Author Thomas Harding is in the process of doing what the descendants of many Holocaust victims would find unimaginable: applying for a German passport.

When Britain voted to leave the European Union in June, the 48-year-old had to make a decision that was never necessary before the referendum - should he request the restoration of German citizenship stripped from his family by the Third Reich? He needed only a few hours to make up his mind.

“This is more than the practical, this is also about something for us, or for me, it's about something spiritual, it's about reconciliation,’’ he said. “It's about acknowledging the truth of the horrors of the past but also about trying to build a better future together, and as a European, that's what I hope to do."

It is one of the complicated realities of the UK’s pending divorce from the EU that many Britons whose ancestors came from other parts of Europe are claiming citizenship in other member states so they can retain ties to the Continent. Inquiries about passports are up at the German, Austrian, French and Polish embassies.

Some want to retain the ability to travel easily from country to country or maintain business ties. Others just want to be part of the European Union.

But for Jews whose families fled Germany to escape Adolf Hitler, the decision means re-examining long-held beliefs about history and the country that once persecuted them.

The children and grandchildren of Jewish refugees are taking advantage of a law that allows the descendants of people persecuted by the Nazis to regain the citizenship that was stripped from them in the 1930s and 1940s. More than 400 Britons have sought information about the law since the June 23 referendum, and German authorities have received at least 100 formal applications, compared with about 20 annually in recent years.

Michael Newman, chief executive of the Association of Jewish Refugees, said Brexit has fuelled interest in German citizenship, but it’s hard to know how many people will actually apply. Jews are now able to consider such a step because Germany has made huge strides in addressing the past, creating a culture of remembrance, he said.

“No amount of blood money or memorials will satisfy or suffice for some people but in terms of addressing its past and owning up to it and looking into things, it's done much that many other countries haven't,’’ said Newman.

Many of those seeking restoration of their citizenship don’t intend to live in Germany, but want the freedom to travel and work in EU nations.

Ben Lewis, a 49-year-old documentary filmmaker, is among those who would like to regain German citizenship.

Lewis, whose film and production company has worked for years on the continent, sees the potential of Brexit as an abomination, particularly the anti-immigrant sentiment that influenced many people to vote to leave.

“I just want to take a firm stance, a documented stance etched in acid on stone, that I object to Brexit," he said.

The decision for many might have been prompted by Brexit, but had been years in the making for some. Harding, for one, has long been coming to terms with his German past, a journey documented in part in his book, “The House by the Lake.’’

The way Harding sees it, Germany is now showing leadership by taking in over a million refugees.

As the result of the EU referendum became clear on the morning of June 24, Harding was on the phone to the German embassy to inquire about citizenship.

It’s logical, he says, for Jews to cling to the EU, which was created to build international links that would make another European war impossible.

“It was much less about saying goodbye to Britain than saying hello to Europe," he said.

London - 5 October 2016

1. Pan down from German and European Union flags to entrance of German Embassy in London

2. Various of flags

3. Mid of author Thomas Harding sitting on grass looking at passport that belonged to his German Jewish grandfather

4. Close of Harding's face

5. Various of passport

6. SOUNDBITE (English) Thomas Harding, author, in the process of applying for restoration of German passport following Brexit vote:

"This is more than the practical, this is also about something for us, or for me, it's about something spiritual, it's about reconciliation. It's about acknowledging the truth of the horrors of the past but also about trying to build a better future together, and as a European, that's what I hope to do."

7. Cutaway passport and photo of Harding's grandparents

8. SOUNDBITE (English) Thomas Harding, author, in the process of applying for restoration of German passport following Brexit vote:

"I think what has happened to me is I have become much more open towards Germany and at the same time following Brexit, I realised that there was going to be a very real loss. It was likely that me and my family would be unable to live and work in 27 countries in Europe and given the fact that I didn't have to give up my British passport, I didn't have to live in Germany by necessity or learn German, show I could speak German, it didn't seem like there was anything to lose and so for me, it was much less about saying goodbye to Britain than saying hello to Europe."

9. Harding flicking through passport

10. Mid of exhibit of Jewish Museum in London

11. Soft focus, yellow star that Jews were forced to wear in Nazi Germany

12. Set up of documentary maker Ben Lewis

13. Close of Lewis looking at museum exhibit

14. SOUNDBITE (English) Ben Lewis, documentary maker, in the process of applying for restoration of German passport following Brexit vote:

"Well, it was immediately after Brexit I thought the restoration of German citizenship was something that I wanted, because before Brexit I was part of the EU anyway. I was a European, I was deeply engaged in German culture from the age of 14 when I first started learning German, and in a way my whole life was orientated around creating links around rebuilding, if you like, as a Jew, links between myself, in Britain and German culture."

15. Cutaway hands

16. SOUNDBITE (English) Ben Lewis, documentary maker, in the process of applying for restoration of German passport following Brexit vote:

"I have many motivations for wanting to get German citizenship. I am thinking a lot about my child, I want him to have the same advantages in life that I had, you know, to be able to play on a European field. I've worked all over Europe in my life. I love Berlin - I could imagine living there. Perhaps that would happen in the future. And I just want to take a firm stance, a documented stance, something etched in acid on stone, that I object to Brexit."

17. Set up shot of Michael Newman, chief executive of the Association of Jewish Refugees

18. Newman typing

19. SOUNDBITE (English) Michael Newman, chief executive of the Association of Jewish Refugees:

"Well I think this is uppermost in the minds of the government that they are not going to walk away from any post Holocaust responsibilities and I think most people would look at what Germany has done since the Second World War in terms of addressing its past, the culture of remembrance, the educational resources, it's committed to teaching about the holocaust and see that what it has done has been leading the way and if you look at issues like restitution, archive, opening archives, documentation centres, even opening and creating museums, they are, they're leading the way in many respects in dealing with their history. It remains of course very subjective because no amount of blood, money or memorials will satisfy or suffice for some people but in terms of addressing its past and owning up to it and looking into things, it's done much that many other countries haven't."

20. Wide of German Embassy entrance for public

21. Close of entrance

22. Sign reading 'Welcome' in German and English

On the streets of Belfast, armoured police vehicles and check points have been replaced by busloads of tourists visiting the colourful murals that testify to a troubled past.

In the divided city where Catholics and Protestants still live separated in many places, former IRA member Jack Duffin leads a group of visitors along Falls Road, a mainly-Catholic Republican stronghold in the Northern Irish capital.

"There were armed attacks on nationalist communities throughout Belfast, but in particular on this road," he tells a group comprising Australian, English, Americans, Danes and others.

Duffin tells his story about a struggle born in the civil rights movement of the 1960s. He's still fighting to reunite Ireland, and thinks Brexit may help achieve that goal.

Yet Belfast Political Tours offers visitors a more nuanced view of the conflict, and in a sign of efforts to reconcile the telling of this history, the group then walks through the gate along the peace wall and meets with a Unionist tour guide - on the other side of the political divide - to hear the Protestant community's version of events.

More than twenty years after the signing of the Good Friday Agreement that brought an end to decades of violence, the heavily secure gate closes at night to the relief of some who live here.

Fears about a return to the violence that killed more than 3,500 people over three decades have made Northern Ireland the biggest hurdle for U.K. and European Union negotiators trying to hammer out an agreement on Britain's departure from the 28-nation free trade bloc.

While negotiators are focused on arrangements for securing the border, they don't want to do anything that will inflame the underlying tensions between those who want Northern Ireland to remain part of the United Kingdom and those who want it to be reunited with the Republic of Ireland.

People who want Northern Ireland to remain an integral part of the U.K. oppose any Brexit deal that weakens that relationship.

"There would be an organic explosion of anger and people would take to the streets and obviously any sensible person would be urging people ... to do so peacefully,'' said Jamie Bryson, editor of the Unionist Voice newsletter.

"But we all have to live in the real world and know that once mass amounts of people take to the streets and once something happens and that genie gets out of the bottle it's going to be difficult to put it back in.''

Others think that genie had never actually been contained.

Kate Nash says The Troubles never really ended.

While the 1998 Good Friday Agreement brought an era of relative peace and prosperity to Northern Ireland, paramilitary groups still exist on both sides and lower levels of violence continue to plague the community, says the 70-year-old grandmother who lost a brother in what became known as Bloody Sunday.

Her brother, a dock worker went to the demonstration near his home in Londonderry on Jan. 30, 1972 because it was a local happening - not because he was involved with the IRA.

Thousands had gathered to protest internment, but things went badly wrong.

British soldiers shot 28 unarmed civilians, killing 13.

"I'm always disturbed so I don't feel the troubles are over. I really don't feel that," she said.

Brexit, she fears, may cause the smouldering conflict to flare up once again, especially if there are renewed customs and passport controls along the border between the Republic of Ireland and the U.K.'s Northern Ireland.

"The bigger worry would be the border. If they're going to man the border, who's going to man it? Is it the army? Is it the police? Because it's most certainly going to create violence again. It's really something that will start violence again because they will be targets for IRA or whoever."

The EU has underpinned the Good Friday Agreement, negotiated with the help of the U.S., because both Britain and the Republic of Ireland were members of the bloc.

That meant people and goods could flow freely across the frontier and allowed authorities to tear down the hated border posts once paramilitary groups agreed to put away their weapons.

Over the past 20 years, the border has became largely invisible, marked only by changing speed limits and signs targeted by vandals who obscure the word "Northern'' with spray paint.

After Brexit, the frontier will become an external border once again and negotiators are struggling to find a way to regulate trade without rebuilding checkpoints and destroying the cross-border links that have spurred economic growth on both sides.

Sorting out the issue has forced all sides to confront the past even as they grapple with an uncertain present.

"Brexit has been the greatest existential threat to the peace process in 25 years,'' said Eamon Phoenix, a historian at Stranmillis University College, Queen's University Belfast.

"The island of Ireland has enjoyed really unbroken peace for 25 years after violence in which 3,500 people died ... and suddenly in the last three years we have the risk to all that."

The conflict was born almost a century ago when the Republic of Ireland, dominated by Catholics, won its independence but Northern Ireland, with a Protestant majority, remained part of the United Kingdom.

Republicans on both sides of the border opposed partition from the outset in 1921, and the conflict flared into what became known as The Troubles in the 1960s.

The Good Friday accord, which includes a power-sharing agreement between Unionist and Republican parties, helped soften questions of identity because people could identify as British or Irish, regardless of where they lived, Phoenix said.

That allowed people to cooperate and delay their long-term aspirations.

Memories of the conflict are still raw for many Northern Ireland residents, and as talk of renewed violence from both sides of the conflict returns, a bandage has been torn from a wound that appears never to have fully healed.

Belfast, Northern Ireland - 15 October 2019

++16:9++

1. Tracking shot of tourists walking along painted murals on the peace walls

2. Various of tourists walking and looking at murals, UPSOUND (English) off-camera from Republican guide: "People who are watching the Brexit negotiations can see that the whole problem is the fact that we have a border here in Ireland at all."

3. Tourist taking a photo

4. SOUNDBITE (English) Jack Duffin, Republican tour guide:

"There were armed attacks on nationalist communities throughout Belfast, but in particular on this road. And the first one really was right here."

5. Wide of walking tour group, UPSOUND (English): "What they've done here in Ireland goes back many hundreds of years."

6. Woman listening

7. Pan following car driving through a peace wall separating Catholic and Protestant communities

8. Close of barbed wire

9. Close of flood lights

10. Fence with protestant home in background

11. Wide of group walking through peace wall gate

12. Group walking into the Protestant area

13. Tracking show of group walking

14. Group in front of huge wall separating communities

15. People listening to Protestant guide

16. Wide of group with Protestant guide, UPSOUND (English): "We can never change the history, that's impossible, but we can change the future. We've stopped thirty years of conflict here. We've moved mountains to get where we are now."

17. Mid of peace wall spray painted with text (English) reading: "No surrender to the E.U."

18. Close of words (English) reading: "No surrender"

19. Tilt down from UK flags tied to lamp post to street

20. Pull focus from UK flag to unionist paramilitary mural painting of armed men wearing balaclavas

21. Various of unionist Jamie Bryson activist walking by the mural

22. Bryson sitting, talking

23. SOUNDBITE (English) Jamie Bryson, Unionist activist, editor of Unionist Voice:

"The unionist and loyalist community, I think, is at one on the most basic fundamental point, which is that we must leave the European Union and we must leave as one United Kingdom. And that means leaving the customs union, leaving the single market and being outside the jurisdiction of the European Court of Justice. I think it is absolutely absurd to suggest that Northern Ireland would be subsumed, as it were, into an economic united Ireland."

24. Wide of Protestant street with numerous UK flags

25. String of UK flags with church spire in background

26. Mural condemning killings carried out by Republicans

27. SOUNDBITE (English) Jamie Bryson, Unionist activist, editor of Unionist Voice:

"I think the problem is when you have a mass amount of angry people, especially angry young people and there are a lot of angry young people in the unionist community, taking to the streets, who feel almost as if their country is being torn off them, then I think it doesn't take much for that to explode into violence. That's something nobody wants to see, but I think we all have to live in the real world and know that once mass amounts of people take to the streets, once something happens and that genie gets out of the bottle, it's going to be very difficult to put it back in."

ASSOCIATED PRESS - AP CLIENTS ONLY

Londonderry, Northern Ireland - 14 October 2019

++16:9++

28. Wide of republican neighbourhood and site of Bloody Sunday killings in 1972

29. Mural reading "You are now entering Free Derry" in foreground, with mural painting with boy wearing gas mask in background

30. Close of Bloody Sunday memorial

31. Tilt down of memorial to 13 victims of Bloody Sunday killings

32. Close of photo of 19 year old Bloody Sunday victim William Nash, UPSOUND (English) of his sister Kate Nash: "He used to strum on his guitar, he couldn't play it very well but he used to strum. His favourite singer was Marty Robbins, you know (singing) 'Out in the west Texas town of El Paso'… he played that song every night. He loved that song."

33. SOUNDBITE (English) Kate Nash, sister of Bloody Sunday victim:

"I'm always disturbed, so I don't feel the Troubles are over. I really don't feel that. When I hear or read of paramilitary activity, I'm always worried about that. The war will be over for me when I see paramilitaries gone from the communities, people not frightened to speak up, which they are. They are now and it's twenty years after the peace process."

ARCHIVE: Londonderry, Northern Ireland - 30 January 1998

++4:3++

34. Various of people putting wreaths at base of memorial to victims

35. Woman observing two minutes silence

36. Crowd at memorial observing two minutes silence

37. Memorial with wreaths at base

Londonderry, Northern Ireland - 14 October 2019

++16:9++

38. SOUNDBITE (English) Kate Nash, sister of Bloody Sunday victim:

"The bigger worry would be the border. If they're going to man the border, who's going to man it? Is it the army? Is it the police? Because it's most certainly going to create violence again. It's really something that will start violence again because what they will be doing is, they will be targets for the IRA, or whoever."

Belfast, Northern Ireland - 15 October 2019

++16:9++

39. Tilt down of sign at entrance of gallery dedicated The Troubles at Ulster Museum

40. Close of poster of controversial Northern Ireland army regiment

41. Close of photo of victims of the Troubles

42. Close of weapon

43. Tilt down signed memorandum marking final draft of Good Friday Agreement

44. Close of memorandum

45. Various of Eamon Phoenix, Professor of History at Queen's University

46. SOUNDBITE (English) Professor Eamon Phoenix, Professor of History at Queen's University:

"Well certainly Brexit has been the greatest existential threat to the peace process in 25 years. This society, Northern Ireland, the island of Ireland, has enjoyed really unbroken peace for 25 years after violence in which 3,500 people died, intimidation, if you like the fear factor, all of that abnormality, and suddenly in the last three years we have the risk to all that."

47. Cutaway of Phoenix' hands

48. SOUNDBITE (English) Professor Eamon Phoenix, Professor of History at Queen's University:

"Until Brexit, people had a softer view of identity. They were prepared to cooperate in this space, Northern Ireland, within the structures of this agreement that recognised all identities and provided equality of treatment. And they would hold their aspirations on the long finger (delay it for a long time). Suddenly those aspirations have been sort of prioritised. And that is a factor which is leading to instability."

ARCHIVE: Portadown, Northern Ireland - 23 February 1998

++4:3++

49. Aftermath of bomb blast

ARCHIVE: Markethill, County Armagh – 16 September 1997

++4:3++

50. Bomb damage in Markethill

51. Broken shop window

Newtown Hamilton - 24 June 1998

++4:3++

52. Various of aftermath of explosion on streets

LEAD IN:

Britons living in Spain are adjusting to a post-Brexit reality, which means they must apply for residency or stay fewer than 90 days at a time.

There are also consequences for education.

STORY-LINE:

The dream of a life on Spain's Costa del Sol has become a nightmare for many British expats.

Henny Illingworth is a British real estate agent who has been living in here for almost four years.

She, like many others, is uncertain of her position and future in a post-Brexit Spain.

"Previously, as an EU citizen in Spain, I had the right to be here and now I just have permission to stay. It does feel a big difference and it feels that there has been a huge amount of uncertainty, misinformation the last few years.  It leaves us feeling am I safe? Am I stable here? It's not a very nice feeling to live with," says Illingworth.

As a "third country" to the EU, British tourists, including people who have second homes in Spain but haven't taken residency, can no longer come and go as they please.

Since 1st January, British people living in or visiting Spain must register as resident, or apply for the appropriate visa.

If you were legally resident in Spain before 1 January 2021, 'your rights will be protected by the Withdrawal Agreement', according to the UK Government's website, 'children must also be registered with their own residency document'.

The British government also advises Britons to register for healthcare as a resident in Spain.

British driving licences will need to be changed to Spanish ones for people who have registered as resident, with a deadline of 30 June 2021, according to the UK Government's website.

British citizens, who are not registered Spanish residents, can spend up to three months out of every six in Spain. It's the so called 90/180-days rule which refers to not spending more than '90-days in any 180-day period' in the Schengen area.

As an estate agent, Illingworth says that many Brits who spent months in Spain every year are staying away, some are selling their Spanish properties, put off by both recent COVID-19 travel restrictions and Brexit rules.

"We actually have some properties up for sale which were previously,  they are known as British "swallows", they would come over for a few months of the year and some of those people then rent out their properties for business during the summer, some of then leave them empty. But now, British citizens are going to have to follow this strict 90/180-day rule, which before they could come over for five or four months and some people are selling up because it's just not worth it for them."

Others are worried about how their British families will be able to visit them in Spain.

Kirsty Ridyard has been living in Malaga since 2005 and her sister has a holiday home in the Axarquia, near Alcaucin, 45 minutes by car from Malaga.

She has several concerns.

"Personal and professionally it is going to affect me. Professionally we cannot get the products that we need to teach chemistry effectively in Spain because they are sourced in Britain and those are so expensive over there now, it's going to be prohibitive," she says.

"And personally, I just don't know what it's going to happen with the transport. It used to be like hopping on a bus getting on a plane to go to London and getting back, for me and my family who are still there. But now we just don't know if we are going to need visas or not."

Increased education costs are also worrying one of her students, Spaniard Victoria Rincon, who was hoping to go to the UK to study, but says that UK fees are too expensive.


"I have applied (to universities) in England, but I think I will not go because the fees are too high. And I think that is what is happening to a lot of people in Europe. We are going to miss their education in England because of the price. And then, I think I'm going to Netherlands."


James John Riley is 51 years-old and was born in Manchester. He came to Malaga, Spain, 20 years ago, as a teacher of geography and history in the British International school, his wife is also British and a teacher.

Their son, Jaime, is 13 years-old.

The family enjoys life in Spain, but they are worried about the future and whether Brexit will bring problems for Jaime's education.

"Now, unfortunately, it seems to be that it is more difficult for him to go to British university, even though he has got British passport and both of his parents are British. And it seems to be, even though I've looked a lot on the internet and I've gone on the UK gov (government) website I can not find the information about this and it seems to be from other sources. they're saying he will be classed as an international student," says Riley.

Almost 50 percent of British expats in Spain live in the two regions of Alicante (Costa Blanca) and Malaga (Costa del Sol).

There are now more than 360,000 British residents registered in Spain, according to official Spanish figures.

18 million British tourists visited Spain each year between 2017 and 2019.

But the tourism industry here has been hit by both Brexit and the COVID-19 pandemic.

Aaron Lopez is the manager of Doctor Livingston bar in Malaga's city center. He says that tourism has dropped by 70 percent due to the pandemic.

"In the center of Malaga we notice it. We work with tourism, and since we do not have tourism, sales have dropped, employment has dropped, and invoicing has dropped", says Lopez.

The people of the Costa del Sol are looking forward to a post pandemic future when airplanes and cruise ships will return tourists to Spain's sunshine coast, though there many be fewer Brits who turn their holiday into a lifestyle.

Rincon de la Victoria, Malaga, Spain - 23 February 2021


1. Zoom out of real estate agent Henny Illingworth walking on beach
2. Mid of Illingworth asking for cappuccino on a coffee terrace 
3. Various of Illingworth drinking coffee while looking at the sea
4. Cutaway of a black & white mural in the bar which shows women playing at the beach
5. SOUNDBITE (English) Henny Illingworth, real estate agent:
"Previously, as an EU citizen in Spain, I had the right to be here and now I just have permission to stay. It does feel a big difference and it feels that there has been a huge amount of uncertainty, misinformation the last few years.  It leaves us feeling am I safe? Am I stable here? It's not a very nice feeling to live with."


6. Wide of a closed ice cream shop and buildings on the sea front 
7. Wide of empty tennis pitch, buildings and the sea
8. Mid of a street sign
9. Mid of people walking and cycling next to the beach

Alcaucin, Malaga, Spain - 24 February 2021

10. Various of real state company signs advertising houses and apartments to rent and to sell 


Rincon de la Victoria, Malaga, Spain - 23 February 2021

11. SOUNDBITE (English) Henny Illingworth, real estate agent:
"We actually have some properties up for sale which were previously,  they are known as British "swallows", they would come over for a few months of the year and some of those people then rent out their properties for business during the summer, some of then leave them empty. But now, British citizens are going to have to follow this strict 90/180-day rule, which before they could come over for five or four months and some people are selling up because it's just not worth it for them."

Alcaucin, Malaga, Spain - 24 February 2021

12. Wide of a man shopping in a supermarket specialising in British products
13. Tilt down from the man taking a product and putting it in the basket
14. Cutaway of corned beef can
15. Cutaway of stewed steak can and chilli can 
16. Tilt down of man paying
17. Wide of people in line to pay at the supermarket
18. Mid of a man taking things out of a delivery box


Malaga, Spain - 18 February 2021

19. Mid of UK and Spain flags on a balcony
20. SOUNDBITE (English) Kirsty Ridyard, director of Phoenix College Malaga:
"Personal and professionally it is going to affect me. Professionally we cannot get the products that we need to teach chemistry effectively in Spain because they are sourced in Britain and those are so expensive over there now, it's going to be prohibitive. And personally, I just don't know what it's going to happen with the transport. It used to be like hopping on a bus getting on a plane to go to London and getting back, for me and my family who are still there. But now we just don't know if we are going to need visas or not."


21. Various of students taking biology lessons in Phoenix College 
22. Tilt up from chemistry bottles to student Victoria Rincon
23. Wide of Victoria Rincon and an another student during chemistry class
24. SOUNDBITE (Spanish) Victoria Rincon, 18 years-old, student:
"I have applied (to universities) in England, but I think I will not go because the fees are too high. And I think that is what is happening to a lot of people in Europe. We are going to miss their education in England because of the price. And then, I think I'm going to Netherlands."


Malaga, Spain - 23 February 2021

25. Pan right of teacher James Riley and his son Jaime shopping in Atarazanas market 
26. Mid of James Riley and his son Jaime having shrimps at a bar terrace
27. Tilt down from Manchester City banner to James Riley walking through his house
28. Mid of James Riley reading musical magazine which shows David Bowie on the front
29. Mid of James Riley reading magazine while his son Jaime plays the guitar
30. Various of James Riley showing their passports. It reads (English) "European Union" and "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland"
31. SOUNDBITE (English) James Riley, teacher:
"Now, unfortunately, it seems to be that it is more difficult for him to go to British university, even though he has got British passport and both of his parents are British. And it seems to be, even though I've looked a lot on the internet and I've gone on the UK gov (government) website I can not find the information about this and it seems to be from other sources. they're saying he will be classed as an international student."


Malaga, Spain - February 18th, 2021

32. Wide of Malaga's shopping street, Calle Larios
33. Wide of souvenir shop closed while an elderly couple rolls a suitcase down the street 
34. Wide of Irish pub 
35. Mid of two women having a beer
36. SOUNDBITE (Spanish) Aaron Lopez, Bar manager:
"From one day to the next, it (tourism) has dropped by 70 percent and in the center of Malaga we notice it. We work with tourism, and since we do not have tourism, sales have dropped, employment has dropped, and invoicing has dropped."


37. Wide inside flamenco dress shop
38. Close of kids' flamenco shoes
39. Cutaway of Malaga souvenirs

40. Wide of Malaga's port, empty of yachts

Ford's Dagenham diesel engine plant is a marvel of mechanisation - a steel and chrome hangar full of LED lighting, robots and computer-controlled machine tools.

The US carmaker has invested 2.5 (b) billion US dollars in the plant, where 3,150 people churn out an engine every 30 seconds.

And they've been here a long time: Edsel Ford, son of founder Henry Ford, personally cut the sod to start construction of the company's UK manufacturing headquarters in 1929.

It's hard to imagine Ford would walk away from all that if Britain fails to negotiate a favourable trade deal when it leaves the European Union.

But don't bet on it.

With auto parts passing through as many as 15 countries before a car is completed, a Brexit agreement that results in new tariffs that increase the cost of Ford vehicles for consumers is no small problem.

"It will force us to consider what the longer-term options are for the investments that we make, because let me be clear: We have to transact business in an environment where we can be competitive, and it's that competitive base that we're interested in making sure is protected," said Steven Armstrong, CEO of Ford in Europe.

Britain's car industry, which employs 814,000 people, illustrates the struggle the country faces as it prepares to exit the European Union.

Cars are assembled, not forged in a single place.

Modern manufacturing techniques result in carmakers having plants in several locations, often in different countries, that specialise in producing pieces of the finished vehicle.

For instance, the plant in Dagenham, in east London, makes nothing but diesel engines.

Tariffs, which are virtually non-existent for goods that move from one EU nation to another, are an oversized threat to British carmakers because they could be applied each time those components cross and re-cross international borders on their way to the new car showroom.

British carmakers, and many other industries, want the government to negotiate an agreement that preserves free trade with the EU's single market after Brexit.

Failure to do so could mean that tariffs and quotas are applied according to World Trade Organisation rules, which would make each vehicle more expensive.

The industry relies on Europe as both a market and a supplier, with the EU accounting for 56 percent of UK car exports and 69 percent of imports in 2016, according to the SMMT.

Besides that, Europe supplies the majority of components within UK-built vehicles.

Ford wants to know how the government plans to address this issue - and soon. "It's important that we continue to have access to the European market, free trade and a seamless border really is what we're looking for as we go through the Brexit process," Armstrong told The Associated Press.

Prime Minister Theresa May has repeatedly said that remaining in the single market is not an option, but the government this month outlined its hopes for an agreement that would permit the "freest and most frictionless possible trade" with EU member states.

This could include a temporary customs union with the bloc for up to three years after Britain leaves in 2019 to give businesses time to adjust to the new rules. Negotiations are set to begin again next week.

A transition period may be crucial for carmakers because they will have to adjust to new borders at a time of dramatic change for the industry.

"A significant proportion of the UK supply chain actually sits within the European marketplace," said Darren Jukes, head of the industrial products group at consulting firm PwC.

The change isn't lost on the workers at the Ford's Dagenham works, which has seen cuts and change over decades and where female workers went on strike in 1968 to demand equal pay in a fight immortalised in the movie "Made in Dagenham.''

Plus all they have to do is look around - robots do much of the work.

In places where a human being is required, a computer is often nearby to correct mistakes.

The uncertainty of Brexit worries people like the plant's employees, for whom the debate could be more about location than politics.

Dagenham, east London - 21 July 2017

1. Pan of completed Ford vehicles that have recently arrived in the United Kingdom from overseas

2. Stationary Ford vehicles, car transporter moving in background

3. Pull focus on Ford logo

4. Exterior of Ford Motor Company engine plant

5. Close of signage with Ford logo

6. Top view of engine plant, pan right

7. Machinery inside plant, electronic screen

8. Close of screen

9. Samy Alakarsamy, who has worked for Ford for 35 years, operating machinery on engine assembly line

10. Ford employee marking engine component

Ford Dunton Technical Centre, Dunton Wayletts, Essex – 21 July 2017

11. Exterior of Ford Dunton Technical Centre

12. Statue of Henry Ford, founder of the Ford Motor Company

13. Steven Armstrong, Group Vice President and President of Europe, Middle East and Africa at Ford Motor Company (screen right) speaking

14. SOUNDBITE (English) Steven Armstrong, Group Vice President and President of Europe, Middle East and Africa at Ford Motor Company:

"We've said that the whole situation around Brexit is probably the biggest headwind that we face within the Ford business in Europe, and we're looking forward to getting to some clarity around what's going to happen, stressing the importance of a need for a transitional arrangement as we move toward the separation in, you know, not too many months' time now. So, for us it's important that we continue to have access to the European market, free trade and a seamless border really is what we're looking for as we go through the Brexit process."

Dagenham, east London - 21 July 2017

15. Ford employee operating machinery on engine assembly line

16. A cylinder block, which forms the main structure of the diesel engine, on production line

17. Ford employees standing next to cylinder block inside plant

18. Cylinder block moving through the production process

19. Tilt up on cylinder block

20. Robot moving cylinder blocks

Central London – 24 August, 2017

21. SOUNDBITE (English) Darren Jukes, head of the industrial products group at consulting firm PwC:

"It's interesting because at the moment what you have is that for UK suppliers, the current economic environment that they are facing is actually quite attractive. You know, they have suddenly become far more competitive, far cheaper relative to some of their European kind of counterparts. But a significant proportion of the UK supply chain actually sits within the European marketplace."

Dagenham, east London - 21 July, 2017

22. Various of Ford employees operating machinery on engine assembly line

23. Various of employees working on engines

24. Complete engines ready to be shipped overseas to be inserted into vehicles

Ford Dunton Technical Centre, Dunton Wayletts, Essex – 21 July, 2017

25. SOUNDBITE (English) Steven Armstrong, Group Vice President and President of Europe, Middle East and Africa at Ford Motor Company:

"It will force us to consider what the longer-term options are for the investments that we make because let me be clear we have to transact business in an environment where we can be competitive and it's that competitive base that we're interested in making sure is protected."

Dagenham Dock, east London – 21 July, 2017

26. Various of ship docked at port

27. Cars in container ship hold

28. Low angle shot of cars being driven off ship

29. Workers standing next to ramp

30. Cars being driven off ship

31. Cars seen being driven off ship in mirror reflection

32. Car travelling along road after leaving ship

33. Wide of ship docked, pan to cars travelling along road

The COVID-19 pandemic has lead to a shortage of farm labour just months before the UK formally leaves the European Union at the end of December.

At Stocks Farm in Worcestershire, workers are busy tending hops plants - used in beer making - to grow up string supports.

It's an early season task that in normal times would be done by Polish workers.

But due to the coronavirus travel restrictions only four of the up to 16 expected migrants were able to make the journey.

It's the same story in farms throughout the UK. In response, the government has urged millions who have been furloughed or unemployed as a result of the pandemic to help with harvests this year.

Recruiters say the response has been enthusiastic but nowhere near to solving the problem.

Stocks Farm has been able to recruit locally for the short term: universities have closed so students have returned to their home towns and staff have been furloughed or lost their jobs as a result of the pandemic. But it's not a long-term solution.

Politics student Freddie Grant returned home to Worcestershire from Newcastle University.

"It keeps me busy. Otherwise I would be stuck at home, so it is a good thing to do and get out there and help the beer industry during the coronavirus."

Window fitter Stephen Hodgkins is grateful for the employment.

"I couldn't do my job and I didn't want to claim unemployment benefit so I thought I'd come back to the fields which I did when I was 16 years old.  And when this is over I will return back to my normal job."

The virus couldn't have struck at a worse time.  Growers are deeply worried about harvests next year when the effects of Brexit kick in and the tens of thousands of Eastern European workers they have relied on no longer have the automatic right to come and work in the UK.

Now coronavirus travel restrictions have suddenly brought that prospect of critical labour shortage to the present and offers a taster of how Brexit will impact growers in a few months' time.

Ali Capper, the National Farmers' Union spokeswoman for horticulture, runs Stocks Farm with her husband Richard.

She is concerned not just about this year's August-September harvest when she normally would hire 70 pickers from Eastern Europe - many of whom have returned year after year - but also the long term effects of Brexit.

Although farmers are grateful to employ temporary British staff, growers say they are not a long term solution to the problem and that first world economies have always relied on part time migrant labour to pick crops.

"In order to have full time work you have to be prepared to follow that work around the country to different crops to different parts of the country and that really doesn't suit people who have to pay rent or a mortgage," said Capper.

She is calling for clarity from the British government about its immigration plans after 31 December when the current 11-month Brexit transition period ends and freedom of movement for EU citizens to Britain will likely end.

Without this Capper says farmers will reduce the amount of crops they grow rather than seeing them rot in the fields.

Suckley, Worcestershire - 5 May 2020

1. Various of workers training hops plants around ropes

2. Student, Freddie Grant who has taken temporary work at farm

3. SOUNDBITE (English) Freddie Grant, student who has taken temporary work at farm:

"It keeps me busy. Otherwise I would be stuck at home so it is a good thing to do and get out there and help the beer industry during the coronavirus."

4. Window fitter Stephen Hodgkins who has taken temporary work at farm

5. SOUNDBITE (English) Stephen Hodgkins, window fitter who has taken temporary work at farm:

"I couldn't do my job and I didn't want to claim unemployment (benefits) so I thought I'd come back to the fields which I'd done when I was 16 years old. And when this is over, I will return back to my normal job.

6. Ali Capper, Stocks Farm manager and National Farmers' Union spokeswoman for horticulture

7. Various of apple trees

8. SOUNDBITE (English) Ali Capper, Stocks Farm manager and National Farmers' Union spokeswoman for horticulture:

"A total double whammy. We've had a seasonal agricultural workers scheme that's enabled us to bring workers from further afield for decades. That scheme was ended by the government in 2013.  When that happened we forecast that we would start to see shortages and of course the referendum and brexit has just exacerbated that.  For the last three years the sector has run short by about 10-15% of the workforce that it needs. That is why we have had instances of crops literally going rotten in the fields."

9. Various of student tending plants

10. SOUNDBITE (English) Ali Capper, Stocks Farm manager and National Farmers' Union spokeswoman for horticulture:

"In order to have full time work you have to be prepared to follow that work around the country to different crops to different parts of the country and that really doesn't suit people who have to pay rent or a mortgage."

11. Various of farm workers

12. SOUNDBITE (English) Ali Capper, Stocks Farm manager and National Farmers' Union spokeswoman for horticulture:

"We really need clarity from the British government around their immigration plans and policies from next January. And there is still no clarity on the seasonal workers' scheme which was launched in September 2018 for two and half thousand permits."

13. Apple trees

14. SOUNDBITE (English) Ali Capper, Stocks Farm manager and National Farmers' Union spokeswoman for horticulture:

"But if we do not have a workforce we don't have a business. Forty to 50% of our turnover is labour costs. So if there is no workforce we truly have no business and if we have no clarity or certainty about where that workforce is going to come from next year and the year after we are not going to take that risk. Businesses will start to de-risk and they will make different decisions and that will be to plant less fruit and vegetables in the UK. For me that would be morally reprehensible."

15. Various of apple trees

The UK's imminent exit from the EU is making Britons from diverse communities apply for citizenship in European countries - including some whose continental roots are linked to a deeply traumatic history.

Simon Wallfisch grew up in London as the grandson of an Auschwitz survivor who swore to never return to the country that murdered her parents and six million other Jews.

But more than 70 years after the Holocaust, Wallfisch and thousands of other Jews in Britain have been applying for restoration of German citizenship which was stripped from their ancestors by the Nazis during the Third Reich.

Their surprising decision was triggered by Brexit - the impending withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union.

The country is scheduled to leave the EU on March 29, and among other things, Britons stand to lose the privileges of free movement and work across the 28-nation bloc that they have enjoyed for the last decades.

"This nationalistic movement that has led to this disaster that we call Brexit, has led me to just finding a way to secure my future and my children's future," said Wallfisch, a well-known classical singer and cellist, who received his German passport in October.

"In order to remain European, I've taken the German citizenship," he said.

Many Britons, whose ancestors came from other parts of Europe, have tried claiming citizenship in other EU member states so they can retain ties to the continent.

But for Jews whose families fled Germany to escape the Nazis, the decision meant re-examining long-held beliefs about the country that once persecuted them.

Wallfisch's grandmother Anita Lasker-Wallfisch was 18 years old when in December 1943 she was deported to Auschwitz, the Nazi-run death camp in occupied Poland where more than one million Jews were murdered.

She survived because she was a member of the camp's girls' orchestra.

As a cellist, she had to play classical music while the other Jews were taken to the gas chambers.

In November 1944, she was taken to the concentration camp Bergen-Belsen, where she was eventually liberated by the British Army in April 1945.

Lasker-Wallfisch migrated to Great Britain in 1946, got married and had two children.

Her career as a famous cello player took her around the world, but it was decades before she overcame her hatred and set foot on German soil again.

Only in recent years has Lasker-Wallfisch, now 93, become a regular visitor, educating children in Germany about the Holocaust.

On International Holocaust Remembrance Day on Sunday, Lasker-Wallfisch, her grandson Simon and her daughter Maya Jacobs Lasker-Wallfisch performed for the first time together on stage at the Jewish Museum Berlin in commemoration of their family.

They played music with other members of their extended family and read letters from the past as a tribute to those who survived and those who perished in the Shoah.

Before the start of the show, the three generations were sitting next to each other on a red couch in the museum's dressing room, discussing their reasons for reclaiming the German nationality.

"We cannot be victims of our past, we have to have some hope for change," said Maya Jacobs Lasker-Wallfisch, a 60-year-old London psychotherapist who has also applied for a German passport.

"I feel somehow in a strange way triumphant. Something is coming full circle."

Her application is one of more than 3,380 requests for repatriation that the German Embassy in London has received since the Brexit referendum in June 2016.

In comparison, only about 20 such requests were made annually in the years before Brexit.

The applicants are taking advantage of Article 116 of the German constitution that allows the descendants of people persecuted by the Nazis to regain the citizenship that was removed from them between 1933 and 1945.

For many Jews who are seeking restoration of their citizenship, the passport comes in handy because it retains their ability to travel easily from country to country, maintain business ties or simply makes sure they remain a part of Europe.

But Jacobs Lasker-Wallfisch says there are other, more emotional reasons for her getting back German citizenship.

"I feel an aliveness here (in Berlin) that I have not experienced before, but it totally makes sense because after all I am German," she said adding that if the country where all these cruelties against Jews and other minorities were planned and executed is now a country that welcomes the descendants of the victims, "that's a good thing".

Anita Lasker-Wallfisch, the Holocaust survivor, has a more sober and pessimistic view of life.

"Jewish people never feel secure ... even with your German nationality," she said to her daughter and grandson, reminding them of her own past. "I had German nationality; it did not buy security."

Berlin - 28 January 2019

1. Simon Wallfisch cleaning his cello

2. Various of Wallfisch rehearsing

3. Concert at Jewish museum

4. Wallfisch playing

5. Simon Wallfisch together with his aunt Maya Jacobs Lasker-Wallfisch and grandmother Anita Lasker-Wallfisch

6. SOUNDBITE (English) Simon Wallfisch, Grandson of Auschwitz survivor Anita Lasker-Wallfisch:

"This nationalistic movement that has led to this disaster that we call Brexit, has led me to just finding a way to secure my future and my children's future. In order to remain European, I've taken the German citizenship."

7. Tilt up of Maya Jacobs Lasker-Wallfisch

8. Wide of concert

9. Maya Jacobs Lasker-Wallfisch in audience

10. SOUNDBITE (English) Maya Jacobs Lasker-Wallfisch, Daughter of Auschwitz survivor Anita Lasker-Wallfisch:

"We cannot be victims of our past. We have to have some hope for change. I feel somehow in a strange way triumphant. Something is coming full circle."

11. Various of Anita Lasker-Wallfisch in audience and on stage

12. SOUNDBITE (English) Anita Lasker-Wallfisch, Auschwitz survivor:

"But because Jewish people never feel secure, and even with your German nationality, I had German nationality, you did not buy security."

13. Maya Jacobs Lasker-Wallfisch, Simon Wallfisch, at table

14. SOUNDBITE (English) Simon Wallfisch, Grandson of Auschwitz survivor Anita Lasker-Wallfisch:

"Great Britain has an illness and they are choosing the wrong medicine to cure it. Leaving the EU will not cure the deep, deep problems that are in our society. So maybe what has to happen is that they have to leave. Things have to get worse and then they will think, 'well, that didn't work, let's maybe actually now work on what the problem is'."

15. Lasker-Wallfisch family members on stage

16. Audience clapping

17. Simon Wallfisch and Anita Lasker-Wallfisch on stage

18. Simon Wallfisch and Anita Lasker-Wallfisch leaving stage

Tensions mounted in Britain a day before Parliament was due to vote on the Brexit withdrawal agreement, which it has already rejected once.

Ireland's deputy prime minister said Monday that British Prime Minister Theresa May is set to hold last-minute talks with European Union leaders to try to save her foundering Brexit divorce deal.

Simon Coveney said May will fly to Strasbourg, France, a seat of the European Parliament, on Monday "to try to finalize an agreement, if that's possible."

May's 10 Downing St. office would not confirm the trip.

May's office said talks were continuing to try to secure changes to the deal that can win over opponents in Parliament. May has spoken by phone to European Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker twice in the past 24 hours.

Pro-Brexit lawmakers have urged May to postpone Tuesday's vote rather than risk another crushing defeat.

But May's spokesperson said the vote would take place on Tuesday.

London - 11 March 2019

1. Pan from commuters on Waterloo bridge to Westminster skyline.

2. Close up of London Eye

3. Wide of London Eye and Houses of Parliament

4. Boat on river Thames

5. Houses of Parliament with railway bridge in foreground

6. Close up of London Eye with Parliament in the background

7. Pan from Red London buses on Waterloo bridge to London Eye and Parliament in background

8. Commuters on Waterloo Bridge

9. Wide of St Paul's Cathedral and City landscape from Waterloo bridge

10. St Paul's Cathedral and Millennium bridge from across the river Thames

11. Londoners walking across the Millennium bridge

12. St Paul's in background as people cross the bridge

13. Close up of the cross on top of St. Paul's Cathedral

14. Wide of Millennium bridge and St. Paul's cathedral

15. Puddle with reflection of St Paul's Cathedral

16. Wide of St Paul's Cathedral with London buses driving past

17. People looking at Tower Bridge

18. Wide of Tower Bridge

19. London bus driving across the bridge

20. Pan down of Tower Bridge

21. Tourist taking photo

22. Tower of London across the river

23. Wide of tourists walking in front of the Tower of London

24. Close up of Tower of London

25. Pan with tourists walking in front of Buckingham Palace

26. Close up of Union Jack flying above Buckingham Palace

27. Wide of Buckingham Palace

28. Close up the top of the Queen Victoria Memorial

29. Pan of Buckingham Palace

30. Tourist taking photo

31. Wide of Buckingham Palace

32. Close up of window at palace

33. Armed police at the gate of the palace

34. Buckingham palace shot from the Mall

35. Pan of people walking across Lambeth bridge to the Houses of Parliament

36. Mid of flag flying above Houses of Parliament

37. Wide of Parliament through Lambeth bridge

38. Wide of cloudy sky with Parliament and the London Eye

39. Mid of Parliament

40. Parliament with river in foreground

41. Close up of the Union Jack

42. Wide of Parliament

43. People sitting on benches in Victoria gardens in front of Parliament

44. Wide of Parliament

45. Close up of pigeons in front of Parliament

46. Close up of Parliament

47. Wide of Parliament

48. Union Jack on top of Parliament

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SHOTLIST:

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County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland, close to the border - 26 June, 2016

1. Grazing sheep

2. Sheep grazing

3. Marked sheep

4. Farmer Hugh Maguire driving in car on his farmland, UPSOUND (English): Hugh Maguire, farmer: "And southern Ireland is right over there, it's probably not a quarter mile across."

5. SOUNDBITE (English) Hugh Maguire, farmer:

"Well, I voted to remain, and I thought the result was a disaster for farming especially in Northern Ireland, where we are dependent on 80 per cent of our income from the single farm payment or subsidies. So I honestly think in a few years' time, if we remain the same, there'll be no farming up in this part of Northern Ireland. We should be treated in Northern Ireland the same as the Republic."

6. Maguire closing gate

7. Cow grazing, farm in the background

Belcoo, County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland - 25 June, 2016

8. Bridge leading from Blacklion, Republic of Ireland, to Belcoo, Northern Ireland (UK)

9. Town sign of Belcoo, with speed limit in miles per hour

10. People walking down bridge

Belcoo, Northern Ireland (UK) - 26 June, 2016

11. Businessman Jonathan Balfour paying in supermarket

12. Woman taking newspaper from stand in supermarket

13. Newspaper headline of 'Sunday Times' reading (English) "After Brexit, what now?"

14. Jonathan Balfour and his children Dorothy and Jona leaving supermarket

15. SOUNDBITE (English) Jonathan Balfour, 42, owner of Elite Electronic Systems in Enniskillen, Northern Ireland:

"I am involved in manufacturing, so a lot of our customers are in Europe, and I think it's going to make it more difficult for us to compete in Europe with our competitors, and our cost of goods is more expensive because of this."

Blacklion, Republic of Ireland - 25 June, 2016

16. Bridge leading from Belcoo, UK, to Blacklion, Republic of Ireland, with town sign of Blacklion (in English and Gaelic) and speed limit in kilometres per hour

17. Ireland cup in "The Market House" tourist centre and gift shop

18. Tourist gifts on shelf

19. SOUNDBITE (English) Helena Corcoran, 61, tourist administrator, living in Blacklion for 15 years:

"Because we are so close with Belcoo and Blacklion, we're neighbours, and we're fearful that they will ask us for passports and that this will happen. But really it's the unknown at the moment, so that's the fear."

20. Corcoran talking to colleague Margaret McCauley and Cavan County councillor John Paul Feeley in tourist centre

21. Feeley leaving "The Market House" tourist centre

22. SOUNDBITE (English) John Paul Feeley, Cavan County councillor:

"It's going to increase the cost of doing business between both parts of Ireland, and it's going to have an impact on the over 30-thousand people who commute either north or south of the border to work and to avail of education on a daily basis. It's a very serious situation for us, it's one that we are going to watch and wait, and hope that a solution is found that minimizes the impact of 'Brexit'.''

Newry, Northern Ireland (UK) - 26 June, 2016

23."Brexit" campaign posters for "Leave" and "Remain" in street in town

24. Bridge in town centre

25. Fans from Northern Ireland wearing jerseys of the football team of the Republic of Ireland standing singing outside "Quayside Inn" during Euro 2016 match of Ireland against France

26. Fans wearing jerseys of the football team of the Republic of Ireland singing inside "Quayside Inn" while watching the Euro 2016 match of Ireland against France

27. Waitress pulling a pint of beer

28. Fan watching match, shaking head

29. SOUNDBITE (English) Ian Downey, 46, furniture-maker from Newry:

"It's so close to the border, and when there was a break-up of Ireland, it left us in a bad situation, if you know what I mean. We're in the north but we should really be part of the south."

30. Ian Downey watching the Euro 2016 match of Ireland against France, rooting for Ireland

31. SOUNDBITE (English) Ian Downey, 46, furniture maker from Newry:

"I don't want the border to go back up again because it would create tension here.''

32. Geraldine Merendino outside "Quayside Inn"

33. SOUNDBITE (English) Geraldine Merendino, 48, mother of three from Newry:

"We're not sure yet, I don't even think the politicians know what's going to happen next. They called an EU referendum, I don't think they got the answer they truly wanted, and now everybody's up in arms over it. So, we'll just have to wait and see what happens."

34. Girls walking down street in Newry

35. Various of view from Narrow Water Castle across river to Republic of Ireland

36. Narrow Water Castle near Newry

STORYLINE:

Residents on Ireland's border are trying to imagine what life will be like if Northern Ireland leaves the European Union.

Many now fear that the clock could soon be turned decades back to dark days when the border was a fortified conflict zone.

Northern Ireland farmer Hugh Maguire, like many residents along the United Kingdom's virtually unmarked land border with the Republic of Ireland, faces the risk of financial ruin if Britain proceeds with plans to exit the European Union, whose agricultural subsidies provide most of his income from highland pastures of cows and sheep.

Maguire called last week's referendum verdict, with 52 per cent voting UK-wide to leave the bloc, including 44 per cent in Northern Ireland, "a disaster."

Many now fear that both British and Irish authorities will have no choice but to redeploy customs officers and police to deter immigration and smuggling.

The shock decision to back "Brexit" sent the British pound tumbling against other currencies, including the euro used in the Republic of Ireland.

"A lot of our customers are in Europe, and I think it's going to make it more difficult for us to compete in Europe," said Jonathan Balfour, director of Elite Electronic Systems, a business that employs around 200 in the nearby Northern Ireland town of Enniskillen. The company assembles printed circuit boards and other electronic peripherals but finds its cost for imported materials is rising in tune with the pound's sharp decline.

For the people in Newry, Northern Ireland, it appeared normal to root for the Republic during the Euro 2016. "We're in the north but we should really be part of the south," said Ian Downey, one of the many Northern Irish fans wearing the green jerseys of the Republic of Ireland during Ireland's match against France on Sunday.

"I don't want the border to go back up again because it would create tension here,'' he added.

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LEAD IN:

Rough waters may be ahead for Britain's luxury yacht industry, but right now it's riding on a wave caused by currency fluctuations at home.

At the annual Southampton Boat Show, British-based Sunseeker, Princess and Fairline say 'Brexit' is causing uncertainty in the luxury market which is ultimately bad for business.

STORY-LINE:

It's not just the weather outlook that looks poor at the Southampton Boat Show, the yacht industry is also bracing for the potential effects of Britain leaving the 28-nation European Union.

Claimed to be one of the top ten boat shows in the world, the annual event boasts two kilometres of pontoons, home to a wealth of yachting luxury and new marine technology.

There are almost 600 brands attending and hundreds of boats on display.

Poole-based Sunseeker Yachts is exhibiting this £6 million British pound (approx. $7.94 million USD), 28-metre 95 Yacht. It sleeps a maximum of ten people, plus four crew members and boasts up to 120 nautical miles in range.

Sunseeker International, owned by Chinese property and cinema conglomerate Dalian Wanda Group, recently announced a return to profit in the second quarter of 2016.

The luxury yacht makers also announced retail orders in excess of £25 million British pounds (approx. $33 million USD) at the recent Cannes Boat Show.

"There's a direct correlation between the numbers of high and ultra-high net-worth individuals and the number of luxury yachts that are sold," says CEO of Sunseeker, Phil Popham.

"Projections around the world is that numbers of high net-worth individuals will grow by about 20 percent between now and 2020. So, if there's a direct correlation we expect that growth in the luxury yacht market to be the same."

Popham admits part of Sunseeker's recent success may be down to the British currency, but lack of confidence caused by Britain's exit from the EU will ultimately effect their business.

"The thing that we really need to focus on is confidence levels, certainty, we've benefited because of the weakness of the pound, but its all about business confidence", he says.

Plymouth-based Princess Yachts is giving this Princess V58 its world premiere in Southampton. Measuring 18.42 (60.4 feet) in length, it boasts 6 berths and can hit tops speeds of 37 knots.

Princess Yachts marketing director, Kiran Haslam says the weak pound has certainly encouraged some buyers to push through transactions sooner.

"Undoubtedly there's an advantage to the currency exchange being where it is, we saw that in Cannes," he says.

"We saw a lot of boats being sold where the transaction was really, really pushed along because of the opportunity to get the benefit out of the exchange rates."

Ultimately though, buying a luxury item such as a yacht all depends on buyer confidence. Something which 'Brexit' is eroding.

"The uncertainty is something which absolutely grips our segment whether it's cars or houses or travel, there's no denying that a yacht - as wonderful as it is - is not a necessity item," says Haslam.

"So it's always a conversation about is it the right time."

But what is it that luxury yacht buyers are really after? Princess Yacht's creative design director, Sarah Verey says people are increasingly looking for personalisation and uniqueness.

"A lot of it's about lifestyle, it's about how they're going to use the boats," she says.

"Our clients really come on to these boats and use them. So they're tending to look for lots of open spaces, luxurious spaces, spaces where they can entertain both inside and out.

"And also, clients nowadays, they want something unique. So they want to work with us on completely personalising their boat and finding something that is unique to them and actually has never been used on other boats."

Fairline Yachts is exhibiting this sleek new Targa 53 OPEN, a new addition to its popular 53-foot range.

Priced at around £659,000 British pounds (approx. $871,000 USD), it boasts four to six berths and a top speed of 34 knots.

Fariline's managing director Russell Currie says Southampton Boat Show is an important event.

"It is the shop window for the British manufacturers," he says.

"Here, customers can come down and compare all the British brands as well as the brands represented from around the world and choose exactly what is for their specific requirement."

Currie says Fairline too has benefited from the weak pound, achieving its best-ever sales at the recent Cannes Boat Show.

"We've had an overnight decrease in the price of our boats in areas such as the European market," he says.

"At Cannes Boat Show last year, our boats were 15 percent more expensive than this year. And at Cannes Boat Show, we saw the most successful show in Fairline's history in that region."

Though the decision proved a huge surprise to many in the financial markets and prompted a dramatic slide in the value of the pound, the real economy has exhibited a relatively high degree of resilience.

Retail sales, house prices and industrial production have all held up - to the surprise of many.

Still, economists say little can yet be read into the seeming resilience, given the lags involved between events and changes in the real economy.

The fact remains that apart from the fall in the value of the pound, which now stands at around $1.32 USD compared with $1.50 USD on the eve of the vote, nothing really has changed. Britain remains a member of the EU and has yet to trigger the so-called Article 50 that kick starts a two-year time frame for actual Brexit.

"Obviously, industry and business need stability and the time it will take to exit from the European Union will be problematic, but we are lobbying government hard," says Howard Pridding, chief executive of British Marine.

"We need to understand what's going to be in these free trade agreements and what's going to happen about the free movement of goods and people within the European community."

The Southampton Boat Show runs 16-25 September.

Southampton, UK - 16 September 2016

1. Wide of Southampton Boat Show 2016, cruise ship in background

2. Tilt down to pontoon, boats and visitors

3. Close of 'Sunseeker' flag

4. Various of Sunseeker 95 Yacht exterior

5. Close of 'Sunseeker' logo

6. Tilt up of Sunseeker 95 Yacht rear

7. Various of Sunseeker 95 Yacht interior

8. SOUNDBITE (English) Phil Popham, CEO of Sunseeker International:

"There's a direct correlation between the numbers of high and ultra-high net-worth individuals and the number of luxury yachts that are sold. Projections around the world is that numbers of high net-worth individuals will grow by about 20 percent between now and 2020. So, if there's a direct correlation we expect that growth in the luxury yacht market to be the same. The fortunate thing is the world is becoming generally a wealthier place so those growth in ultra-high net-worth individuals are in Asia - yes, some of the emerging markets - and Africa. But we're expecting to see a growth in the United States, UK and Europe as well."

9. Tilt up to Sunseeker 95 Yacht top deck

10. Close of champagne glasses

11. Pan left to controls

12. Close of compass

13. Pan right of Sunseeker 95 Yacht master bedroom

14. Close of pillows on bed

15. SOUNDBITE (English) Phil Popham, CEO of Sunseeker International:

"Nearly 50 percent of our business is in Europe so obviously what happens within the European market is of great concern and great interest to Sunseeker. And the thing that we really need to focus on is confidence levels, certainty, we've benefited because of the weakness of the pound, but its all about business confidence."

16. Various of Princess V58 exterior

17. Pan left to controls

18. Tilt up to table

19. Close of martini glasses and gin bottle

20. SOUNDBITE (English) Kiran Haslam, Marketing Director of Princess Yachts International:

"Undoubtedly there's an advantage to the currency exchange being where it is, we saw that in Cannes. We saw a lot of boats being sold where the transaction was really, really pushed along because of the opportunity to get the benefit out of the exchange rates."

21. Tilt down of Princess V58 bedroom

22. Close of sunglasses and magazine on bed

23. High shot of Princess B58 master bedroom

24. Tilt up from magazine on bed to pillows

25. SOUNDBITE (English) Kiran Haslam, Marketing Director of Princess Yachts International:

"The uncertainty is something which absolutely grips our segment, whether it's cars or houses or travel, there's no denying that a yacht - as wonderful as it is - is not a necessity item. So it's always a conversation about is it the right time."

26. Close of glass bottles inside Princess 30M

27. Tilt up of Princess 30M living room area

28. Tilt up of bed in Princess 30M

29. Pan left from bedside table to pillows

30. SOUNDBITE (English) Sarah Verey, Director of Creative Design, Princess Yachts International:

"A lot of it's about lifestyle, it's about how they're going to use the boat. Our clients really come on to these boats and use them. So they're tending to look for lots of open spaces, luxurious spaces, spaces where they can entertain both inside and out. And also, clients nowadays, they want something unique. So they want to work with us on completely personalising their boat and finding something that is unique to them and actually has never been used on other boats."

31. Various of Fairline Targa 53 Open exterior

32. SOUNDBITE (English) Russell Currie, Managing Director of Fairline Yachts:

"It is the shop window for the British manufacturers. Here, customers can come down and compare all the British brands as well as the brands represented from around the world and choose exactly what is for their specific requirement."

33. Close of flowers on Fairline Targa 53 Open

34. Various of Targa 53 Open controls

35. Low shot of bed

36. Tilt down to two beds

37. SOUNDBITE (English) Russell Currie, Managing Director of Fairline Yachts:

"We've had an overnight decrease in the price of our boats in areas such as the European market. At Cannes Boat Show last year, our boats were 15 percent more expensive than this year. And at Cannes Boat Show, we saw the most successful show in Fairline's history in that region."

38. Pull out from cruise ship to Southampton Boat Show pontoon

39. Wide of various boats on marina

40. Close of Sunseeker boat's hull in water

41. SOUNDBITE (English) Howard Pridding, Chief Executive of British Marine:

"Obviously, industry and business need stability and the time it will take to exit from the European Union will be problematic, but we are lobbying government hard, we need to understand what's going to be in these free trade agreements and what's going to happen about the free movement of goods and people within the European community."

42. Wide of Southampton Boat Show 2016, cruise ship in background

LEAD IN:

While most of us are waiting to find out when we can travel again, British pet owners wishing to visit the European Union are facing added complications.

Since the Brexit transition period ended, pet passports issued in the UK are no longer valid, and owners now have to get an 'animal health certificate' every time they travel with their pet.

STORY-LINE:

Like most of us, Louis the dog is looking forward to his next holiday, especially while the weather in London is cold and grey and lockdown restrictions mean there's little to do, other than walk in the park.

But it isn't just COVID-19 restrictions that could delay his next trip.

After the Brexit transition period ended on 31 December 2020, pet passports issued in Great Britain became invalid for travel to an EU country or Northern Ireland.

From 1 January 2021, along with a microchip and valid rabies vaccination, pet dogs, cats and ferrets now need an animal health certificate from a vet.

As the founder of the private member's luxury hotel club Little Emperors, Louis' owner Rebecca Masri is a frequent traveller.

"It used to be very easy with a dog, I was able to just hop on a plane with his pet passport into Europe or wherever without a moment's thought," she explains.

"With the new Brexit regulations, the pet passport that was initially his access to the world is no longer valid and to get outside of the UK he requires a health certificate which I need to have every time he travels validated by a vet within a restricted time frame."

The animal health certificate is required every time the pet travels and must be issued by a vet no more than ten days before the date of travel.

It is then valid for just four months for onward travel within the EU and re-entry to Britain.

Masri adds that with all the travel disruption already created by the pandemic, this is a particularly unfortunate time for more restrictions.

"Travel is already complicated and I think this new requirement to travel with pets is going to be interesting depending on how complicated it is to get the new certificate that's required to travel," she says.

Masri adds that Louis' EU pet passport previously gave her the option to travel with him at short notice.

"That flexibility to just hop on and off a plane with my dog was probably taken for granted by me. Now that I know I have to add an additional step to my travel with Louis, and depending on how complicated it is, it might make me reconsider whether I would actually take him or not."

And the new requirements don't only apply to pets, they are also necessary to travel with assistance dogs.

"For someone like me who chooses to take my dog with me it's just a nuisance. But I feel for someone who perhaps must have their dog with them, perhaps has a guide dog and must go through the extra measures to travel as a necessity," says Masri.

It isn't just pet owners facing extra admin due to the changes. Issuing animal health certificates is likely to create a lot more work for vets too.

"It has become more complex, cumbersome and time consuming to travel with your pets into the EU," explains senior vice president of the British Veterinary Association, Daniella Dos Santos.

"We've gone from the simple pet passport scheme to this, an animal health certificate, which is a really long document that you have to go to your vet for every time you want to travel."

However, she says it's difficult to gauge exactly how much extra work will be required, since most travel is currently at a halt due to the pandemic:

"We do have to wait and see. But the reality is it's a lot more paperwork, a lot more cumbersome and a lot more frequent."

Dos Santos is urging British pet owners to be aware that a lot more forward planning will be required if they wish to travel to the EU with their pet.

"Much harder to just pop across the Channel for the weekend," she says. "You do need to plan in advance."

London, UK – 4 February 2021

1. Close of Louis the dog sitting on an old EU pet passport

2. Close of EU logo on pet passport

3. Various of Rebecca Masri, Founder, Little Emperors luxury hotel club, walking her dog Louis in the park

4. Various of Masri looking at the Little Emperors app on her phone  

5. SOUNDBITE (English) Rebecca Masri, Founder, Little Emperors luxury hotel club:

"I travel frequently. Pre-corona I was probably travelling every week and it used to be very easy with a dog, I was able to just hop on a plane with his pet passport into Europe, or wherever, without a moment's thought. I know that with the new Brexit regulations the pet passport that was initially his access to the world is no longer valid and to get outside of the UK he requires a health certificate, which I need to have every time he travels validated by a vet within a restricted time frame."

6. Various of Masri playing with Louis in the park

7. Louis chewing a twig

8. SOUNDBITE (English) Rebecca Masri, Founder, Little Emperors luxury hotel club:

"It's an interesting time to complicate travel even further given the year that we've all had. Travel is already complicated, and I think this additional, this new requirement to travel with pets is going to be interesting depending on how complicated it is to get the new certificate that's required to travel. The nature of a lot of my trips are quite last minute, so that flexibility to just hop on and off a plane with my dog was probably taken for granted by me. Now that I know I have to add an additional step to my travel with Louis, and depending on how complicated it is, it might make me reconsider whether I would actually take him or not."

9. Various of Louis sitting and looking around

10. SOUNDBITE (English) Rebecca Masri, Founder, Little Emperors luxury hotel club:

"For someone like me who chooses to take my dog with me, it's just a nuisance, but I feel for someone who perhaps must have their dog with them, perhaps has a guide dog and must go through the extra measures to travel as a necessity."

11. Close of Louis

12. Masri looking at Little Emperors website with Louis in distance

13. People walking their dogs in a park

14. Mid of dog wagging tail

London, UK - 5 February 2021

15. Various of a cat sitting on a garden shed

London, UK - 4 February 2021

16. Various of Daniella Dos Santos, Senior Vice President of the British Veterinary Association, walking her dog Bridget Bones in a park

17. SOUNDBITE (English) Daniella Dos Santos, Senior Vice President, British Veterinary Association:

"Since January 2021 it has become more complex, cumbersome and time consuming to travel with your pets into the EU. We've gone from the simple pet passport scheme to this, an animal health certificate, which is a really long document that you have to go to your vet for every time you want to travel. You have to go to your vet no more than ten days before travel and once it's issued it's valid for four months for onward travel within the EU. Your pet still needs to be microchipped, still needs the rabies vaccine, still needs a three week wait."

18. Various of Animal Health Certificate

19. SOUNDBITE (English) Daniella Dos Santos, Senior Vice President, British Veterinary Association:

"So, we're not fully aware of the longer term, bigger picture impact because at the moment with COVID restrictions travel has been minimised. So, we do have to wait and see, but the reality is it's a lot more paperwork, a lot more cumbersome and a lot more frequent so for pet owners it involves a lot more forward planning. Much harder to just pop across the Channel for the weekend, you do need to plan in advance."

20. Various of Bridget Bones in park

21. SOUNDBITE (English) Daniella Dos Santos, Senior Vice President, British Veterinary Association:

"For vets it's a lot more time consuming. Every journey needs us to certify, and it's a much, much longer document. So, my message to pet owners would be plan in advance, this takes a lot longer and you need one every time you travel."

22. Dos Santos and Bridget Bones walking away

With the campaign for Britain's referendum on whether to stay in or leave the European Union in its final stages, and the poll date fast approaching, European citizens expressed their views on what the implications for the rest of the Europe would be, should Britain choose an exit from the 28-nation economic bloc.

Some are concerned at the prospect of the bloc having to move on with one member less and fear the vote to leave could lead to the demise of the union itself.

Rome resident Walter Simonato said a "pretty important piece" of the EU would be lost, if Britain decides to leave.

"It will cause troubles to everyone remaining in the European Union," Simonato said.

Mojca Gaetz, a tourist guide from Slovenia who has lived in Vienna, Austria for 25 years argued that staying in the EU is "about solidarity".

She said she sees Britain's membership in the EU as a "decisive role" that can determine the future of the Union.

"I think they should better stay in the EU, because I think the EU is very sensitive at the moment, it has big problems," Gaetz said.

Her opinion is shared in Athens, Greece by a 58-year-old doctor, Alexandros Tzeferakos.

"For the rest of us Europeans, the presence of Britain in the EU is a strong pylon of support to the European construct," he said.

Rome resident Salvatore Feriani, however, believes Britain would be better off outside the EU and said that Italy should consider leaving the bloc.

"My opinion is that if you are in Europe you have to be under Germany so, it is not useful being part of it."

In the German capital Berlin, there was both ambivalence to the UK leaving and the opinion that it should stay in the grouping.

A 53-year-old portfolio manager from Oslo, Norway said whether Britain leaves or stays does not make a big difference to the economy.

"Being the second biggest economy of Europe, the European community will have to integrate the UK anyway."

Toma, a 66-year-old pensioner from Galati in Romania expressed his concern over the possible loss of jobs.

"There are many Romanian citizens that work in Great Britain and of course their income that would have been sent to our country would have to suffer," Toma said.

Romania joined the EU in 2007 but its citizens gained the right to work without restrictions across the European Union in 2014.

Transitional controls were imposed by some member states on nationals of the two poorest countries in the bloc, Romania and Bulgaria, limiting their rights to work and claim benefits for the first seven years of their membership in the EU.

Britain goes to the polls on 23 June to decide whether to leave or stay in the European Union.

With the campaign for Britain's referendum on whether to stay in or leave the European Union in its final stages, and the poll date fast approaching, European citizens expressed their views on what the implications for the rest of the Europe would be, should Britain choose an exit from the 28-nation economic bloc.

Some are concerned at the prospect of the bloc having to move on with one member less and fear the vote to leave could lead to the demise of the union itself.

Rome resident Walter Simonato said a "pretty important piece" of the EU would be lost, if Britain decides to leave.

"It will cause troubles to everyone remaining in the European Union," Simonato said.

Mojca Gaetz, a tourist guide from Slovenia who has lived in Vienna, Austria for 25 years argued that staying in the EU is "about solidarity".

She said she sees Britain's membership in the EU as a "decisive role" that can determine the future of the Union.

"I think they should better stay in the EU, because I think the EU is very sensitive at the moment, it has big problems," Gaetz said.

Her opinion is shared in Athens, Greece by a 58-year-old doctor, Alexandros Tzeferakos.

"For the rest of us Europeans, the presence of Britain in the EU is a strong pylon of support to the European construct," he said.

Rome resident Salvatore Feriani, however, believes Britain would be better off outside the EU and said that Italy should consider leaving the bloc.

"My opinion is that if you are in Europe you have to be under Germany so, it is not useful being part of it."

In the German capital Berlin, there was both ambivalence to the UK leaving and the opinion that it should stay in the grouping.

A 53-year-old portfolio manager from Oslo, Norway said whether Britain leaves or stays does not make a big difference to the economy.

"Being the second biggest economy of Europe, the European community will have to integrate the UK anyway."

Toma, a 66-year-old pensioner from Galati in Romania expressed his concern over the possible loss of jobs.

"There are many Romanian citizens that work in Great Britain and of course their income that would have been sent to our country would have to suffer," Toma said.

Romania joined the EU in 2007 but its citizens gained the right to work without restrictions across the European Union in 2014.

Transitional controls were imposed by some member states on nationals of the two poorest countries in the bloc, Romania and Bulgaria, limiting their rights to work and claim benefits for the first seven years of their membership in the EU.

Britain goes to the polls on 23 June to decide whether to leave or stay in the European Union.

Rome, Italy - 14 June 2016

1. Wide of Coliseum

2. SOUNDBITE (Italian) Vox pop - Antonietta Fornasiero, Rome resident:

"Certainly they (the Brits) are very convinced of their chances (to do well without the EU) and therefore in my opinion they will exit, but then there is the question of the economy. After all, there are a lot of countries in the rest of Europe so we will make it, while their economy could be affected a lot."

3. Mid of a couple walking

4. SOUNDBITE (Italian) Vox pop - Walter Simonato, Rome resident:

"It's a choice that belongs to each population, each country, I mean we are in a democracy. However, this (Brexit) will cause troubles to everyone remaining in the European Union and that makes sense because we'll lose a pretty important piece (of the EU)."

5. Mid of tourists in front of the Coliseum

6. SOUNDBITE (Italian) Vox pop - Salvatore Feriani, Rome resident:

"Why do they have to be under Germany when actually their economy could be leading Europe and make them grow as a country, as a nation. My opinion is that if you are in Europe you have to be under Germany so, it is not useful being part of it. Besides, we should also exit."

7. Exterior wide of John Cabot University of Rome

8. Wide of Franco Pavoncello, Professor of Political Science, President of John Cabot University walking

9. SOUNDBITE (English) Franco Pavoncello, Professor of Political Science, President of John Cabot University:

"Italians are starting to look at this with quite some worry, they are perplexed by the possibility of Britain moving out, there is always been an affinity between Italy and Britain also in terms of European discussions and I think there is a lot of concern also for what could happen to the euro, what could happen to the future of the union if Britain were to move out."

10. Wide of Coliseum

Vienna, Austria - 14 June 2016

11. Vienna opera house, people walking past

12. Sculpture of fountain in front of the opera house

13. People walking on street

14. SOUNDBITE (German) Vox pop - Mojca Gaetz, Vienna resident:

"I think they should better stay in the EU, because I think the EU is very sensitive at the moment, it has big problems. This is also about solidarity. I think whether they stay or not plays a decisive role. In my opinion the future doesn't look very positive. I have the feeling that the European Union is going to fall apart anyway at some point."

15. Newspaper cover with headline reading (German) "When die British leave"

16. Magazine cover reading (German): "Please don't go!"

17. SOUNDBITE (German) Vox pop - Erwin Kostolanski, Vienna resident:

"Actually I don't care at all."

18. Vienna Opera House

19. SOUNDBITE (German) Vox pop - Isolde Wetzer, Vienna resident:

"I would advise the British to stay. Otherwise all the work that was done during the past decade - well actually decades - would have been for nothing."

20. Various of Saint Stephen's cathedral

Oslo, Norway - 14 June 2016

21. People sunbathing in front of the Norwegian parliament

22. Norwegian flag

23. SOUNDBITE (English) Vox pop - Thomas Svendsen, 25-year-old teacher:

"I feel a bit sad about it. I think that Britain should stay, both for its own sake, but also for the sake of preserving the union."

24. Various of Karl Johans gate street in Oslo with the Royal Palace in background

25. Equestrian statute of King Charles III John

26. SOUNDBITE (English) Vox pop - Tore Vaeret, 53 year-old portfolio manager:

"I don't think it will make that big a difference because being the second biggest economy of Europe, the European community will have to integrate the UK anyway."

27. Various of fountain in central Oslo

Athens, Greece - 15 June 2016

28. Medium of the Parthenon

29. Wide of tourists with Acropolis on the background

30. SOUNDIBITE (Greek) Vox pop - Alexandros Tzeferakos, 58, doctor:

"(The Brexit referendum) Yes it is of concern to us (Greeks). But it is foremost a European problem and an internal matter for the British which, as people are smart, they are capable and are well informed about all European affairs and I think they have not only the knowledge but also the capability to judge what was beneficial and what was not beneficial from Europe. But for the rest of us Europeans the presence of Britain (in the EU) is a strong pylon of support to the European construct."

31. Close up of Hadrians Arch

32. Wide of street with cars passing in front of Hadrians Arch

Bucharest, Romania - 15 June 2016

33. Various of Romanian Atheneum Music hall in central Bucharest on Victoria avenue

34. SOUNDBITE (Romanian) Vox pop - Toma (no last name) 66 year-old pensioner from Galati:

"I'd say this will not be a good thing. I mean this would affect all the other countries in the Union. Both financially and regarding jobs."

35. Cutaway statue in Revolution Square central Bucharest

36. SOUNDBITE (Romanian) Vox pop - Toma (no last name) 66 year-old pensioner from Galati

"Because there are many Romanian citizens that work in Great Britain and of course their income that would have been sent to our country would have to suffer."

37. Various of Romanian Houses of the Parliament on Unirii avenue in central Bucharest

Berlin - 16 June 2016

38. Pariser Platz and Brandenburg Gate

39. Tourists at Pariser Platz

40. SOUNDBITE (German) Vox pop - Andreas Sasse ,57, Potsdam resident:

"If the British think that it is in their favour to leave the European Union then they have to take that road."

41. Pariser Platz with Brandenburg Gate

42. Horse and carriage

43. SOUNDBITE (German) Bernd Leitenberger, 48, Frankfurt area resident:

"I'm not in support of a Brexit. I think it would be better if the UK remains in the EU."

44. Pariser Platz and Brandenburg Gate

The Houses of Parliament - an iconic London site that attracts visitors from all over the world.

Tourism is now worth 22.1 billion pounds (32 billion US dollars) annually to the UK, according to Visit Britain, Britain's national tourism agency.

Visit Britain also said that last year there were 36.1 million tourist visits, with 67 percent from the European Union.

On 23 June, the UK will vote in a referendum whether to stay in or out of the EU and many in the tourist industry are concerned that a possible leave vote will jeopardise the European holiday market.

One of those is Kyle Haughton, managing director of City Cruises.

His cruise ships carry 6 million passengers a year - in the height of summer 60 percent are from abroad, the majority from the EU.

Of the 240 staff that he employs, 50 percent are from outside the UK, mostly from the EU.

"Any change or decline in passengers coming into the country is going to affect our business quite lot and there are reports that people in Germany, Italy and France are less likely to come to the UK if we leave the EU than if we stay."

His fears are backed up by UK Inbound, which represents 360 tourist businesses.

Deidre Wells, chief executive of UKinbound has called leaving the EU "economic suicide."

"Why would you remove yourself from a market that provides two thirds of our business for our members," she said.

Tourists had mixed views about a UK "brexit".

Marco Ghiribelli, an Italian tourist, said he thought the UK would be economically better outside.

"It's not economically convenient for the UK to stay in the EU. Brexit makes sense economically as the UK economy is stronger than most of the EU countries."

Others such as Babette Pascalev, a tourist from Germany, said: "I think it is hard now because the idea is to get Europe together not apart."

But others say a Brexit would not make any difference to the tourism business.

They say nothing will change.

Alexander Goransson, travel analyst at Euromonitor International believes the expected drop in sterling following a brexit vote would attract tourists due to an increased spending power.

"In the short term I would expect to see a depreciation of the pound which will have both a positive and negative impact on tourism. UK tourists would be less likely to travel abroad and stay at home, whereas on the other hand the UK would actually become a more attractive destination for inbound tourists as prices would be relatively cheaper."

But most people in the tourist industry are hoping for a remain vote on June 23.

The Houses of Parliament - an iconic London site that attracts visitors from all over the world.

Tourism is now worth 22.1 billion pounds (32 billion US dollars) annually to the UK, according to Visit Britain, Britain's national tourism agency.

Visit Britain also said that last year there were 36.1 million tourist visits, with 67 percent from the European Union.

On 23 June, the UK will vote in a referendum whether to stay in or out of the EU and many in the tourist industry are concerned that a possible leave vote will jeopardise the European holiday market.

One of those is Kyle Haughton, managing director of City Cruises.

His cruise ships carry 6 million passengers a year - in the height of summer 60 percent are from abroad, the majority from the EU.

Of the 240 staff that he employs, 50 percent are from outside the UK, mostly from the EU.

"Any change or decline in passengers coming into the country is going to affect our business quite lot and there are reports that people in Germany, Italy and France are less likely to come to the UK if we leave the EU than if we stay."

His fears are backed up by UK Inbound, which represents 360 tourist businesses.

Deidre Wells, chief executive of UKinbound has called leaving the EU "economic suicide."

"Why would you remove yourself from a market that provides two thirds of our business for our members," she said.

Tourists had mixed views about a UK "brexit".

Marco Ghiribelli, an Italian tourist, said he thought the UK would be economically better outside.

"It's not economically convenient for the UK to stay in the EU. Brexit makes sense economically as the UK economy is stronger than most of the EU countries."

Others such as Babette Pascalev, a tourist from Germany, said: "I think it is hard now because the idea is to get Europe together not apart."

But others say a Brexit would not make any difference to the tourism business.

They say nothing will change.

Alexander Goransson, travel analyst at Euromonitor International believes the expected drop in sterling following a brexit vote would attract tourists due to an increased spending power.

"In the short term I would expect to see a depreciation of the pound which will have both a positive and negative impact on tourism. UK tourists would be less likely to travel abroad and stay at home, whereas on the other hand the UK would actually become a more attractive destination for inbound tourists as prices would be relatively cheaper."

But most people in the tourist industry are hoping for a remain vote on June 23.

London - 2 June 2016

1. Houses of Parliament seen from a river cruise boat

2. Woman taking picture of the Houses of Parliament

3. The London Eye seen from a river cruise boat

4. Part of the London Eye

5. Woman taking photo

6. People on board the river cruise boat

7. St Paul's Cathedral and other buildings

8. River cruise boat approaching Tower Bridge

9. Set up of Kyle Haughton, managing director of City Cruises

10. SOUNDBITE (English) Kyle Haughton, managing director of City Cruises:

"At City Cruises we carry 4 million passengers a year and over half of them come from overseas, the majority of which coming from EU countries, so any change or decline in passengers coming into the country is going to affect our business quite lot and there are reports that people in Germany, Italy and France are less likely to come to the UK if we leave the EU than if we stay."

London - 1 June 2016

11. Various of Deidre Wells, chief executive of UKinbound, at her desk

12. SOUNDBITE (English) Deidre Wells, chief executive of UKinbound:

"I've described it as economic suicide in the past. Why would you deliberately remove yourself from a market that provides two thirds of our business for our members."

London - 2 June 2016

13. People on board the river cruise boat with the Shard in the background

14. Set up of French tourist Kahina Berroua

15. SOUNDBITE (French) Kahina Berroua, French tourist:

"I will be sad. The UK has a lot of power in Europe so it won't be the same."

16. Various of tourists inside the river cruise boat

17. Set up of Marco Ghiribelli, Italian tourist

18. SOUNDBITE (Italian) Marco Ghiribelli, Italian tourist:

"It's not economically convenient for the UK to stay in the EU. Brexit makes sense economically as the UK economy is stronger than most of the EU countries."

19. SOUNDBITE (German) Babette Pascalev, tourist from Germany:

"I think it is hard now because the idea is to get Europe together not apart."

20. Houses of Parliament with open top tourist bus driving past

21. Union Jack flag on top of the Houses of Parliament

22. People on open top bus driving past the Houses of Parliament

23. People on bus

24. People on bus driving past flags

25. Various of Alexander Goransson, travel analyst at Euromonitor International, on laptop

26. SOUNDBITE Alexander Goransson, travel analyst at Euromonitor International:

"In the short term I would expect to see a depreciation of the pound which will have both a positive and negative impact on tourism. UK tourists would be less likely to travel abroad and stay at home, whereas on the other hand the UK would actually become a more attractive destination for inbound tourists as prices would be relatively cheaper."

27. People on open top bus

28. View of London black cabs and Union Jack flags

Fears of "Brexit" are stark among the inhabitants of Blacklion in the Republic of Ireland and Belcoo in Northern Ireland, UK - two border villages that could be further separated if the United Kingdom opts to leave the European Union.

Only a gurgling stream separates the two villages, but Ireland's soft border could become a hard fact of life again if the United Kingdom leaves the European Union, the sovereignty-sharing bloc that has done much to blur the 95-year-old boundary.

Should a majority of British voters reject continued EU membership in the UK's June 23 referendum, Northern Ireland's nearly 500-kilometre (310-mile) frontier with the Irish Republic would become the only British land border with the 27-nation EU.

The closely intertwined residents of Belcoo in Northern Ireland and Blacklion barely 200 metres (218 yards) away in the republic would find themselves again in two diverging lands.

While some view that prospect as an opportunity, many more express dread at the thought.

Farmer Hugh Maguire, 60, whose Blacklion home rests barely inside the republic but whose nearby farm of sheep, cattle and hens lies in Northern Ireland, said he could not survive without EU subsidies.

Both communities are heavily dependent on EU funding. Agriculture is the top employer, and farms receive 329 euros (365 US dollars) per hectare of land from the EU's Single Farm Payment subsidy scheme in place since 2003, an annual payment exceeding 80,000 euros (90,000 US dollars) for Maguire's 241-hectare farm.

Few Northern Ireland farmers are confident that the British government, long a critic of EU farm subsidies, would maintain anything close to that level of state support.

Maguire estimates that EU payments provide two-thirds of his income while most of the rest requires open market access to livestock marts in the republic, where prices for spring lamb are stronger.

Behind the bar in 'Jack's Bar' in Belcoo in Northern Ireland, owner Paul Leonard and his son Stephen look likely to cancel each other's votes. The son favors staying in the EU, while the father is eyeing the exit.

Fears of "Brexit" are stark among the inhabitants of Blacklion in the Republic of Ireland and Belcoo in Northern Ireland, UK - two border villages that could be further separated if the United Kingdom opts to leave the European Union.

Only a gurgling stream separates the two villages, but Ireland's soft border could become a hard fact of life again if the United Kingdom leaves the European Union, the sovereignty-sharing bloc that has done much to blur the 95-year-old boundary.

Should a majority of British voters reject continued EU membership in the UK's June 23 referendum, Northern Ireland's nearly 500-kilometre (310-mile) frontier with the Irish Republic would become the only British land border with the 27-nation EU.

The closely intertwined residents of Belcoo in Northern Ireland and Blacklion barely 200 metres (218 yards) away in the republic would find themselves again in two diverging lands.

While some view that prospect as an opportunity, many more express dread at the thought.

Farmer Hugh Maguire, 60, whose Blacklion home rests barely inside the republic but whose nearby farm of sheep, cattle and hens lies in Northern Ireland, said he could not survive without EU subsidies.

Both communities are heavily dependent on EU funding. Agriculture is the top employer, and farms receive 329 euros (365 US dollars) per hectare of land from the EU's Single Farm Payment subsidy scheme in place since 2003, an annual payment exceeding 80,000 euros (90,000 US dollars) for Maguire's 241-hectare farm.

Few Northern Ireland farmers are confident that the British government, long a critic of EU farm subsidies, would maintain anything close to that level of state support.

Maguire estimates that EU payments provide two-thirds of his income while most of the rest requires open market access to livestock marts in the republic, where prices for spring lamb are stronger.

Behind the bar in 'Jack's Bar' in Belcoo in Northern Ireland, owner Paul Leonard and his son Stephen look likely to cancel each other's votes. The son favors staying in the EU, while the father is eyeing the exit.

AP TELEVISION

Blacklion, Republic of Ireland - 24 May 2016

1. Farmer Hugh Maguire with a calf and cows on pasture

2. Close of calf

3. Sheep running on pasture

4. Maguire, pointing to horizon UPSOUND (English): "Right around the borderline of the mountain, right the way on, you can see parts of Southern Ireland."

5. Sheep grazing

6. SOUNDBITE (English) Hugh Maguire, farmer:

"Probably 70 percent of my income is off it, 65 to 70 percent is from the EU (European Union). We couldn't survive only for the subsidies. There is no way we could survive, especially on this land that we're farming."

7. Maguire leaving farm through gate

AP TELEVISION

Belcoo, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom (UK) - 24 May 2016

8. Bridge leading from Belcoo, Northern Ireland (UK) to Blacklion, Republic of Ireland, with sign reading (English and Gaelic) "Welcome to County Cavan"

9. Close of sign reading (English and Gaelic) "Blacklion" with speed limit in kilometres per hour

10. Bridge connecting Belcoo, Northern Ireland (UK) and Blacklion, Republic of Ireland

AP TELEVISION

Blacklion, Republic of Ireland - 24 May 2016

11. Sign of "The Market House" tourist centre and gift shop

12. Tourist administrator Helena Corcoran talking to colleague in tourist centre

13. Leprechaun puppets for sale in tourist centre

14. SOUNDBITE (English) Helena Corcoran, tourist administrator and local resident:

"We've had so much tragedy and grief along the border area, that I just feel and hope that they will stay in. My fear is, I suppose, that this border will appear and will make everyday life difficult for everybody basically, because this is the main road from North to South, from Sligo, and we get a lot of traffic, a lot of tourists, and we've already suffered enough in this area, so we don't need to suffer anymore."

15. Mug for sale with images of Ireland and reading (English) "Greetings from Ireland"

AP TELEVISION

Blacklion, Republic of Ireland - 25 May 2016

16. Top shot of bridge connecting Blacklion, Republic of Ireland and Belcoo, Northern Ireland (UK)

17. SOUNDBITE (English) John Paul Feeley, Cavan County councilman:

"Europe, and the structural funding and the peace funding have been hugely important in terms of giving areas like this the leg-up that they need to reach or to get into step with the rest of the country and progress economically."

AP TELEVISION

Belcoo, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom (UK) - 25 May 2016

18. Sign reading (English) Belcoo, with speed limit in miles per hour

19. Bartender Stephen Leonard carrying board out of pub "Jack's Bar"

20. Stephen Leonard serving guests inside pub

21. SOUNDBITE (English) Stephen Leonard, bartender:

"Behind the bar you hear both sides of the story, and you hear now a lot of things like there'll be borders back up, the police will be back out stopping and just all stuff like that, and I've never witnessed it, and I wouldn't like to witness it from what you've heard years ago."

22. Stephen Leonard talking to his father Paul Leonard

23. SOUNDBITE (English) Paul Leonard, self-employed pub owner:

"It probably would possibly enhance the economy again, maybe we'd be freer to be able to do things without the regulation of Europe, you know, so it would. At the end of the day, before the UK market ever went down to the EU, they have always had a very strong economy, they were always well able to survive. They have an identity of their own."

24. Paul Leonard pouring beer and handing glass to his son UPSOUND (English): "Hey Stephen, that's for you."

25. Stephen Leonard drinking beer in pub

26. Pan from river to bridge between Blacklion, Republic of Ireland and Belcoo, Northern Ireland (UK)

As the United Kingdom and the European Union fought bitterly these past three years over the terms on which the island nation would leave the bloc, a dozen new Scotch Whisky distilleries opened in Scotland.

Despite concerns over the impact of Brexit on the scotch whisky industry – the EU is the largest single market for scotch whisky – Scottish distilleries seem unfazed by UK officially leaving the EU on Friday.

"Scottish whisky industry has proved itself to be a very robust industry," said David Brown, managing director at John Crabbie & Company, which recently revived a single malt distillery in Edinburgh.

"We will see what the politicians decide fairly soon we hope," he added. "But in the meantime, we are just getting on with producing scotch whisky because we know the demand globally, not just in Europe…is growing rapidly."

Scotland exported over 4 billion pounds (5.2 billion US dollars) worth of Scotch Whisky worldwide in 2018 according to the Scotch Whisky Association. The EU represents 30% of that market in value, followed by the United States which has 27%.

But demand in China, India and other markets in Asia is growing.

Added to this is a trend to drink less, but drink higher quality spirits. Single Malt scotch can be aged up to 50 years and sell for much more per bottle. In some economies drinking scotch whisky is also seen as a symbol status.

Still, being able to continue trading smoothly with geographically much closer European countries is vital to the industry.

"We have no desire to see tariffs being applied to say French wine and we would like to think that they have no desire to see tariffs applied to Scotch Whisky. So, as long as we all proceed on that basis, that should be fine," Brown said remaining positive about the future trading with the EU.

With Brexit out of the way whisky industry leaders have been pushing officials in the UK to renegotiate a 25% tariff imposed by the U.S. on EU luxury goods in October which slammed Scotch whisky. The move followed a dispute between the bloc and the Americans over subsidies given to Airbus and Boeing.

The heads of the Scotch Whisky Association and its American counterpart, the Distilled Spirits Council of the United States called onto the end of the tariffs on both sides of the Atlantic. In 2018, Scotland exported over 1 billion UK pounds in scotch whisky to the US.

"It is worrying," admitted Graham Blaikie, treasurer of the Scottish Licensed Trade Association.

"In Scotland, there are about 10-11,000 people employed in the whisky industry but a lot of the whisky distilleries are small communities tucked away in rural areas," he explained. "So with the politicians using it as political football, I hope they can put it at their feet and sort it and fix it."

Scotch whisky also attracts foreigners from across the globe. Around 2 million people visit the 130 Scottish distilleries annually, mostly tourists.

"I'd like to think that in this day and age with technology, people can cross the borders still very efficiently and without much hassle," said Blaikie who also owns a bar and grill serving 200 different whiskies.

"I certainly love it when tourists come in here."

Edinburgh – 30 January 2020

1. Various of distillation process to make scotch whisky

2. Distiller testing spirit

3. Close of spirit coming out of distillation process

4. Various of distiller working

5. Various of distillery

6. SOUNDBITE (English) David Brown, managing director at John Crabbie & Company, an Edinburgh-based scotch whisky company:

"Scottish whisky industry has proved itself to be a very robust industry, we go back a long time, making whisky is a long-term process and you have to plan a long way ahead. So, I think Scotch Whisky business will take all of this in its stride, we will see what the politicians decide fairly soon we hope. But in the meantime, we are just getting on with producing scotch whisky because we know the demand globally, not just in Europe, but globally, is enormous for scotch whisky and is growing rapidly."

7. Wide of distillery

8. SOUNDBITE (English) David Brown, managing director at John Crabbie & Company, an Edinburgh-based scotch whisky company:

"I think there are some concerns obviously when people start talking about tariffs, but I think a lot of common sense, certainly on the side of the producers both here and in Europe, that we hope will translate across to the politicians as well, that common sense will be applied. We have no desire to see tariffs being applied to say French wine and we would like to think that they have no desire to see tariffs applied to Scotch Whisky. So, as long as we all proceed on that basis, that should be fine."

9. Wide of Brown walking up to distillery

Whitecraig (outside Edinburgh) – 30 January 2020

10. Exterior of Mercat grill which serves 200 whiskies

11. Mid of Graham Blaikie, owner of Mercat grill and treasurer of the Scottish Licensed Trade Association pouring whisky at bar

12. Close of poster

13. Blaikie serving single malt whisky

14. Close of single malt whisky

15. Mid of various bottles

16. UPSOUND (English) "Here's a few for you to try, hopefully you'll enjoy something out of here, there is a whisky for everybody, we'll sip it normally, and then we'll just add a little bit of water without killing it. However, you can drink the whisky any way you want to do it, as long as you enjoy it and as long as you drink whisky. Slàinte! (Cheers in Scottish Gaelic)"

17. Wide of Blaikie working

18. Pull focus from Blaikie to map of Scotland

19. SOUNDBITE (English) Graham Blaikie, owner of Mercat grill and treasurer of the Scottish Licensed Trade Association:

"We'd hope that the government will start to negotiate with the United States to reduce the tariffs. It is worrying, in Scotland there are about 10-11,000 people employed in the whisky industry but a lot of the whisky distilleries are small communities tucked away in rural areas in Scotland and the actual communities are reliant on this. So with the politicians using it as political football, I hope they can put it at their feet and sort it and fix it."

20. Close of whisky

21. SOUNDBITE (English) Graham Blaikie, owner of Mercat grill and treasurer of the Scottish Licensed Trade Association:

"I'd like to think that in this day and age with technology, people can cross the borders still very efficiently and without much hassle. Again, we still like our holidays, we love the tourists in Scotland, I think the amount of tourist going to whisky distilleries is going up and up all the time. I certainly love it when tourists come in here. I just like to take the time out and explain to them about the whiskies and I'll let them try little bits."

22. Various of casks to be used for Scotch Whisky ageing

British voters are deciding in a June 23 referendum on whether or not to leave the 28-nation European Union bloc - a move being called a "Brexit" for short.

From the international banks in the skyscrapers of Canary Wharf to the traditional home of Britain's financial industry in the City of London and the hedge funds of Mayfair, bankers and money managers across the capital are watching the June 23 referendum on EU membership with trepidation.

Many in London, the most pro-EU place in Britain, fear a vote to leave would undermine London's position as the world's pre-eminent financial centre and damage an industry that underpins the British economy.

The London tourist industry is also concerned that a possible leave vote will jeopardise the European holiday market.

UK Prime Minister David Cameron is leading the remain campaign in the EU, while Boris Johnson, the former London mayor and Conservative Party rebel is leading the "leave" campaign with one eye on his political future as a possible prime minister.

British voters are deciding in a June 23 referendum on whether or not to leave the 28-nation European Union bloc - a move being called a "Brexit" for short.

From the international banks in the skyscrapers of Canary Wharf to the traditional home of Britain's financial industry in the City of London and the hedge funds of Mayfair, bankers and money managers across the capital are watching the June 23 referendum on EU membership with trepidation.

Many in London, the most pro-EU place in Britain, fear a vote to leave would undermine London's position as the world's pre-eminent financial centre and damage an industry that underpins the British economy.

The London tourist industry is also concerned that a possible leave vote will jeopardise the European holiday market.

UK Prime Minister David Cameron is leading the remain campaign in the EU, while Boris Johnson, the former London mayor and Conservative Party rebel is leading the "leave" campaign with one eye on his political future as a possible prime minister.

HD Rushes available in \\Source_Clips\News Rushes

London - 24 May 2016

++AERIALS++

1. London Eye in foreground, Big Ben in background, pull out to show Parliament

2. Big Ben

3. Wide of Houses of Parliament

4. Westminster Abbey

5. Wide of river with London Eye

6. London Eye from different angle

7. Boat going under Tower Bridge, London Assembly in Background

8. Tower of London

9. Boat on Thames

10. Shard building, HMS Belfast in background

11. Tilt up Shard, traffic on London Bridge

12. St Paul's Cathedral

13. Wide of City

14. Mid of Gherkin

15. Bank of England

16. Buckingham Palace

17. Close of flag on Palace, pull out

18. MI6 building

19. Tate Modern

20. Globe theatre

21. Cutty Sark

22. Wide of bend in Thames, Canary Wharf

23. Canary Wharf

24. Various of O2 Centre

25. Various of Olympic Park

Uxbridge - 24 May 2016

26. Various of green fields in Uxbridge

LEADIN:

Design can be artistic, functional, sometimes inspiring. Now, a new exhibit at London's Design Museum is showing how it can be daringly political.

'Hope to Nope' explores ten years of politically-charged graphic design, in response to a turbulent decade around the globe.

STORYLINE:

Alongside traditional posters and banners, the Design Museum's new exhibit charts the rise of digital media and social networking.

This, curators say, has given new graphic creations an extraordinary new reach.

"The different platforms or mediums in which these messages can be carried or presented or shared is what really is different about this moment in time," says curator Margaret Cubbage.

"This period, this decade, we've seen a shift in terms of technology."

The exhibit covers a range of political events - from the 2008 financial crash and the Barack Obama presidency, to the Occupy Movement, Brexit and the election of Donald Trump.

There's also works from the Arab Spring, the Charlie Hebdo attacks, North and South Korea.

It shows how the establishment has often used graphic design to assert its authority.

That iconography is sometimes subverted by activists and opponents.

"Very powerful ideas can be summed up in a matter of a few words and one image," says Lucienne Roberts, co-founder of GraphicDesign&, who helped curate the exhibit.

"And that's what the technology, in a way, has encouraged, is brevity. And so much of that is about the graphic design, absolutely. Where you place the emphasis on one word rather than another, how big an image it is, how big a face is, or how big an object is."

These pictures show an anti-sexual harassment campaign in the Chinese city of Guangzhou.

Having had attempts to hang their anti-harassment posters in a subway station rejected, feminist activists encouraged supporters to act as "human billboards" instead.

"These posters are basically an anti-sexual harassment campaign, and because she was denied the right to show them in a more orthodox way, she gets on to trains and just holds them up," explains Roberts.

"What's interesting is her bravery, which is we from a UK perspective wouldn't quite understand."

One exhibit section explores graphic representations of leading political figures, including Britain's Prime Minister Theresa May and opposition leader Jeremy Corbyn.

US President Donald Trump's recognisable image appears on over 50 international magazine covers, including The Economist, TIME and Der Spiegel.

"It's very hard to deny that Trump himself has become almost like a walking piece of graphic design," says Roberts.

"And he's what we could call a graphic icon. So, that wall we have of magazine covers, were illustrators, with incredible brevity, still manage to convey a lot, is because he is so identifiable, his hair, his tie, and his jacket. You know, any of those components now, singularly, would still say Trump."

The exhibit also features numerous graphic works made by supposed amateurs.

There's protest banners from women's marches in the United States and leaflets from London's Occupy movement.

Cubbage says it shows how graphic design has the power to reach out and empower people.

"These images can have the ability to really reach out and connect with other people and create communities," she says.

"We wanted to empower people with that message and show that graphic design has a place to really communicate and bring together people."

'Hope to Nope: Graphics and Politics 2008-18' runs 28 March - 12 August 2018 at London's Design Museum.

London, UK - 27 March 2018

1. Wide of visitor looking at display at The Design Museum's new exhibit 'Hope to Nope: Graphics and Politics 2008-18'

2. Tilt up of 'Hope' poster by Shepard Fairey

3. Tilt up of t-shirt with Hilary Clinton 2016 campaign badges

4. Various of 'Bye-EU' tapestry print by The Sun, 2018

5. Various of 'A man was lynched by police yesterday' by Dread Scott

6. Mid of 'Official Protestors of the London 2012 Olympic Games' t-shirt by Space Hijackers, 2012

7. Various of 'Rogue Won' poster by Sabo, 2016

8. SOUNDBITE (English) Margaret Cubbage, Curator, Design Museum:

"The different platforms or mediums in which these messages can be carried or presented or shared is what really is different about this moment in time. This period, this decade, we've seen a shift in terms of technology."

9. Various of Jeremy Corbyn t-shirt and comic books

10. SOUNDBITE (English) Lucienne Roberts, Co-Founder of GraphicDesign&:

"The role of graphic design within politics, it's so core, it's so essential. And it's probably the area that we feel most passionate about, in relation to GraphicDesign&, because it can make a difference. It can really make a difference."

11. Various of inflatable duck from 'I Will Not Pay the Duck' protests in Brazil, 2015/16

12. Various of posters

13. Various of 'Black Lives Matter' quilt by Shelley Hoffman, 2018

14. Pan right of '24Hearts community art project' by Sophie Lodge, 2017

15. Various of 'Pins Won't Save the World' merchandise on t-shirt by Sagmeister & Walsh, 2016

16. SOUNDBITE (English) Lucienne Roberts, Co-Founder of GraphicDesign&:

"Very powerful ideas can be summed up in a matter of a few words and one image. And that's what the technology, in a way, has encouraged, is brevity. And so much of that is about the graphic design, absolutely. Where you place the emphasis on one word rather than another, how big an image it is, how big a face is, or how big an object is."

17. Wide pan left of posters from North and South Korea

18. Various of North Korean posters, 2010/2011

19. Various of 'Satirical Paintings' by Song Byeok, 2013

20. Various of photos, showing 'I am a Billboard' anti-sexual harassment campaign, 2016

21. SOUNDBITE (English) Lucienne Roberts, Co-Founder of GraphicDesign&:

"These posters are basically an anti-sexual harassment campaign, and because she was denied the right to show them in a more orthodox way, she gets on to trains and just holds them up. What's interesting is her bravery, which is we from a UK perspective wouldn't quite understand."

22. Various of Donald Trump magazine covers, 2014 onwards

23. Tilt down of 'Make America Great Again' cap, 2015

24. SOUNDBITE (English) Lucienne Roberts, Co-Founder of GraphicDesign&:

"It's very hard to deny that Trump himself has become almost like a walking piece of graphic design. And he's what we could call a graphic icon. So, that wall we have of magazine covers, were illustrators, with incredible brevity, still manage to convey a lot, is because he is so identifiable, his hair, his tie, and his jacket. You know, any of those components now, singularly, would still say Trump."

25. Various of 'Women's March' placards, 2016/17

26. Various of table with several items on display

27. Various of 'Occupy St. Paul's' protest materials, 2011/12

28. SOUNDBITE (English) Margaret Cubbage, Curator, Design Museum:

"These images can have the ability to really reach out and connect with other people and create communities, which we wanted to empower people with that message and show that graphic design has a place to really communicate and bring together people."

29. Mid of 'Hope' poster by Shepard Fairey