app that we developed, we can tell you if you are sick or not, we give all the important details to the doctor to give the right diagnostic and the right treatment to patients."

12. Various of Johnny Moon, Attocube, demonstrating Attocube smartphone-connected wooden block learning game

13. Tilt up of smartphone showing Attocube app and complete letter 'D'

14. Pull out of blocks showing completed letter 'D'

15. SOUNDBITE (English) Johnny Moon, Attocube:

"We created this cube and children learn the alphabet or numbers or images and create different patterns, and they make more and more creative, and (the) brain strengthens, yeah."

16. Various of Chad Cribbins, Firef.ly, demonstrating Firef.ly travel smartphone app

17. SOUNDBITE (English) Chad Cribbins, Firef.ly:

"You look at Facebook, it's great for peeling through somebody's wall, but it's a sporadic hit of a bunch of different things, it doesn't join up the story. So, ours is uniquely dedicated to a journal of your travels, that you can peel back through time. So, all these lines that we capture, over months and months, even just living in London, becomes an interesting narrative for you to hold onto."

18. Wide tilt down to TechCrunch Disrupt London 2016 show floor

19. Wide of sign, reading (English): 'Startup Battlefield'

20. Various of booths and attendees

21. SOUNDBITE (English) Mike Butcher, Editor At Large, TechCrunch:

"It still remains, whatever you want to say about Brexit or anything else, London and the UK is still the biggest hub of startup ecosystems in the whole of Europe and that's really not going to change anytime soon."

22. Various of booths and attendees

23. SOUNDBITE (English) Mike Butcher, Editor At Large, TechCrunch:

"It's going to be about talent because migration and skilled migration are hugely at the core of startups. You know, the two things that affect startups are money and talent, and talent is really going to be affected by Brexit, how people get visas, how people access the UK, and how people are able to hire into the UK. Brexit is absolutely the core of this conversation about startups today."

24. Tilt down to TechCrunch Disrupt London 2016 show floor

25. Close of tank robot toy moving

LEAD IN:

Virtual and augmented reality, health technology and mobile tech are taking centre stage at the annual TechCrunch Disrupt startup event in London.

According to a recent report, the British capital remains Europe's biggest tech hub despite the recent 'Leave' EU vote.

Experts say how migration is managed once Britain leaves the 28-nation bloc could be pivotal for the city's future tech scene.

STORY-LINE:

During London's 2012 Olympic Games, the Copper Box Arena hosted fencing duels and handball matches.

Four years on, a completely different type of competition is hotting up.

At TechCrunch Disrupt London, an annual tech conference, fledgling companies are competing for venture capitalists' attention in 'Start-Up Alley' and 'Battlefield' areas.

The 'Startup Battlefield' gives entrants the chance to feverishly pitch their company to a panel of judges. The winning team takes away a prize of 50,000 US dollars.

Virtual reality is a hot tech trend currently, but high-cost headsets mean many are yet to sample premium VR content.

Poland-based RiftCat is aiming to change that.

Its developers created PC technology that allows gamers to play high-quality VR games through simple mobile VR viewers like Google Cardboard.

VRidge - as it's called - is intended to act as a bridge between mobile and PC VR content.

"When you have two branches of virtual reality, the PC VR and mobile VR and they both have their advantages and disadvantages - PC VR is the highest quality, but it's expensive and mobile VR is cheap because you can use your phone and put it, you have only the lenses, but it has not that much capability," explains Marek Antoniuk from RiftCat.

"So, basically we are making a bridge in between these two worlds."

Hot on the heels of virtual reality, augmented reality - or AR - is becoming a popular topic following the global success of smartphone game 'Pokemon Go'.

Liverpool-based SwapBots created an augmented reality game which seemingly brings simple cardboard toys to life.

Users can combine boxes to create different characters, there's a variety of single and multiplayer games for players to explore.

"When you're young yourself, you imagine your toys coming to life," explains Phil Charnock from SwapBots.

"And now you can - I won't say replace your imagination - but you can kind of see your imagination living on the screen.

"You can see the toy itself, starting to move around, see them battle with each other and I think that's an incredible thing to be feeding kids' imaginations like that."

Medtech company xRapid is demonstrating its automated diagnostic smartphone app, designed to diagnose diseases such as malaria and tuberculosis.

Using the smartphone's camera and when connected to a microscope, the app deploys digital imaging and artificial intelligence to analyse smear tests.

It's claimed the technology is particularly useful in remote areas, far from trained doctors or a reliable internet connection.

"We take a blood sample, we use any kind of microscope and with the iPhone app that we developed, we can tell you if you are sick or not, give all the important details to the doctor to give the right diagnostic and the right treatment to patients," explains Charles Van Overmeire from xRapid.

Seoul-based Attocube is demonstrating its smartphone-connected wooden blocks, designed to inspire and educate young minds.

Players are challenged to create various letters, numbers and shapes using cubes decorated with different geometric patterns.

The idea is to boost creativity and problem solving while still giving children screen time.

"We created this cube and children learn the alphabet or numbers or images and create different patterns, and they make more and more creative, and (the) brain strengthens, yeah," explains Johnny Moon from Attocube.

London-based Firef.ly is demonstrating its mobile travel app which combines planning, guides and journals all in one place.

Users can browse guidebooks, add locations to Buck Lists, shoot and embed videos and photos onto a map, and tailor digital postcards for friends and family back home.

The idea is to provide all smartphone-enabled travellers require in one app.

"You look at Facebook, it's great for peeling through somebody's wall, but it's a sporadic hit of a bunch of different things, it doesn't join up the story," explains Chad Cribbins from Firef.ly.

"So, ours is uniquely dedicated to a journal of your travels, that you can peel back through time.

"So, all these lines that we capture, over months and months, even just living in London, becomes an interesting narrative for you to hold onto."

Despite Britain's recent 'Leave' EU vote, London appears to be maintaining its place as Europe's tech capital.

According to the recent 'State of European Tech' report by tech investment firm Atomico, London boasts over 300,000 developers.

French capital Paris came in second with over 134,000 - less than half London's total.

"It still remains, whatever you want to say about Brexit or anything else, London and the UK is still the biggest hub of startup ecosystems in the whole of Europe and that's really not going to change anytime soon," says Mike Butcher from tech website TechCrunch.

Despite that, Butcher says how Britain handles migration once it exits the 28-nation bloc could be pivotal for London's startup scene.

"It's going to be about talent because migration and skilled migration are hugely at the core of startups," he says.

"You know, the two things that affect startups are money and talent, and talent is really going to be affected by Brexit, how people get visas, how people access the UK, and how people are able to hire into the UK.

"Brexit is absolutely the core of this conversation about startups today."

TechCrunch Disrupt London 2016 runs 5-6 December at the Copper Box Arena in London's Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park.

London, UK - 5 December 2016

1. High wide shot of TechCrunch Disrupt London 2016 show floor

2. Wide of booths and attendees

3. Tilt down from 'Startup Battlefield' sign to show floor

4. Various of Marek Antoniuk, RiftCat, demonstrating RiftCat VRidge virtual reality technology

5. SOUNDBITE (English) Marek Antoniuk, RiftCat:

"When you have two branches of virtual reality, the PC VR and mobile VR and they both have their advantages and disadvantages - PC VR is the highest quality, but it's expensive and mobile VR is cheap because you can use your phone and put it, you have only the lenses, but it has not that much capability. So, basically we are making a bridge in between these two worlds."

6. Low shot of attendee removing virtual reality headset

7. Various of Phil Charnock, SwapBots, demonstrating SwapBots augmented reality toys

8. SOUNDBITE (English) Phil Charnock, SwapBots:

"When you're young yourself, you imagine your toys coming to life. And now you can - I won't say replace your imagination - but you can kind of see your imagination actually living on the screen. You can see the toy itself, starting to move around, see them battle with each other and I think that's an incredible thing to be feeding kids' imaginations like that."

9. Pull out from SwapBots toy to tablet showing augmented reality technology

10. Various of Charles Van Overmeire, xRapid, demonstrating xRapid automated diagnostic app with microscope

11. SOUNDBITE (English) Charles Van Overmeire, xRapid:

"We take a blood sample, we use any kind of microscope and with the iPhone app that we developed, we can tell you if you are sick or not, we give all the important details to the doctor to give the right diagnostic and the right treatment to patients."

12. Various of Johnny Moon, Attocube, demonstrating Attocube smartphone-connected wooden block learning game

13. Tilt up of smartphone showing Attocube app and complete letter 'D'

14. Pull out of blocks showing completed letter 'D'

15. SOUNDBITE (English) Johnny Moon, Attocube:

"We created this cube and children learn the alphabet or numbers or images and create different patterns, and they make more and more creative, and (the) brain strengthens, yeah."

16. Various of Chad Cribbins, Firef.ly, demonstrating Firef.ly travel smartphone app

17. SOUNDBITE (English) Chad Cribbins, Firef.ly:

"You look at Facebook, it's great for peeling through somebody's wall, but it's a sporadic hit of a bunch of different things, it doesn't join up the story. So, ours is uniquely dedicated to a journal of your travels, that you can peel back through time. So, all these lines that we capture, over months and months, even just living in London, becomes an interesting narrative for you to hold onto."

18. Wide tilt down to TechCrunch Disrupt London 2016 show floor

19. Wide of sign, reading (English): 'Startup Battlefield'

20. Various of booths and attendees

21. SOUNDBITE (English) Mike Butcher, Editor At Large, TechCrunch:

"It still remains, whatever you want to say about Brexit or anything else, London and the UK is still the biggest hub of startup ecosystems in the whole of Europe and that's really not going to change anytime soon."

22. Various of booths and attendees

23. SOUNDBITE (English) Mike Butcher, Editor At Large, TechCrunch:

"It's going to be about talent because migration and skilled migration are hugely at the core of startups. You know, the two things that affect startups are money and talent, and talent is really going to be affected by Brexit, how people get visas, how people access the UK, and how people are able to hire into the UK. Brexit is absolutely the core of this conversation about startups today."

24. Tilt down to TechCrunch Disrupt London 2016 show floor

25. Close of tank robot toy moving

LEAD IN:

In a post-Brexit Britain, London is campaigning to promote itself as the open-minded and culturally creative hub it claims to have always been.

The London is Open season aims to show the world the rich culture on offer in the capital.

STORY-LINE:

Things are bubbling away at London's Science Museum.

Late night visitors are being wowed with fantastic science experiments using dry ice.

Amnah Khan from the Science Museum says: "So what we have here is dry ice, which is frozen carbon dioxide - it's the gas that we breathe out but this is in a solid form. And dry ice, unlike normal ice cubes which melt when you take it out of the freezer, dry ice turns straight back into a gas which is why we get this nice smoky effect."

But there's a serious side to the evening's entertainment - the message is London Is Open.

With Britain voting to leave the EU in the recent referendum, some people in the capital have been concerned its multicultural, cosmopolitan image might have been tarnished with the country appearing to be insular to the outside world.

The major cultural organisations of London have banded together to promote London Is Open, to showcase what the capital has to offer.

The Science Museum is hosting the event and Peter Dickinson, head of communications and audience insight, reckons its business as usual, despite the turbulent times.

He says: "This has obviously been an unusual summer but the truth is London is and will be one of the greatest cultural hubs in the world and tonight is just a great illustration of that, you've got representatives from many of the extraordinary cultural organisations around this city and it's the culture that in many ways draws the international visitors to this great city and, beyond that, to this great country of ours."

Jude Kelly is artistic director at the South Bank Centre - a complex of arts venues on London's south bank of the River Thames.

She feels passionately that London shows the world that it isn't raising the drawbridge and that the city remains as creative as ever.

"The world sees London as a place that's about the excitement of ideas and the openness and the welcome for everyone and it's always thought of itself as well as a European city, as well as an international city. I think tonight's event is trying to be absolutely emphatic about the fact that despite Brexit it doesn't actually mean we're trying to bring down the drawbridge, put our arms around each other and close out the outsider - not at all. It's essential that people realise London is one of the most creative cities in the world and that's because we welcome everyone, we listen to everyone, everyone's involved and that is not to change," she says.

London's mayor Sadiq Khan had only been in the job for a short time before the vote to leave the EU.

Khan campaigned to remain and London voted decisively to remain. He is concerned that London could appear insular and is determined to prove to the world otherwise.

He says: "I mean the reality is, I accept that post Brexit an impression may have been created that somehow London is going to stop being open-minded and outward-looking that we're going to become insular. This campaign London is Open is a message that we send loud and clear to the rest of the world that London is going to continue being open-minded and outward-looking. Open for talent, open for innovation, open for business, open for visitors to London, and you know culture is so important to our city, it is the DNA of London, it is the glue that binds our city together so I'm pleased to announce tonight the most exciting cultural package this autumn that London's ever seen."

Planned events include art exhibitions and performances throughout the capital.

London, UK - 17 August, 2016

1. Wide of London Is Open launch evening at the Science Museum

2. Close of man blowing carbon dioxide bubble and it evaporating

3. Various of woman blowing bubbles

4. Close of smoking tube

5. Mid of woman laughing

6. SOUNDBITE (English) Amnah Khan, explainer, Science Museum:

"So what we have here is dry ice, which is frozen carbon dioxide - it's the gas that we breathe out but this is in a solid form. And dry ice, unlike normal ice cubes which melt when you take it out of the freezer, dry ice turns straight back into a gas which is why we get this nice smokey effect."

7. Various set up shots of Peter Dickinson

8. SOUNDBITE (English) Peter Dickinson, head of communications and audience insight, the Science Museum:

"This has obviously been an unusual summer, but the truth is London is and will be one of the greatest cultural hubs in the world and tonight is just a great illustration of that, you've got representatives from many of the extraordinary cultural organisations around this city and it's the culture that in many ways draws international visitors to this great city and, beyond that, to this great country of ours."

9. Mid of woman exchanging carbon dioxide bubble and it bursting

10. Tilt down from golden aeroplane

11. Set up shot of Jude Kelly speaking on stage

12. SOUNDBITE (English) Jude Kelly, artistic director, South Bank Centre:

"The world sees London as a place that is about the excitement of ideas and the openness and the welcome for everyone and it's always thought of itself as well as a European city, as well as an international city. I think tonight's event is trying to be absolutely emphatic about the fact that despite Brexit it doesn't actually mean we're trying to bring down the drawbridge, put our arms around each other and close out the outsider - not at all. It's essential that people realise London is one of the most creative cities in the world and that's because we welcome everyone, we listen to everyone, everyone's involved and that is not to change."

13. Set up shot of Sadiq Khan

14. SOUNDBITE (English) Sadiq Khan, Mayor of London:

"I mean the reality is, I accept that post Brexit an impression may have been created that somehow London is going to stop being open-minded and outward-looking that we're going to become insular. This campaign 'London is Open' is a message that we send loud and clear to the rest of the world that London is going to continue being open-minded and outward-looking. Open for talent, open for innovation, open for business, open for visitors to London, and you know culture is so important to our city, it is the DNA of London, it is the glue that binds our city together so I'm pleased to announce tonight the most exciting cultural package this autumn that London's ever seen."

15. Wide of London is Open event

16. Wide of Pollock board promoting Royal Academy of Arts Abstract Expressionism event

17. Wide of rotating holographic globe

18. Exterior low shot of London's Science Museum

RESTRICTION SUMMARY: AP CLIENTS ONLY

SHOTLIST:

AP TELEVISION - AP CLIENTS ONLY

County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland, close to the border - 26 June, 2016

1. Grazing sheep

2. Sheep grazing

3. Marked sheep

4. Farmer Hugh Maguire driving in car on his farmland, UPSOUND (English): Hugh Maguire, farmer: "And southern Ireland is right over there, it's probably not a quarter mile across."

5. SOUNDBITE (English) Hugh Maguire, farmer:

"Well, I voted to remain, and I thought the result was a disaster for farming especially in Northern Ireland, where we are dependent on 80 per cent of our income from the single farm payment or subsidies. So I honestly think in a few years' time, if we remain the same, there'll be no farming up in this part of Northern Ireland. We should be treated in Northern Ireland the same as the Republic."

6. Maguire closing gate

7. Cow grazing, farm in the background

Belcoo, County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland - 25 June, 2016

8. Bridge leading from Blacklion, Republic of Ireland, to Belcoo, Northern Ireland (UK)

9. Town sign of Belcoo, with speed limit in miles per hour

10. People walking down bridge

Belcoo, Northern Ireland (UK) - 26 June, 2016

11. Businessman Jonathan Balfour paying in supermarket

12. Woman taking newspaper from stand in supermarket

13. Newspaper headline of 'Sunday Times' reading (English) "After Brexit, what now?"

14. Jonathan Balfour and his children Dorothy and Jona leaving supermarket

15. SOUNDBITE (English) Jonathan Balfour, 42, owner of Elite Electronic Systems in Enniskillen, Northern Ireland:

"I am involved in manufacturing, so a lot of our customers are in Europe, and I think it's going to make it more difficult for us to compete in Europe with our competitors, and our cost of goods is more expensive because of this."

Blacklion, Republic of Ireland - 25 June, 2016

16. Bridge leading from Belcoo, UK, to Blacklion, Republic of Ireland, with town sign of Blacklion (in English and Gaelic) and speed limit in kilometres per hour

17. Ireland cup in "The Market House" tourist centre and gift shop

18. Tourist gifts on shelf

19. SOUNDBITE (English) Helena Corcoran, 61, tourist administrator, living in Blacklion for 15 years:

"Because we are so close with Belcoo and Blacklion, we're neighbours, and we're fearful that they will ask us for passports and that this will happen. But really it's the unknown at the moment, so that's the fear."

20. Corcoran talking to colleague Margaret McCauley and Cavan County councillor John Paul Feeley in tourist centre

21. Feeley leaving "The Market House" tourist centre

22. SOUNDBITE (English) John Paul Feeley, Cavan County councillor:

"It's going to increase the cost of doing business between both parts of Ireland, and it's going to have an impact on the over 30-thousand people who commute either north or south of the border to work and to avail of education on a daily basis. It's a very serious situation for us, it's one that we are going to watch and wait, and hope that a solution is found that minimizes the impact of 'Brexit'.''

Newry, Northern Ireland (UK) - 26 June, 2016

23."Brexit" campaign posters for "Leave" and "Remain" in street in town

24. Bridge in town centre

25. Fans from Northern Ireland wearing jerseys of the football team of the Republic of Ireland standing singing outside "Quayside Inn" during Euro 2016 match of Ireland against France

26. Fans wearing jerseys of the football team of the Republic of Ireland singing inside "Quayside Inn" while watching the Euro 2016 match of Ireland against France

27. Waitress pulling a pint of beer

28. Fan watching match, shaking head

29. SOUNDBITE (English) Ian Downey, 46, furniture-maker from Newry:

"It's so close to the border, and when there was a break-up of Ireland, it left us in a bad situation, if you know what I mean. We're in the north but we should really be part of the south."

30. Ian Downey watching the Euro 2016 match of Ireland against France, rooting for Ireland

31. SOUNDBITE (English) Ian Downey, 46, furniture maker from Newry:

"I don't want the border to go back up again because it would create tension here.''

32. Geraldine Merendino outside "Quayside Inn"

33. SOUNDBITE (English) Geraldine Merendino, 48, mother of three from Newry:

"We're not sure yet, I don't even think the politicians know what's going to happen next. They called an EU referendum, I don't think they got the answer they truly wanted, and now everybody's up in arms over it. So, we'll just have to wait and see what happens."

34. Girls walking down street in Newry

35. Various of view from Narrow Water Castle across river to Republic of Ireland

36. Narrow Water Castle near Newry

STORYLINE:

Residents on Ireland's border are trying to imagine what life will be like if Northern Ireland leaves the European Union.

Many now fear that the clock could soon be turned decades back to dark days when the border was a fortified conflict zone.

Northern Ireland farmer Hugh Maguire, like many residents along the United Kingdom's virtually unmarked land border with the Republic of Ireland, faces the risk of financial ruin if Britain proceeds with plans to exit the European Union, whose agricultural subsidies provide most of his income from highland pastures of cows and sheep.

Maguire called last week's referendum verdict, with 52 per cent voting UK-wide to leave the bloc, including 44 per cent in Northern Ireland, "a disaster."

Many now fear that both British and Irish authorities will have no choice but to redeploy customs officers and police to deter immigration and smuggling.

The shock decision to back "Brexit" sent the British pound tumbling against other currencies, including the euro used in the Republic of Ireland.

"A lot of our customers are in Europe, and I think it's going to make it more difficult for us to compete in Europe," said Jonathan Balfour, director of Elite Electronic Systems, a business that employs around 200 in the nearby Northern Ireland town of Enniskillen. The company assembles printed circuit boards and other electronic peripherals but finds its cost for imported materials is rising in tune with the pound's sharp decline.

For the people in Newry, Northern Ireland, it appeared normal to root for the Republic during the Euro 2016. "We're in the north but we should really be part of the south," said Ian Downey, one of the many Northern Irish fans wearing the green jerseys of the Republic of Ireland during Ireland's match against France on Sunday.

"I don't want the border to go back up again because it would create tension here,'' he added.

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The pound suffered one of its biggest one-day falls in history Friday, plummeting more than 10 percent in six hours on concerns that severing ties with the EU will hurt the U.K. economy and undermine London's position as a global financial center.

Authorities including the International Monetary Fund, the U.S. Federal Reserve and the Bank of England had warned Britain's exit would send shivers through a world economy that is only slowly recovering from the global crisis that began in 2008. Now economists will wait to see if their predictions come to pass.

Economists say the U.S. dollar will benefit from a weaker pound, but the worry is the plunge could spread to the euro, further weaking the economies of the European Union.

A weaker pound means that the cots of goods will be cheaper, allowing for an influx of U.S. dollars in the form orf tourism.

For British tourists in New York City, the reverse is happening. The overnight plunge made breakfast for Brexit supporters Jayne and Peter Waller more expensive. "So what. So What," said Jayne Weller.

The pound suffered one of its biggest one-day falls in history Friday, plummeting more than 10 percent in six hours on concerns that severing ties with the EU will hurt the U.K. economy and undermine London's position as a global financial center.

Authorities including the International Monetary Fund, the U.S. Federal Reserve and the Bank of England had warned Britain's exit would send shivers through a world economy that is only slowly recovering from the global crisis that began in 2008. Now economists will wait to see if their predictions come to pass.

Economists say the U.S. dollar will benefit from a weaker pound, but the worry is the plunge could spread to the euro, further weaking the economies of the European Union.

A weaker pound means that the cots of goods will be cheaper, allowing for an influx of U.S. dollars in the form orf tourism.

For British tourists in New York City, the reverse is happening. The overnight plunge made breakfast for Brexit supporters Jayne and Peter Waller more expensive. "So what. So What," said Jayne Weller.

AP TELEVISION

NEW YORK - June 24, 2016

1. Wide, Nasdaq exchange

2. Wide Times Square

3. SOUNDBITE (English) Beth-Ann Bovino, U.S. Chief Economist, Standard & Poor's:

"The drop in the pound against the dollar is huge, I believe it is a 30 year low. It's a huge impact on an already very strong dollar. And indeed you didn't just see it in the pound, I suppose, because possible worries that this Brexit vote could spread to other countries, you saw the euro get week as well."

4. News ticker announcing Brexit news

5. SOUNDBITE (English) Alan Valdes, senior partner, Silverbear Capital:

"From our standpoint the positives are, you know what? It's a great place to go on vacation, you're going to get a lot for your dollar, that's for sure. But the negatives for the average Britain, it's going to be tough. They could go back into recession. They were having trouble anyway. The same with the EU, their economies were weak. This is only going to weaken them a little more in the short term."

6. British tourists in Times Square

7. SOUNDBITE (English) Peter Waller, visiting from Yorkshire, England.

"We just used the credit card for breakfast this morning and I don't really know how much it cost. I know how much it cost in dollars but with the conversion rate to sterling I don't know what that will be."

Reporter: "It's going to be sticker shock when you get home."

Waller: "Probably, yeah."

8. Times Square

9. SOUNDBITE (English) Jayne Waller, Yorkshire, England.

Reporter: "Is this going to make you your trip more expensive?"

Waller: "It might do, but so what. So what."

10. Wide, Nasdaq exchange in Times Square

With the campaign for Britain's referendum on whether to stay in or leave the European Union in its final stages, and the poll date fast approaching, European citizens expressed their views on what the implications for the rest of the Europe would be, should Britain choose an exit from the 28-nation economic bloc.

Some are concerned at the prospect of the bloc having to move on with one member less and fear the vote to leave could lead to the demise of the union itself.

Rome resident Walter Simonato said a "pretty important piece" of the EU would be lost, if Britain decides to leave.

"It will cause troubles to everyone remaining in the European Union," Simonato said.

Mojca Gaetz, a tourist guide from Slovenia who has lived in Vienna, Austria for 25 years argued that staying in the EU is "about solidarity".

She said she sees Britain's membership in the EU as a "decisive role" that can determine the future of the Union.

"I think they should better stay in the EU, because I think the EU is very sensitive at the moment, it has big problems," Gaetz said.

Her opinion is shared in Athens, Greece by a 58-year-old doctor, Alexandros Tzeferakos.

"For the rest of us Europeans, the presence of Britain in the EU is a strong pylon of support to the European construct," he said.

Rome resident Salvatore Feriani, however, believes Britain would be better off outside the EU and said that Italy should consider leaving the bloc.

"My opinion is that if you are in Europe you have to be under Germany so, it is not useful being part of it."

In the German capital Berlin, there was both ambivalence to the UK leaving and the opinion that it should stay in the grouping.

A 53-year-old portfolio manager from Oslo, Norway said whether Britain leaves or stays does not make a big difference to the economy.

"Being the second biggest economy of Europe, the European community will have to integrate the UK anyway."

Toma, a 66-year-old pensioner from Galati in Romania expressed his concern over the possible loss of jobs.

"There are many Romanian citizens that work in Great Britain and of course their income that would have been sent to our country would have to suffer," Toma said.

Romania joined the EU in 2007 but its citizens gained the right to work without restrictions across the European Union in 2014.

Transitional controls were imposed by some member states on nationals of the two poorest countries in the bloc, Romania and Bulgaria, limiting their rights to work and claim benefits for the first seven years of their membership in the EU.

Britain goes to the polls on 23 June to decide whether to leave or stay in the European Union.

With the campaign for Britain's referendum on whether to stay in or leave the European Union in its final stages, and the poll date fast approaching, European citizens expressed their views on what the implications for the rest of the Europe would be, should Britain choose an exit from the 28-nation economic bloc.

Some are concerned at the prospect of the bloc having to move on with one member less and fear the vote to leave could lead to the demise of the union itself.

Rome resident Walter Simonato said a "pretty important piece" of the EU would be lost, if Britain decides to leave.

"It will cause troubles to everyone remaining in the European Union," Simonato said.

Mojca Gaetz, a tourist guide from Slovenia who has lived in Vienna, Austria for 25 years argued that staying in the EU is "about solidarity".

She said she sees Britain's membership in the EU as a "decisive role" that can determine the future of the Union.

"I think they should better stay in the EU, because I think the EU is very sensitive at the moment, it has big problems," Gaetz said.

Her opinion is shared in Athens, Greece by a 58-year-old doctor, Alexandros Tzeferakos.

"For the rest of us Europeans, the presence of Britain in the EU is a strong pylon of support to the European construct," he said.

Rome resident Salvatore Feriani, however, believes Britain would be better off outside the EU and said that Italy should consider leaving the bloc.

"My opinion is that if you are in Europe you have to be under Germany so, it is not useful being part of it."

In the German capital Berlin, there was both ambivalence to the UK leaving and the opinion that it should stay in the grouping.

A 53-year-old portfolio manager from Oslo, Norway said whether Britain leaves or stays does not make a big difference to the economy.

"Being the second biggest economy of Europe, the European community will have to integrate the UK anyway."

Toma, a 66-year-old pensioner from Galati in Romania expressed his concern over the possible loss of jobs.

"There are many Romanian citizens that work in Great Britain and of course their income that would have been sent to our country would have to suffer," Toma said.

Romania joined the EU in 2007 but its citizens gained the right to work without restrictions across the European Union in 2014.

Transitional controls were imposed by some member states on nationals of the two poorest countries in the bloc, Romania and Bulgaria, limiting their rights to work and claim benefits for the first seven years of their membership in the EU.

Britain goes to the polls on 23 June to decide whether to leave or stay in the European Union.

Rome, Italy - 14 June 2016

1. Wide of Coliseum

2. SOUNDBITE (Italian) Vox pop - Antonietta Fornasiero, Rome resident:

"Certainly they (the Brits) are very convinced of their chances (to do well without the EU) and therefore in my opinion they will exit, but then there is the question of the economy. After all, there are a lot of countries in the rest of Europe so we will make it, while their economy could be affected a lot."

3. Mid of a couple walking

4. SOUNDBITE (Italian) Vox pop - Walter Simonato, Rome resident:

"It's a choice that belongs to each population, each country, I mean we are in a democracy. However, this (Brexit) will cause troubles to everyone remaining in the European Union and that makes sense because we'll lose a pretty important piece (of the EU)."

5. Mid of tourists in front of the Coliseum

6. SOUNDBITE (Italian) Vox pop - Salvatore Feriani, Rome resident:

"Why do they have to be under Germany when actually their economy could be leading Europe and make them grow as a country, as a nation. My opinion is that if you are in Europe you have to be under Germany so, it is not useful being part of it. Besides, we should also exit."

7. Exterior wide of John Cabot University of Rome

8. Wide of Franco Pavoncello, Professor of Political Science, President of John Cabot University walking

9. SOUNDBITE (English) Franco Pavoncello, Professor of Political Science, President of John Cabot University:

"Italians are starting to look at this with quite some worry, they are perplexed by the possibility of Britain moving out, there is always been an affinity between Italy and Britain also in terms of European discussions and I think there is a lot of concern also for what could happen to the euro, what could happen to the future of the union if Britain were to move out."

10. Wide of Coliseum

Vienna, Austria - 14 June 2016

11. Vienna opera house, people walking past

12. Sculpture of fountain in front of the opera house

13. People walking on street

14. SOUNDBITE (German) Vox pop - Mojca Gaetz, Vienna resident:

"I think they should better stay in the EU, because I think the EU is very sensitive at the moment, it has big problems. This is also about solidarity. I think whether they stay or not plays a decisive role. In my opinion the future doesn't look very positive. I have the feeling that the European Union is going to fall apart anyway at some point."

15. Newspaper cover with headline reading (German) "When die British leave"

16. Magazine cover reading (German): "Please don't go!"

17. SOUNDBITE (German) Vox pop - Erwin Kostolanski, Vienna resident:

"Actually I don't care at all."

18. Vienna Opera House

19. SOUNDBITE (German) Vox pop - Isolde Wetzer, Vienna resident:

"I would advise the British to stay. Otherwise all the work that was done during the past decade - well actually decades - would have been for nothing."

20. Various of Saint Stephen's cathedral

Oslo, Norway - 14 June 2016

21. People sunbathing in front of the Norwegian parliament

22. Norwegian flag

23. SOUNDBITE (English) Vox pop - Thomas Svendsen, 25-year-old teacher:

"I feel a bit sad about it. I think that Britain should stay, both for its own sake, but also for the sake of preserving the union."

24. Various of Karl Johans gate street in Oslo with the Royal Palace in background

25. Equestrian statute of King Charles III John

26. SOUNDBITE (English) Vox pop - Tore Vaeret, 53 year-old portfolio manager:

"I don't think it will make that big a difference because being the second biggest economy of Europe, the European community will have to integrate the UK anyway."

27. Various of fountain in central Oslo

Athens, Greece - 15 June 2016

28. Medium of the Parthenon

29. Wide of tourists with Acropolis on the background

30. SOUNDIBITE (Greek) Vox pop - Alexandros Tzeferakos, 58, doctor:

"(The Brexit referendum) Yes it is of concern to us (Greeks). But it is foremost a European problem and an internal matter for the British which, as people are smart, they are capable and are well informed about all European affairs and I think they have not only the knowledge but also the capability to judge what was beneficial and what was not beneficial from Europe. But for the rest of us Europeans the presence of Britain (in the EU) is a strong pylon of support to the European construct."

31. Close up of Hadrians Arch

32. Wide of street with cars passing in front of Hadrians Arch

Bucharest, Romania - 15 June 2016

33. Various of Romanian Atheneum Music hall in central Bucharest on Victoria avenue

34. SOUNDBITE (Romanian) Vox pop - Toma (no last name) 66 year-old pensioner from Galati:

"I'd say this will not be a good thing. I mean this would affect all the other countries in the Union. Both financially and regarding jobs."

35. Cutaway statue in Revolution Square central Bucharest

36. SOUNDBITE (Romanian) Vox pop - Toma (no last name) 66 year-old pensioner from Galati

"Because there are many Romanian citizens that work in Great Britain and of course their income that would have been sent to our country would have to suffer."

37. Various of Romanian Houses of the Parliament on Unirii avenue in central Bucharest

Berlin - 16 June 2016

38. Pariser Platz and Brandenburg Gate

39. Tourists at Pariser Platz

40. SOUNDBITE (German) Vox pop - Andreas Sasse ,57, Potsdam resident:

"If the British think that it is in their favour to leave the European Union then they have to take that road."

41. Pariser Platz with Brandenburg Gate

42. Horse and carriage

43. SOUNDBITE (German) Bernd Leitenberger, 48, Frankfurt area resident:

"I'm not in support of a Brexit. I think it would be better if the UK remains in the EU."

44. Pariser Platz and Brandenburg Gate

The Houses of Parliament - an iconic London site that attracts visitors from all over the world.

Tourism is now worth 22.1 billion pounds (32 billion US dollars) annually to the UK, according to Visit Britain, Britain's national tourism agency.

Visit Britain also said that last year there were 36.1 million tourist visits, with 67 percent from the European Union.

On 23 June, the UK will vote in a referendum whether to stay in or out of the EU and many in the tourist industry are concerned that a possible leave vote will jeopardise the European holiday market.

One of those is Kyle Haughton, managing director of City Cruises.

His cruise ships carry 6 million passengers a year - in the height of summer 60 percent are from abroad, the majority from the EU.

Of the 240 staff that he employs, 50 percent are from outside the UK, mostly from the EU.

"Any change or decline in passengers coming into the country is going to affect our business quite lot and there are reports that people in Germany, Italy and France are less likely to come to the UK if we leave the EU than if we stay."

His fears are backed up by UK Inbound, which represents 360 tourist businesses.

Deidre Wells, chief executive of UKinbound has called leaving the EU "economic suicide."

"Why would you remove yourself from a market that provides two thirds of our business for our members," she said.

Tourists had mixed views about a UK "brexit".

Marco Ghiribelli, an Italian tourist, said he thought the UK would be economically better outside.

"It's not economically convenient for the UK to stay in the EU. Brexit makes sense economically as the UK economy is stronger than most of the EU countries."

Others such as Babette Pascalev, a tourist from Germany, said: "I think it is hard now because the idea is to get Europe together not apart."

But others say a Brexit would not make any difference to the tourism business.

They say nothing will change.

Alexander Goransson, travel analyst at Euromonitor International believes the expected drop in sterling following a brexit vote would attract tourists due to an increased spending power.

"In the short term I would expect to see a depreciation of the pound which will have both a positive and negative impact on tourism. UK tourists would be less likely to travel abroad and stay at home, whereas on the other hand the UK would actually become a more attractive destination for inbound tourists as prices would be relatively cheaper."

But most people in the tourist industry are hoping for a remain vote on June 23.

The Houses of Parliament - an iconic London site that attracts visitors from all over the world.

Tourism is now worth 22.1 billion pounds (32 billion US dollars) annually to the UK, according to Visit Britain, Britain's national tourism agency.

Visit Britain also said that last year there were 36.1 million tourist visits, with 67 percent from the European Union.

On 23 June, the UK will vote in a referendum whether to stay in or out of the EU and many in the tourist industry are concerned that a possible leave vote will jeopardise the European holiday market.

One of those is Kyle Haughton, managing director of City Cruises.

His cruise ships carry 6 million passengers a year - in the height of summer 60 percent are from abroad, the majority from the EU.

Of the 240 staff that he employs, 50 percent are from outside the UK, mostly from the EU.

"Any change or decline in passengers coming into the country is going to affect our business quite lot and there are reports that people in Germany, Italy and France are less likely to come to the UK if we leave the EU than if we stay."

His fears are backed up by UK Inbound, which represents 360 tourist businesses.

Deidre Wells, chief executive of UKinbound has called leaving the EU "economic suicide."

"Why would you remove yourself from a market that provides two thirds of our business for our members," she said.

Tourists had mixed views about a UK "brexit".

Marco Ghiribelli, an Italian tourist, said he thought the UK would be economically better outside.

"It's not economically convenient for the UK to stay in the EU. Brexit makes sense economically as the UK economy is stronger than most of the EU countries."

Others such as Babette Pascalev, a tourist from Germany, said: "I think it is hard now because the idea is to get Europe together not apart."

But others say a Brexit would not make any difference to the tourism business.

They say nothing will change.

Alexander Goransson, travel analyst at Euromonitor International believes the expected drop in sterling following a brexit vote would attract tourists due to an increased spending power.

"In the short term I would expect to see a depreciation of the pound which will have both a positive and negative impact on tourism. UK tourists would be less likely to travel abroad and stay at home, whereas on the other hand the UK would actually become a more attractive destination for inbound tourists as prices would be relatively cheaper."

But most people in the tourist industry are hoping for a remain vote on June 23.

London - 2 June 2016

1. Houses of Parliament seen from a river cruise boat

2. Woman taking picture of the Houses of Parliament

3. The London Eye seen from a river cruise boat

4. Part of the London Eye

5. Woman taking photo

6. People on board the river cruise boat

7. St Paul's Cathedral and other buildings

8. River cruise boat approaching Tower Bridge

9. Set up of Kyle Haughton, managing director of City Cruises

10. SOUNDBITE (English) Kyle Haughton, managing director of City Cruises:

"At City Cruises we carry 4 million passengers a year and over half of them come from overseas, the majority of which coming from EU countries, so any change or decline in passengers coming into the country is going to affect our business quite lot and there are reports that people in Germany, Italy and France are less likely to come to the UK if we leave the EU than if we stay."

London - 1 June 2016

11. Various of Deidre Wells, chief executive of UKinbound, at her desk

12. SOUNDBITE (English) Deidre Wells, chief executive of UKinbound:

"I've described it as economic suicide in the past. Why would you deliberately remove yourself from a market that provides two thirds of our business for our members."

London - 2 June 2016

13. People on board the river cruise boat with the Shard in the background

14. Set up of French tourist Kahina Berroua

15. SOUNDBITE (French) Kahina Berroua, French tourist:

"I will be sad. The UK has a lot of power in Europe so it won't be the same."

16. Various of tourists inside the river cruise boat

17. Set up of Marco Ghiribelli, Italian tourist

18. SOUNDBITE (Italian) Marco Ghiribelli, Italian tourist:

"It's not economically convenient for the UK to stay in the EU. Brexit makes sense economically as the UK economy is stronger than most of the EU countries."

19. SOUNDBITE (German) Babette Pascalev, tourist from Germany:

"I think it is hard now because the idea is to get Europe together not apart."

20. Houses of Parliament with open top tourist bus driving past

21. Union Jack flag on top of the Houses of Parliament

22. People on open top bus driving past the Houses of Parliament

23. People on bus

24. People on bus driving past flags

25. Various of Alexander Goransson, travel analyst at Euromonitor International, on laptop

26. SOUNDBITE Alexander Goransson, travel analyst at Euromonitor International:

"In the short term I would expect to see a depreciation of the pound which will have both a positive and negative impact on tourism. UK tourists would be less likely to travel abroad and stay at home, whereas on the other hand the UK would actually become a more attractive destination for inbound tourists as prices would be relatively cheaper."

27. People on open top bus

28. View of London black cabs and Union Jack flags

Fears of "Brexit" are stark among the inhabitants of Blacklion in the Republic of Ireland and Belcoo in Northern Ireland, UK - two border villages that could be further separated if the United Kingdom opts to leave the European Union.

Only a gurgling stream separates the two villages, but Ireland's soft border could become a hard fact of life again if the United Kingdom leaves the European Union, the sovereignty-sharing bloc that has done much to blur the 95-year-old boundary.

Should a majority of British voters reject continued EU membership in the UK's June 23 referendum, Northern Ireland's nearly 500-kilometre (310-mile) frontier with the Irish Republic would become the only British land border with the 27-nation EU.

The closely intertwined residents of Belcoo in Northern Ireland and Blacklion barely 200 metres (218 yards) away in the republic would find themselves again in two diverging lands.

While some view that prospect as an opportunity, many more express dread at the thought.

Farmer Hugh Maguire, 60, whose Blacklion home rests barely inside the republic but whose nearby farm of sheep, cattle and hens lies in Northern Ireland, said he could not survive without EU subsidies.

Both communities are heavily dependent on EU funding. Agriculture is the top employer, and farms receive 329 euros (365 US dollars) per hectare of land from the EU's Single Farm Payment subsidy scheme in place since 2003, an annual payment exceeding 80,000 euros (90,000 US dollars) for Maguire's 241-hectare farm.

Few Northern Ireland farmers are confident that the British government, long a critic of EU farm subsidies, would maintain anything close to that level of state support.

Maguire estimates that EU payments provide two-thirds of his income while most of the rest requires open market access to livestock marts in the republic, where prices for spring lamb are stronger.

Behind the bar in 'Jack's Bar' in Belcoo in Northern Ireland, owner Paul Leonard and his son Stephen look likely to cancel each other's votes. The son favors staying in the EU, while the father is eyeing the exit.

Fears of "Brexit" are stark among the inhabitants of Blacklion in the Republic of Ireland and Belcoo in Northern Ireland, UK - two border villages that could be further separated if the United Kingdom opts to leave the European Union.

Only a gurgling stream separates the two villages, but Ireland's soft border could become a hard fact of life again if the United Kingdom leaves the European Union, the sovereignty-sharing bloc that has done much to blur the 95-year-old boundary.

Should a majority of British voters reject continued EU membership in the UK's June 23 referendum, Northern Ireland's nearly 500-kilometre (310-mile) frontier with the Irish Republic would become the only British land border with the 27-nation EU.

The closely intertwined residents of Belcoo in Northern Ireland and Blacklion barely 200 metres (218 yards) away in the republic would find themselves again in two diverging lands.

While some view that prospect as an opportunity, many more express dread at the thought.

Farmer Hugh Maguire, 60, whose Blacklion home rests barely inside the republic but whose nearby farm of sheep, cattle and hens lies in Northern Ireland, said he could not survive without EU subsidies.

Both communities are heavily dependent on EU funding. Agriculture is the top employer, and farms receive 329 euros (365 US dollars) per hectare of land from the EU's Single Farm Payment subsidy scheme in place since 2003, an annual payment exceeding 80,000 euros (90,000 US dollars) for Maguire's 241-hectare farm.

Few Northern Ireland farmers are confident that the British government, long a critic of EU farm subsidies, would maintain anything close to that level of state support.

Maguire estimates that EU payments provide two-thirds of his income while most of the rest requires open market access to livestock marts in the republic, where prices for spring lamb are stronger.

Behind the bar in 'Jack's Bar' in Belcoo in Northern Ireland, owner Paul Leonard and his son Stephen look likely to cancel each other's votes. The son favors staying in the EU, while the father is eyeing the exit.

AP TELEVISION

Blacklion, Republic of Ireland - 24 May 2016

1. Farmer Hugh Maguire with a calf and cows on pasture

2. Close of calf

3. Sheep running on pasture

4. Maguire, pointing to horizon UPSOUND (English): "Right around the borderline of the mountain, right the way on, you can see parts of Southern Ireland."

5. Sheep grazing

6. SOUNDBITE (English) Hugh Maguire, farmer:

"Probably 70 percent of my income is off it, 65 to 70 percent is from the EU (European Union). We couldn't survive only for the subsidies. There is no way we could survive, especially on this land that we're farming."

7. Maguire leaving farm through gate

AP TELEVISION

Belcoo, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom (UK) - 24 May 2016

8. Bridge leading from Belcoo, Northern Ireland (UK) to Blacklion, Republic of Ireland, with sign reading (English and Gaelic) "Welcome to County Cavan"

9. Close of sign reading (English and Gaelic) "Blacklion" with speed limit in kilometres per hour

10. Bridge connecting Belcoo, Northern Ireland (UK) and Blacklion, Republic of Ireland

AP TELEVISION

Blacklion, Republic of Ireland - 24 May 2016

11. Sign of "The Market House" tourist centre and gift shop

12. Tourist administrator Helena Corcoran talking to colleague in tourist centre

13. Leprechaun puppets for sale in tourist centre

14. SOUNDBITE (English) Helena Corcoran, tourist administrator and local resident:

"We've had so much tragedy and grief along the border area, that I just feel and hope that they will stay in. My fear is, I suppose, that this border will appear and will make everyday life difficult for everybody basically, because this is the main road from North to South, from Sligo, and we get a lot of traffic, a lot of tourists, and we've already suffered enough in this area, so we don't need to suffer anymore."

15. Mug for sale with images of Ireland and reading (English) "Greetings from Ireland"

AP TELEVISION

Blacklion, Republic of Ireland - 25 May 2016

16. Top shot of bridge connecting Blacklion, Republic of Ireland and Belcoo, Northern Ireland (UK)

17. SOUNDBITE (English) John Paul Feeley, Cavan County councilman:

"Europe, and the structural funding and the peace funding have been hugely important in terms of giving areas like this the leg-up that they need to reach or to get into step with the rest of the country and progress economically."

AP TELEVISION

Belcoo, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom (UK) - 25 May 2016

18. Sign reading (English) Belcoo, with speed limit in miles per hour

19. Bartender Stephen Leonard carrying board out of pub "Jack's Bar"

20. Stephen Leonard serving guests inside pub

21. SOUNDBITE (English) Stephen Leonard, bartender:

"Behind the bar you hear both sides of the story, and you hear now a lot of things like there'll be borders back up, the police will be back out stopping and just all stuff like that, and I've never witnessed it, and I wouldn't like to witness it from what you've heard years ago."

22. Stephen Leonard talking to his father Paul Leonard

23. SOUNDBITE (English) Paul Leonard, self-employed pub owner:

"It probably would possibly enhance the economy again, maybe we'd be freer to be able to do things without the regulation of Europe, you know, so it would. At the end of the day, before the UK market ever went down to the EU, they have always had a very strong economy, they were always well able to survive. They have an identity of their own."

24. Paul Leonard pouring beer and handing glass to his son UPSOUND (English): "Hey Stephen, that's for you."

25. Stephen Leonard drinking beer in pub

26. Pan from river to bridge between Blacklion, Republic of Ireland and Belcoo, Northern Ireland (UK)

It's been 25 years since the Penallta Colliery fell silent: the river once black with soot is now green and nature has taken back its place in this valley in South Wales.

Eddie Cullen grew-up here in a family of miners and remembers the decline of the town and the sorrow at seeing the heart of his community torn away.

"Everyone was frightened when the pit shut," he says.

With dire poverty and high unemployment rates, South Wales has benefited from generous grants and financing schemes from the European Union to rejuvenate the area's economy.

Yet on 23 June - the day of the UK referendum - the region voted massively to leave the EU.

The modern highway connecting Brynmawr with other former coal-mining towns in the Valleys region of South Wales was partly funded by the European Union, replacing a three-lane road known for its many deadly accidents.

In Abbw Vale, where 62 percent voted out, EU funds have also been used to improve railway lines, open museums, schools and training centres built where the steel works once stood.

Paul Thomas, who voted 'remain', worries Brexit could jeopardise these achievements.

"There was going to be more development but we don't know what's going to happen now," he says.

But back in the old city centre retired truck driver John Thompson doesn't agree, saying that "there's been no benefit to this area at all"

"Leave" campaigners say many of the EU projects are gimmicky and haven't led to any tangible improvements for people.

Also, they consider the EU money as British money to begin with, since overall Britain contributes more money than it gets back from the EU.

Welsh Conservative leader Andrew RT Davies, was one politician to go against the party's UK leader, Prime Minister David Cameron, and vote for Britain to quit the EU

Davies used the metaphor of an out-of-control car to describe the EU, saying that people used the referendum to effectively say "I want to get out, the way this car is driven, we're going to hit a brick wall."

But for one Welsh company, Brexit was the brick wall.

In Pontypridd, a town climbing up misty hillsides north of Cardiff, Jenny Hughes said her education consultancy firm lost three potential contracts the day after the referendum as European partners pulled out.

Even though Wales receives hundreds of millions of pounds annually in EU funding, more than half of the Welsh electorate voted for Britain to leave the EU.

Puzzling many analysts, the "leave" vote was strongest in deprived post-industrial areas that have arguably benefited the most from EU support.

"Wales might have shot itself in the foot," says Ed Poole, lecturer in politics at Cardiff University, explaining that Wales has been one of the biggest net beneficiaries of being in the European Union.

A study he co-authored before the vote estimated that Wales receives a net annual benefit of 245 million (British) pounds (327 million US dollars) from the EU budget, or about 79 pounds (105 US dollars) per head.

That compares with a net contribution of 151 pounds (201 US dollars) per head for all of the United Kingdom.

It's possible, Poole says, that some voters didn't fully understand the role of EU funds in supporting their communities - or chose to ignore it.

It's been 25 years since the Penallta Colliery fell silent: the river once black with soot is now green and nature has taken back its place in this valley in South Wales.

Eddie Cullen grew-up here in a family of miners and remembers the decline of the town and the sorrow at seeing the heart of his community torn away.

"Everyone was frightened when the pit shut," he says.

With dire poverty and high unemployment rates, South Wales has benefited from generous grants and financing schemes from the European Union to rejuvenate the area's economy.

Yet on 23 June - the day of the UK referendum - the region voted massively to leave the EU.

The modern highway connecting Brynmawr with other former coal-mining towns in the Valleys region of South Wales was partly funded by the European Union, replacing a three-lane road known for its many deadly accidents.

In Abbw Vale, where 62 percent voted out, EU funds have also been used to improve railway lines, open museums, schools and training centres built where the steel works once stood.

Paul Thomas, who voted 'remain', worries Brexit could jeopardise these achievements.

"There was going to be more development but we don't know what's going to happen now," he says.

But back in the old city centre retired truck driver John Thompson doesn't agree, saying that "there's been no benefit to this area at all"

"Leave" campaigners say many of the EU projects are gimmicky and haven't led to any tangible improvements for people.

Also, they consider the EU money as British money to begin with, since overall Britain contributes more money than it gets back from the EU.

Welsh Conservative leader Andrew RT Davies, was one politician to go against the party's UK leader, Prime Minister David Cameron, and vote for Britain to quit the EU

Davies used the metaphor of an out-of-control car to describe the EU, saying that people used the referendum to effectively say "I want to get out, the way this car is driven, we're going to hit a brick wall."

But for one Welsh company, Brexit was the brick wall.

In Pontypridd, a town climbing up misty hillsides north of Cardiff, Jenny Hughes said her education consultancy firm lost three potential contracts the day after the referendum as European partners pulled out.

Even though Wales receives hundreds of millions of pounds annually in EU funding, more than half of the Welsh electorate voted for Britain to leave the EU.

Puzzling many analysts, the "leave" vote was strongest in deprived post-industrial areas that have arguably benefited the most from EU support.

"Wales might have shot itself in the foot," says Ed Poole, lecturer in politics at Cardiff University, explaining that Wales has been one of the biggest net beneficiaries of being in the European Union.

A study he co-authored before the vote estimated that Wales receives a net annual benefit of 245 million (British) pounds (327 million US dollars) from the EU budget, or about 79 pounds (105 US dollars) per head.

That compares with a net contribution of 151 pounds (201 US dollars) per head for all of the United Kingdom.

It's possible, Poole says, that some voters didn't fully understand the role of EU funds in supporting their communities - or chose to ignore it.

Hengoad - 29 June 2016

1. Various of abandoned coal mine

2. SOUNDBITE (English) Eddie Cullen, excavator driver:

"At first, everybody was frightened when the pit (coal mine) shut, but life has got to go on and we've still done well. There has been a lot of unemployment in Wales, but we've just got to travel further for the work, like me."

3. Cutaway of dog

4. SOUNDBITE (English) Eddie Cullen, excavator driver:

"Everybody has just had enough, you know. They want their identity back as a country, you know, rather than being run by people from outside the country."

5. Grafiti on abandoned coal mine reading (English) "Don't steal our heritage."

6. Various of abandoned coal mine

Near Brynmawr - 30 June 2016

7. Various of road sign indicating EU financing for the motorway

8. Traffic on motorway

Abbw Vale - 30 June 2016

9. Tilt down on piece of machinery from the old steel works that previously occupied site

10. Various of new college partially financed by the EU

11. Various of new recreational centre partially financed by the EU

12. SOUNDBITE (English) Paul Thomas, occupational therapist:

"My dad worked at the steelworks. He used to come home and tell us when we were kids that he'd have to use a push bike to go from one end of the factory to the other end of the factory. Sadly it's gone now, but with the EU funding we've got the leisure centre now, we've got the college, we've got the school, we've got the hospital. There was going to be more development here, but we don't know what's going to happen now."

Near Brynmawr - 30 June 2016

13. Various of the town

14. Street in centre of town with sign reading (English) "Vote Leave."

15. Close of Welsh flag

16. SOUNDBITE (English) John Thompson, retired truck driver:

"I would say no. We haven't seen no benefit to this area at all. They do leave us a road now as you know, you've seen the sign, the European sign on it, but what you've got to think about is: they don't give us nothing. It's our money, part of our money coming back to us. We've given them the money and they just send some back to us. They don't give us nothing really."

Cardiff - 29 June 2016

17. View over Cardiff Bay with National Theatre Wales in foreground

18. Close of sign reading (English and Welsh) "National Assembly for Wales."

19. SOUNDBITE (English) Andrew RT Davies, Welsh Conservative leader:

"Well, it's British money in the first place. It goes out there, and we leave 50 percent of that money out there and 50 percent comes back. So that's the narrative here. We are all for embracing cooperation with other countries, we are all for working as allies in national security and self-defence, but there comes a point where self-determination has to come into this as well."

20. Various of Andrew RT Davies, Welsh Conservative leader

21. SOUNDBITE (English) Andrew RT Davies, Welsh Conservative leader:

"Very often, these schemes will seem to be managed by elites and ultimately not delivering for the communities that were supposed to benefit, and so people actually used the opportunity of the referendum to say 'whoa, stop the car, I want to get out, the way this car is driven, we're going to hit a brick wall."

Pontypridd - 29 June 2016

22. Various of Jenny Hughes, co-founder of Pontydysgu, a Welsh educational research institute, looking at the company website

23. SOUNDBITE (English) Jenny Hughes, co-founder of Pontydysgu:

"So, all of a sudden, we personally can't tender for anymore, but more particularly, our partners or consortia that we work with are saying now, 'well, actually we don't want to work with you' - they do want to work with us but they don't feel they can because they don't know what's going to happen."

24. Hughes at her desk

Cardiff - 29 June 2016

25. Various of Ed Poole, lecturer in Politics and International Relations at Cardiff University, at his desk

26. SOUNDBITE (English) Ed Poole, lecturer in Politics and International Relations at Cardiff University:

"I would say that unfortunately, in the long term, Wales might have shot itself in the foot on an economic basis."

27. Cutaway

28. SOUNDBITE (English) Ed Poole, lecturer in Politics and International Relations at Cardiff University:

"It's not just the structural funds that benefit the poorest areas in Wales - that's to the tune of about 400 million (British) pounds (534 million US dollars) per year. It's also the agricultural policy, which is very specifically supporting small scale businesses, which is Wales' specialism because of the topography of Wales. It's about 260 million (pounds, 347 million US dollars) per year, and it's also access to the single market."

Merthyr Tydfil - 30 June 2016

29. Various of open-pit mine and surrounding landscape

Would you travel halfway around the world for a handbag, or a coat? Maybe, if you really loved it and could get 20 per cent off.

At the moment, the price is right in Britain, where the decision to leave the European Union has led to a sharp drop in the pound. That's proving a bonanza for luxury goods shoppers with foreign currency to spend.

The pound has lost almost a fifth of its value against the dollar since the June 23 referendum on EU membership because of uncertainty about Britain's economic prospects.

That means tourist dollars go farther, and visitors are rushing to buy before retailers jack up their prices.

The U.K. is currently the cheapest place to buy luxury goods, with 64 per cent of products selling for less in Britain than in the U.S., China and France, according to a survey by the professional services firm Deloitte.

For example, the Louis Vuitton Speedy 30, a canvas handbag emblazoned with the iconic LV monogram, sells for the equivalent of 837 US dollars in the U.K. and 1,117 US dollars in China, Deloitte found.

And wannabe shoppers -particularly those from the Far East- are rushing to London before retailers adjust prices to offset the pound's decline.

Visit Britain, the national tourism agency, says flight-reservation data shows bookings from China to Britain are up 24 per cent for the last three months of the year compared with the same period in 2015.

Burberry said this week that sales at British shops open for at least a year rose more than 30 per cent in the three months to September 30. Bag sales were particularly strong, especially those of the equestrian inspired Bridle Bag.

Though on sale in Britain, it is not yet widely available globally, Anusha Couttigane, senior retail analyst at Kantar Retail said.

And it's not just bags. Perfume, clothes and cosmetics are also big on tourist shopping lists, according to a survey by the consumer research group Mintel.

Joanne Milner, chief executive of Garrard - the jewellers that made Princess Diana's famous engagement ring - said the number of Chinese shoppers visiting its website has grown by 75 percent since the Brexit vote.

The firm's shop at Harrods has seen a 1,000 percent increase.

London - 20 October 2016

1. Various of shoppers carrying luxury brand shopping bags on London's New Bond Street

2. Pan from Louis Vuitton to Burberry store on London's New Bond Street

3. Various of Amy Chang, 30-year-old tourist from Guangzhou in China, holding Burberry bag

4. SOUNDBITE (Mandarin) Amy Chang, 30-year-old tourist from Guangzhou:

"Of course because the pound is so weak, it's great for us and we can feel much more comfortable about spending money."

5. Various of Burberry's 'Bridle Bag' in shop window

6. SOUNDBITE (Mandarin) Amy Chang, 30-year-old tourist from Guangzhou:

"Chinese people love handbags. I personally don't care too much about them, I bought a trench coat from Burberry because I've had my eye on it for a long time and I've always thought it was too expensive. But now coming to Britain it's actually much cheaper than in China, so I finally bought it."

7. Various of shoppers on London's New Bond Street

8. Set up shot of Robin Johnson, marketing director for VisitBritain

9. SOUNDBITE (English) Robin Johnson, marketing director for VisitBritain:

"So we've seen really strong growth forecasted for the rest of this year from China. Flight bookings for China from October to December are 24 percent up versus the same period last year which is extremely encouraging for the UK economy."

London – 19 October 2016

10. Set up shot of Anusha Couttigane, senior retail analyst at Kantar Retail

11. SOUNDBITE (English) Anusha Couttigane, senior retail analyst at Kantar Retail:

"The luxury market is one of the most competitive – if not the most competitive in the world. The fact that the pound has seen such massive devaluation has made retail a far more attractive market for consumers who had been priced out of the market previously."

12. Cutaway

13. SOUNDBITE (English) Anusha Couttigane, senior retail analyst at Kantar Retail:

"A lot of products that are available on the British market haven't been shipped out internationally yet. So we're getting a lot of retail tourists who are interested in finding the latest products. But also things that are really portable and really easy to transport. So things in the accessories segment for example - like handbags are really popular - as are small items like jewellery."

London – 20 October 2016

14. Various of Joanne Milner, Chief Executive of luxury jewellery maker Garrard, looking at jewellery in flagship London store

15. SOUNDBITE (English) Joanne Milner, Chief Executive of luxury jewellery maker Garrard:

"China's consistently been our top three source of traffic onto our website, but that's grown by about 75% (since Brexit referendum). And that goes all the way up to sales to Chinese clients within our concession in Harrods which has increased 1000 percent (since Brexit referendum); so these are big numbers and it's not just Garrard that is seeing it, it is London as a whole."

16. Various of jewellery

17. SOUNDBITE (English) Joanne Milner, Chief Executive of luxury jewellery maker Garrard:

"The thought is that in the long-term it will be good for British business, particularly London being the destination in Europe for luxury – which in the past it has vied with Paris for that position. But uncertainty is never a good thing and that has a risk attached to it."

18. Exterior of Garrard's flagship store in Central London

19. Luxury brands on display on London's New Bond Street

20. SOUNDBITE (Mandarin) Ivy Wang, a 16-year-old exchange student who has lived in the UK for two months:

"I buy more local brands, like Burberry – I get woollen shirts and scarves for my mum – local British brands."

21. Exterior of Burberry store in Central London

22. SOUNDBITE (Mandarin) Ivy Wang, a 16-year-old exchange student who has lived in the UK for two months:

"Most of the things here are for her (her friend's) mum, she got her a pair of shoes and a handbag, and also got herself a handbag."

23. Shoppers on New Bond Street

24. SOUNDBITE (Mandarin) Leo Yu, tourist from Beijing on his honeymoon with his wife Zhang Ke:

"One of the reasons we are buying so much at the moment is that the pound is continuing to weaken, and so the cost of luxury items has gone down too, so of course we've chosen to buy them when we're in the UK."

25. Various of Chinese tourists entering and walking through Burberry shop

The pound suffered one of its biggest one-day falls in history Friday, plummeting more than 10 percent in six hours on concerns that severing ties with the EU will hurt the U.K. economy and undermine London's position as a global financial centre.

Authorities including the International Monetary Fund, the U.S. Federal Reserve and the Bank of England had warned Britain's exit would send shivers through a world economy that is only slowly recovering from the global crisis that began in 2008.

Now economists will wait to see if their predictions come to pass.

Economists say the U.S. dollar will benefit from a weaker pound, but the worry is the plunge could spread to the euro, further weaking the economies of the European Union.

A weaker pound means that the cost of goods will be cheaper, allowing for an influx of U.S. dollars in the form of tourism.

For British tourists in New York City, the reverse is happening.

The overnight plunge made breakfast for Brexit supporters Jayne and Peter Waller more expensive.

New York - June 24, 2016

1. Wide tilt down, Nasdaq exchange

2. Wide Times Square

3. SOUNDBITE (English) Beth-Ann Bovino, US Chief Economist, Standard & Poor's:

"The drop in the pound against the dollar is huge, I believe it is a 30-year low. It's a huge impact on an already very strong dollar. And indeed you didn't just see it in the pound, I suppose, because of possible worries that this Brexit vote could spread to other countries, you saw the euro get weak as well."

4. News ticker announcing Brexit news

5. SOUNDBITE (English) Alan Valdes, senior partner, Silverbear Capital:

"From our standpoint the positives are, you know what? It's a great place to go on vacation, you're going to get a lot for your dollar, that's for sure. But the negatives for the average Britain, it's going to be tough. They could go back into recession. They were having trouble anyway. The same with the EU, their economies were weak. This is only going to weaken them a little more in the short term."

6. British tourists in Times Square

7. SOUNDBITE (English) Peter Waller, visiting from Yorkshire, England.

"We just used the credit card for breakfast this morning and I don't really know how much it cost. I know how much it cost in dollars but with the conversion rate to sterling I don't know what that will be."

(Reporter: "It's going to be sticker shock when you get home.")

Waller: "Probably, yeah."

8. Times Square and tourists

9. SOUNDBITE (English) Jayne Waller, Yorkshire, England.

(Reporter: "Is this going to make you your trip more expensive?")

"It might do, but so what. So what."

10. Wide, Nasdaq exchange in Times Square

In the sunny seaside resort city of Benidorm, which has a vibrant British community of around 3,500 people, British expats expressed their concerns about what a Brexit can mean for them, with work permits, health care and pensions among the top worries.

Their situation will be one of the things to be negotiated between the UK and the European Union in the coming months and years after Britain voted Thursday to leave the bloc.

The British expat community in Spain was split between those who could vote and those, like bar owner Chuck Daulson, who have lived away from Britain for longer than 15 years, disqualifying them from voting in the referendum.

He was concerned he would have to go back to Britain and lose all he's worked for in the 23 years he's lived and worked in Spain.

While being one of the largest communities of British people living abroad with around 300,000 officially registered as residents, Spain is a key holiday destination for British tourists.

The outcome of the vote was also a concern for Spaniards making a living off the tourism industry, which, in places like Benidorm, depends heavily on British travellers.

In the sunny seaside resort city of Benidorm, which has a vibrant British community of around 3,500 people, British expats expressed their concerns about what a Brexit can mean for them, with work permits, health care and pensions among the top worries.

Their situation will be one of the things to be negotiated between the UK and the European Union in the coming months and years after Britain voted Thursday to leave the bloc.

The British expat community in Spain was split between those who could vote and those, like bar owner Chuck Daulson, who have lived away from Britain for longer than 15 years, disqualifying them from voting in the referendum.

He was concerned he would have to go back to Britain and lose all he's worked for in the 23 years he's lived and worked in Spain.

While being one of the largest communities of British people living abroad with around 300,000 officially registered as residents, Spain is a key holiday destination for British tourists.

The outcome of the vote was also a concern for Spaniards making a living off the tourism industry, which, in places like Benidorm, depends heavily on British travellers.

Benidorm - June 24 2016

1. Various of beach in Benidorm

2. Various of tourists watching British Prime Minister David Cameron's resignation on TV in a bar

3. SOUNDBITE (English) Chuck Daulson, Englishman living in Spain for 23 years, 51-year-old bar owner:

"We're very scared because I've been here 23 years, I've got my house, my kids were born here, they've been to Spanish school, I've got a bar, I've got a lot to lose. If I go back to England, I've got nothing. No house. Nothing."

4. England flags hanging in the bar

5. SOUNDBITE (English) Chuck Daulson, Englishman living in Spain for 23 years, 51-year-old bar owner:

"We don't know how we're going to be now, we might have no pension, we might have no medical, we may have to sell our properties, we've lived here for a lot of years, we don't know how it's going to affect us anymore."

6. Various of Sarah, no last name given, serving customers in bar

7. SOUNDBITE (English) Sarah, 28-year-old Londoner living in Benidorm for 3 years, waitress:

"I've got my mum to vote on my behalf for me, I voted 'in' obviously. If we leave the EU, then it's bad on us expats who live here, obviously we'll lose our medical care, we'll lose our right to work without a work permit. Me and my boyfriend, we've lived here for 3 years, we won't get a chance to get a mortgage or anything like that now."

8. Various of people watching the news on TV at a terrace bar

9. SOUNDBITE (English) Julianne, (no last name given), 75-year-old English tourist in Benidorm, retired:

"We want to control our borders and make our own decisions, and for my grandchildren I think it would be better that we're on our own."

10. Various of newspaper stand

11. SOUNDBITE (Spanish) Gemma, (no last name given), Benidorm native working in the tourism industry:

"We make a living out of foreign people, I think 80 percent of tourists coming here to Benidorm and all the coast around are English."

12. Shot of tourist post at the beach

13. SOUNDBITE (Spanish) Gemma, (no last name given), Benidorm native working in the tourism industry:

"We think it can affect us a lot in our business, in the work that we do, so we're concerned about what can happen, and yes we're a little bit scared."

14. Various of Sterling vs Euro currency exchange sign being changed in the street

British residents in Spain were among those watching the EU referendum result closely on Thursday as the UK voted on whether to remain within or leave the European Union.

Spain has one of the largest communities of British people living abroad, with around 300-thousand Brits officially registered as residents.

It is also a key holiday destination for British tourists.

In the seaside resort city of Benidorn, which has a vibrant British community of around 3,500 people, Brits expressed their concerns on Thursday about what a 'Leave' vote would mean for local British residents and tourists, with a possible weaker pound being a key worry for some.

Most people were going out as usual and most clubs didn't broadcast the TV specials on the referendum, although early after polls closed in Britain some people were seen watching the results in at least a couple of bars in the area of Levante Beach.

The British expat community in Spain is split between those who can vote and those who have lived away from Britain for longer than fifteen years, disqualifying them from a say on whether the UK remains in union with their adopted country.

Many of them are afraid of the consequences of a potential Brexit for their status in Spain, which would depend on negotiations between the EU and the UK should the 'Leave' side triumph.

British residents in Spain were among those watching the EU referendum result closely on Thursday as the UK voted on whether to remain within or leave the European Union.

Spain has one of the largest communities of British people living abroad, with around 300-thousand Brits officially registered as residents.

It is also a key holiday destination for British tourists.

In the seaside resort city of Benidorn, which has a vibrant British community of around 3,500 people, Brits expressed their concerns on Thursday about what a 'Leave' vote would mean for local British residents and tourists, with a possible weaker pound being a key worry for some.

Most people were going out as usual and most clubs didn't broadcast the TV specials on the referendum, although early after polls closed in Britain some people were seen watching the results in at least a couple of bars in the area of Levante Beach.

The British expat community in Spain is split between those who can vote and those who have lived away from Britain for longer than fifteen years, disqualifying them from a say on whether the UK remains in union with their adopted country.

Many of them are afraid of the consequences of a potential Brexit for their status in Spain, which would depend on negotiations between the EU and the UK should the 'Leave' side triumph.

Benidorm - 23 June 2016

++NIGHT SHOTS++

1. Various of coast promenade in Benidorm

2. Close of Union Jack bunting

3. Various of nightclubs

4. Television screen showing news programme on EU Referendum

5. Louise Bell, 42-years-old, UK-born but has been living in Spain for 19 years, watching television programme on EU referendum

6. SOUNDBITE (English) Louise Bell, born in Nottingham but has been living in Spain for 19 years:

"I believe that it's not going to make much difference if we come out of the Euro (sic.). I think everything will stay more or less the same as it was 19 years ago; it's just that you would have to have a work permit to come over to Spain, which I think is more safer for the people travelling around, people with no papers will be more controlled. And my vote is out, because I'm English and I think I deserve, for my country, for my family, that they get the best from their own country."

7. Jim Lions and his wife, UK tourists, watching television coverage

8. SOUNDBITE (English) Jim Lions, 58-years-old, UK tourist in Benidorm:

"I have not voted because I've been here in Benidorm on holiday."

9. Close of Jim Lions

10. SOUNDBITE (English) Jim Lions, 58-years-old, UK tourist in Benidorm:

"I vote we stay in because it's good for a lot of British, could be a lot of problems if we go alone, it's good for companies, the company I work for we deal all over Europe, so it's very good for us."

11. Close of sign reading "Titanic Bar"

12. Bar customers having a drink and watching television coverage

13. SOUNDBITE (English) Denise Wood, 60-years-old, UK tourist:

"I voted by proxy before I came away, I voted to come out of the EU and I don't think that our country benefits from the EU, and I don't think that the politicians know what to do with the country."

14. Various of bars in Benidorm

British residents in Spain were among those watching the EU referendum result closely on Thursday as the UK voted whether to reamain a part of, or leave the European Union.

While one of the largest communities of British people living abroad with around 300,000 Brits officially registered as resident, Spain is also a key holiday destination for British tourists.

In the sunny seaside resort city of Benidorn, which has a vibrant British community of around 3,500 people, beachgoers expressed their concerns on Thursday about what a 'Leave' vote would mean for local British residents and tourists, with a possible weaker pound being a key worry for some.

The British expat community in Spain is split between those who can vote and those who have lived away from Britain for longer than fifteen years, disqualifying them from a say on whether the UK remains in union with their adopted country.

Many of them are afraid of the consequences of a potential Brexit for their status in Spain, which would depend on negotiations between the EU and the UK should the 'Leave' side triumph.

Some of the British people holidaying in Spain expressed their oppinion about the referendum.

British residents in Spain were among those watching the EU referendum result closely on Thursday as the UK voted whether to reamain a part of, or leave the European Union.

While one of the largest communities of British people living abroad with around 300,000 Brits officially registered as resident, Spain is also a key holiday destination for British tourists.

In the sunny seaside resort city of Benidorn, which has a vibrant British community of around 3,500 people, beachgoers expressed their concerns on Thursday about what a 'Leave' vote would mean for local British residents and tourists, with a possible weaker pound being a key worry for some.

The British expat community in Spain is split between those who can vote and those who have lived away from Britain for longer than fifteen years, disqualifying them from a say on whether the UK remains in union with their adopted country.

Many of them are afraid of the consequences of a potential Brexit for their status in Spain, which would depend on negotiations between the EU and the UK should the 'Leave' side triumph.

Some of the British people holidaying in Spain expressed their oppinion about the referendum.

Benidorm - 23 June 2016

1. Various of beach in Benidorm

2. SOUNDBITE (English) Karen Maining, 50-years-old, UK-born but has been living in Benidorm for 23 years, translator and teacher, cannot vote in the referendum:

"I'm unable to vote because I've lived here over the 10 year period, which makes me a permanent resident of Spain, but I'm obviously British born"

3. Beach

4. SOUNDBITE (English) Karen Maining, 50-years-old, UK-born but has been living in Benidorm for 23 years, translator and teacher, cannot vote in the referendum:

"I think a lot of people are very scared to leave; they'd like to leave but they're scared for the one reason that they live in Spain. I think the majority here that can vote would vote for in, because they're scared that they would have to leave. Again, that's a shame, because that's lack of information. You know, I don't think ... Spain does very well out of tourism, and I don't think in any instance would Spain want to lose the tourism that it has."

5. British tourists seated on a bar terrace

6. SOUNDBITE (English) Donald George, 71-years-old, Englishman traveling as tourist in Benidorm, voted 'Remain' via postal vote:

"If we leave the EU, I'm sure that the rate of Sterling against the Euro would … "Whooosh" (gesturing upwards with hands)…. It would explode, we couldn't afford to take our holidays in Europe anymore".

7. Various of Becky and her daughter playing on the beach

8. SOUNDBITE (English) Becky (no surname given), 25-years-old, from Leeds, housewife, voted 'Remain' via postal vote:

"I've postal-voted in for the sake of our country to be united and safe and welcoming to all".

9. Various of beach

10. Crowds drinking at bar

Londoners and visitors to the capital expressed a mixture of disappointment and hope on Friday after Britain voted to leave the European Union.

Britain entered uncharted waters on Friday after the country voted to leave the European Union.

Londoners and visitors to the capital expressed a mixture of disappointment and hope on Friday after Britain voted to leave the European Union.

Britain entered uncharted waters on Friday after the country voted to leave the European Union.

London - 24 June 2016

1. Wide of Whitehall with British Parliament in the background

2. Various of Horse Guards Parade entrance, tourist taking pictures with Guards

3. Close of guard's face

4. Various of changing of Horse Guard ceremony, tourists and visitors watching

5. SOUNDBITE (English) Lucy Jepson, Visitor from Scotland:

"That we want out of the Euro (EU) I would say as what's been said with that (the vote) but I would say it's divided though. I think very much that that's probably more of an English point of a view than a Scottish point of view and I think that is quite obvious. And I'm actually quite surprised it was allowed to go through because the margin was so, so close as well."

6. Tourists taking pictures

7. SOUNDBITE (Italian) Valdemi Carlo, Italian Tourist:

"I think this is a big change for the English. I am for it. We should also be a bit more brave in Italy, more confident in our own possibilities mostly for the people. Because the people always rule, not the banks, not Europe."

8. Wide of street with Trafalgar Square in the background

9. Close of "Keep calm and Carry on" postcard

10. Various of Trafalgar Square, pedestrians

11. SOUNDBITE (English) Mike Mcneir, Londoner:

"I feel a little bit disappointed because I actually wished Britain to stay within the Union, because – yes, there are things wrong with the European Union but it's better to be in it to win it and to transform within, rather than from the outside. But one can only hope now that in this day and age that we can change things from the outside as well. And not just Britain but other countries maybe."

12. Commuters crossing street

13.SOUNDBITE (English) John Roberts, Londoner:

"I'm devastated. I've lived in this country most of my life - I've lived abroad seven years of my life – I've always lived in a country I've been mostly proud of, very proud of that's looked out... had a global view of the world and I don't know what it is today. I've lived in London for a long time – I'm originally from Manchester – and I feel that everything is divided and I don't know where we end up and I'm very, very sad."

14.Tilt down of British Gallery dome to street, buses passing

15. Wide of traffic

16. Close of British flag

With marching bands and all groups of society out in strength, Norway celebrates Constitution Day, taking pride in its sovereignty.

The small Scandinavian country's independence was hard won, having been ruled by Denmark for more than 400 years, and then by Sweden for nearly another century.

For some people, the experience of having been ruled from afar can explain Norway's reluctance to embrace the European Union project.

"We are on the edge of Europe and we know what it means to be governed from abroad," says Hans Petter Bergseth who is marching with friends from his skiing club. "I think it's deep in our soul that we want to be independent."

But whilst Norway has twice rejected EU membership in referendums in 1972 and 1994, the nation relies on a close relationship with Brussels. Seventy to 80 percent of all Norwegian exports go to the EU markets and cooperation is viewed as essential in the areas of education, research and many more.

Access to the EU's single market comes at a price.

Norway has signed up the European Economic Area (EEA) agreement, and therefore had to implement more than three quarters of all EU laws with no formal influence on how they are drafted.

More importantly, Norway has had to agree to four EU-style freedoms: free movement of goods, services, people and capital.

Today, Norway has more EU migrants per person than Britain. More than 300,000 EU nationals live here, mostly people from Poland and Sweden attracted by the prospects of high-paid jobs and a generous welfare state.

For many companies, this influx of foreign workers has been beneficial. In the small fishing village of Skjervoy several hours north of Tromso, a salmon processing plant has become dependent on foreign workers.

"We don't have enough Norwegian workers who want to work in the fish industry," explains plant manager Tore Pedersen.

Many of these foreign workers are from Romania, like Christian, who arrived nearly four years ago after growing tired of poorly paid jobs in Italy.

"I'm travelling with a Romanian passport, I've had no problem," he explains.

This factory processes 365 tons of fish per day: salmon fillets and whole fish destined for restaurants and dining tables across Europe. It's the main employer in the village, and managers say the business would not be able to grow without foreign workers willing to work the assembly lines.

Here, most workers are unionised and Pedersen says foreign workers are paid the same as Norwegians. Something the unions dispute.

Across the fishing industry, construction industry, hotel and restaurants, they report cases of employers using foreign workers that are not unionized and therefore don't benefit from the collective bargaining agreements that guarantee a minimum wage and regulated working conditions.

"If they don't know the system, they work up to 12 hours," complains union leader Gunn Paulsen, who was picketing a hotel during a four-week long strike across the Norwegian hotel industry calling for better pay. "They ruin it for the next (person) who's coming in, the Norwegians coming in who know the regulations."

Whilst many large hotel groups are unionized, smaller or independent ones without a protection are free to pay their staff whatever they wish. "However low they get in Norway they get higher than in other countries," said Paulsen.

For Professor Bjorn Hersoug from the Arctic University of Tromso, companies that seek to get around ordinary labour conditions by outsourcing the hiring for foreign workers represent a threat to the Norwegian model that balances free markets with a strong social welfare state.

"There is a fear of labour dumping," says Hersoug. "In some instances, it looks like they have working conditions that are considerably worse than agreed through the ordinary agreements for minimum wages for example."

But despite the challenges brought by the EEA agreement, cooperation with the EU and access to the single market remains essential for Norway.

"The EEA agreement is something I would call a corner stone in the Norwegian economy," says Elisabeth Aspaker, the Norwegian Minister of the EEA and EU Affairs.

"We have to face the reality that the EU is our most important market," she says. "We do need cooperation when it comes to research, education, and in many other aspects."

With marching bands and all groups of society out in strength, Norway celebrates Constitution Day, taking pride in its sovereignty.

The small Scandinavian country's independence was hard won, having been ruled by Denmark for more than 400 years, and then by Sweden for nearly another century.

For some people, the experience of having been ruled from afar can explain Norway's reluctance to embrace the European Union project.

"We are on the edge of Europe and we know what it means to be governed from abroad," says Hans Petter Bergseth who is marching with friends from his skiing club. "I think it's deep in our soul that we want to be independent."

But whilst Norway has twice rejected EU membership in referendums in 1972 and 1994, the nation relies on a close relationship with Brussels. Seventy to 80 percent of all Norwegian exports go to the EU markets and cooperation is viewed as essential in the areas of education, research and many more.

Access to the EU's single market comes at a price.

Norway has signed up the European Economic Area (EEA) agreement, and therefore had to implement more than three quarters of all EU laws with no formal influence on how they are drafted.

More importantly, Norway has had to agree to four EU-style freedoms: free movement of goods, services, people and capital.

Today, Norway has more EU migrants per person than Britain. More than 300,000 EU nationals live here, mostly people from Poland and Sweden attracted by the prospects of high-paid jobs and a generous welfare state.

For many companies, this influx of foreign workers has been beneficial. In the small fishing village of Skjervoy several hours north of Tromso, a salmon processing plant has become dependent on foreign workers.

"We don't have enough Norwegian workers who want to work in the fish industry," explains plant manager Tore Pedersen.

Many of these foreign workers are from Romania, like Christian, who arrived nearly four years ago after growing tired of poorly paid jobs in Italy.

"I'm travelling with a Romanian passport, I've had no problem," he explains.

This factory processes 365 tons of fish per day: salmon fillets and whole fish destined for restaurants and dining tables across Europe. It's the main employer in the village, and managers say the business would not be able to grow without foreign workers willing to work the assembly lines.

Here, most workers are unionised and Pedersen says foreign workers are paid the same as Norwegians. Something the unions dispute.

Across the fishing industry, construction industry, hotel and restaurants, they report cases of employers using foreign workers that are not unionized and therefore don't benefit from the collective bargaining agreements that guarantee a minimum wage and regulated working conditions.

"If they don't know the system, they work up to 12 hours," complains union leader Gunn Paulsen, who was picketing a hotel during a four-week long strike across the Norwegian hotel industry calling for better pay. "They ruin it for the next (person) who's coming in, the Norwegians coming in who know the regulations."

Whilst many large hotel groups are unionized, smaller or independent ones without a protection are free to pay their staff whatever they wish. "However low they get in Norway they get higher than in other countries," said Paulsen.

For Professor Bjorn Hersoug from the Arctic University of Tromso, companies that seek to get around ordinary labour conditions by outsourcing the hiring for foreign workers represent a threat to the Norwegian model that balances free markets with a strong social welfare state.

"There is a fear of labour dumping," says Hersoug. "In some instances, it looks like they have working conditions that are considerably worse than agreed through the ordinary agreements for minimum wages for example."

But despite the challenges brought by the EEA agreement, cooperation with the EU and access to the single market remains essential for Norway.

"The EEA agreement is something I would call a corner stone in the Norwegian economy," says Elisabeth Aspaker, the Norwegian Minister of the EEA and EU Affairs.

"We have to face the reality that the EU is our most important market," she says. "We do need cooperation when it comes to research, education, and in many other aspects."

AP TELEVISION

Tromso - 17 May 2016

1. Various of Constitution Day parade

2. SOUNDBITE (English) Hans Petter Bergseth, 53-year-old medical adviser:

"Well, it's a young nation. Quite a proud nation. We are on the edge of Europe and we know what it means to be governed from abroad or we know what it means to be governed by larger countries. So I think it's deep in our soul that we want to be independent pretty much yes."

3. Various of Constitution Day parade

AP TELEVISION

Skjervoy - 18 May 2016

4. Various of Skjervoy harbour

5. Various exteriors of salmon processing plant

6. SOUNDBITE (English) Tore Pedersen, Fish processing plant manager:

"We have 180 people working here at Skjervoy and 60 percent of the workers are from other countries. It's a fact that we don't have enough Norwegian workers who want to work in the fish industry, so we need people from other countries to come and work at Skjervoy."

7. Christian in front of the processing plant

8. SOUNDBITE (English) Christian, No last Name given, factory worker from Romania:

"My name is Christian and I come from Romania. I've been here for four years - almost four years. I'm travelling with a Romanian passport, I've don't have any problems with travel. We don't need a visa or something like that - it's very easy to come here from Romania. It's a nice country to come to."

9. Various of filleting assembly line

10. Various of salmon packaging line

11. Various of salmon slaughter room

AP TELEVISION

Tromso - 17 May, 2016

12. Various of Tromso seen from onboard a boat in the fjord

AP TELEVISION

Tromso - 20 May, 2016

13. Various of local hotel staff on strike

14. SOUNDBITE (English) Gunn Paulsen, Union Leader:

"Before the oil strikes (meaning the fall in oil prices) it has been good for Norway because you had to have people working here, but then it started what we call in Norway the 'Monkey business' - that they started to pay lower to the people from other places, because they accept it, because however low they get in Norway they get higher than in other countries. So this is the bad thing."

15. Cutaway

16. SOUNDBITE (English) Gunn Paulsen, Union Leader:

"If they don't know the system, they work up to 12 hours. It's not nice because they ruin it for the next (person) who's coming in, the Norwegians coming in who know the regulations - but you can't say anything to the others working like this, because it's okay, they've always been doing this."

AP TELEVISION

Tromso - 19 May, 2016

17. Various of Tromso harbour

18. Professor Bjorn Hersoug walking along harbour seafront

19. SOUNDBITE (English) Prof. Bjorn Hersoug, Arctic University of Tromso:

"You know, seen from the Norwegian point of view, if you can get around the ordinary salary conditions, the labour conditions by hiring a company from, for example, from Poland, and you make a deal with this Polish company where they provide you with the labour which is unorganised (non-unionized) then you are getting around the rules. You can legally pay them less, but that kind of undermines the whole Norwegian model in the longer run."

20. Cutaway

21. SOUNDBITE (English) Prof. Bjorn Hersoug, Arctic University of Tromso

"We see that we have a number of people coming from the European Union countries and in some instances it looks like they have working conditions that are considerably worse than agreed through the ordinary Norwegian agreements for minimum wages for example. So there is kind of a fear of labour dumping."

AP TELEVISION

Tromso, Norway - 17 MAY 2016

22. Various of Tromso seen from onboard a boat in the fjord

AP TELEVISION

Brussels, Belgium - 25 MAY 2016

23. Various of EU flags

24. SOUNDBITE (English) Elisabeth Aspaker, Minister of the EEA and EU Affairs:

"I think Norway is in a very special situation. We have this huge fortune in our oil, we have developed a solid welfare state and people think 'we can do by ourselves' or 'we can go on alone.' But in another way, we have to face the reality that the EU is our most important market, up to 70 or 80 percent of all the exported goods from Norway go to the EU market, and we do need cooperation when it comes to research, education, and in many other aspects. These days it's about migration, it's about security policy. So the EEA agreement is something I would call a corner stone in the Norwegian economy and if you go to the Parliament today, they will be a solid majority for the agreement although we are not a member of the EU."

32. Various of Norway House in Brussels