Author Thomas Harding is in the process of doing what the descendants of many Holocaust victims would find unimaginable: applying for a German passport.

When Britain voted to leave the European Union in June, the 48-year-old had to make a decision that was never necessary before the referendum - should he request the restoration of German citizenship stripped from his family by the Third Reich? He needed only a few hours to make up his mind.

“This is more than the practical, this is also about something for us, or for me, it's about something spiritual, it's about reconciliation,’’ he said. “It's about acknowledging the truth of the horrors of the past but also about trying to build a better future together, and as a European, that's what I hope to do."

It is one of the complicated realities of the UK’s pending divorce from the EU that many Britons whose ancestors came from other parts of Europe are claiming citizenship in other member states so they can retain ties to the Continent. Inquiries about passports are up at the German, Austrian, French and Polish embassies.

Some want to retain the ability to travel easily from country to country or maintain business ties. Others just want to be part of the European Union.

But for Jews whose families fled Germany to escape Adolf Hitler, the decision means re-examining long-held beliefs about history and the country that once persecuted them.

The children and grandchildren of Jewish refugees are taking advantage of a law that allows the descendants of people persecuted by the Nazis to regain the citizenship that was stripped from them in the 1930s and 1940s. More than 400 Britons have sought information about the law since the June 23 referendum, and German authorities have received at least 100 formal applications, compared with about 20 annually in recent years.

Michael Newman, chief executive of the Association of Jewish Refugees, said Brexit has fuelled interest in German citizenship, but it’s hard to know how many people will actually apply. Jews are now able to consider such a step because Germany has made huge strides in addressing the past, creating a culture of remembrance, he said.

“No amount of blood money or memorials will satisfy or suffice for some people but in terms of addressing its past and owning up to it and looking into things, it's done much that many other countries haven't,’’ said Newman.

Many of those seeking restoration of their citizenship don’t intend to live in Germany, but want the freedom to travel and work in EU nations.

Ben Lewis, a 49-year-old documentary filmmaker, is among those who would like to regain German citizenship.

Lewis, whose film and production company has worked for years on the continent, sees the potential of Brexit as an abomination, particularly the anti-immigrant sentiment that influenced many people to vote to leave.

“I just want to take a firm stance, a documented stance etched in acid on stone, that I object to Brexit," he said.

The decision for many might have been prompted by Brexit, but had been years in the making for some. Harding, for one, has long been coming to terms with his German past, a journey documented in part in his book, “The House by the Lake.’’

The way Harding sees it, Germany is now showing leadership by taking in over a million refugees.

As the result of the EU referendum became clear on the morning of June 24, Harding was on the phone to the German embassy to inquire about citizenship.

It’s logical, he says, for Jews to cling to the EU, which was created to build international links that would make another European war impossible.

“It was much less about saying goodbye to Britain than saying hello to Europe," he said.

London - 5 October 2016

1. Pan down from German and European Union flags to entrance of German Embassy in London

2. Various of flags

3. Mid of author Thomas Harding sitting on grass looking at passport that belonged to his German Jewish grandfather

4. Close of Harding's face

5. Various of passport

6. SOUNDBITE (English) Thomas Harding, author, in the process of applying for restoration of German passport following Brexit vote:

"This is more than the practical, this is also about something for us, or for me, it's about something spiritual, it's about reconciliation. It's about acknowledging the truth of the horrors of the past but also about trying to build a better future together, and as a European, that's what I hope to do."

7. Cutaway passport and photo of Harding's grandparents

8. SOUNDBITE (English) Thomas Harding, author, in the process of applying for restoration of German passport following Brexit vote:

"I think what has happened to me is I have become much more open towards Germany and at the same time following Brexit, I realised that there was going to be a very real loss. It was likely that me and my family would be unable to live and work in 27 countries in Europe and given the fact that I didn't have to give up my British passport, I didn't have to live in Germany by necessity or learn German, show I could speak German, it didn't seem like there was anything to lose and so for me, it was much less about saying goodbye to Britain than saying hello to Europe."

9. Harding flicking through passport

10. Mid of exhibit of Jewish Museum in London

11. Soft focus, yellow star that Jews were forced to wear in Nazi Germany

12. Set up of documentary maker Ben Lewis

13. Close of Lewis looking at museum exhibit

14. SOUNDBITE (English) Ben Lewis, documentary maker, in the process of applying for restoration of German passport following Brexit vote:

"Well, it was immediately after Brexit I thought the restoration of German citizenship was something that I wanted, because before Brexit I was part of the EU anyway. I was a European, I was deeply engaged in German culture from the age of 14 when I first started learning German, and in a way my whole life was orientated around creating links around rebuilding, if you like, as a Jew, links between myself, in Britain and German culture."

15. Cutaway hands

16. SOUNDBITE (English) Ben Lewis, documentary maker, in the process of applying for restoration of German passport following Brexit vote:

"I have many motivations for wanting to get German citizenship. I am thinking a lot about my child, I want him to have the same advantages in life that I had, you know, to be able to play on a European field. I've worked all over Europe in my life. I love Berlin - I could imagine living there. Perhaps that would happen in the future. And I just want to take a firm stance, a documented stance, something etched in acid on stone, that I object to Brexit."

17. Set up shot of Michael Newman, chief executive of the Association of Jewish Refugees

18. Newman typing

19. SOUNDBITE (English) Michael Newman, chief executive of the Association of Jewish Refugees:

"Well I think this is uppermost in the minds of the government that they are not going to walk away from any post Holocaust responsibilities and I think most people would look at what Germany has done since the Second World War in terms of addressing its past, the culture of remembrance, the educational resources, it's committed to teaching about the holocaust and see that what it has done has been leading the way and if you look at issues like restitution, archive, opening archives, documentation centres, even opening and creating museums, they are, they're leading the way in many respects in dealing with their history. It remains of course very subjective because no amount of blood, money or memorials will satisfy or suffice for some people but in terms of addressing its past and owning up to it and looking into things, it's done much that many other countries haven't."

20. Wide of German Embassy entrance for public

21. Close of entrance

22. Sign reading 'Welcome' in German and English

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County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland, close to the border - 26 June, 2016

1. Grazing sheep

2. Sheep grazing

3. Marked sheep

4. Farmer Hugh Maguire driving in car on his farmland, UPSOUND (English): Hugh Maguire, farmer: "And southern Ireland is right over there, it's probably not a quarter mile across."

5. SOUNDBITE (English) Hugh Maguire, farmer:

"Well, I voted to remain, and I thought the result was a disaster for farming especially in Northern Ireland, where we are dependent on 80 per cent of our income from the single farm payment or subsidies. So I honestly think in a few years' time, if we remain the same, there'll be no farming up in this part of Northern Ireland. We should be treated in Northern Ireland the same as the Republic."

6. Maguire closing gate

7. Cow grazing, farm in the background

Belcoo, County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland - 25 June, 2016

8. Bridge leading from Blacklion, Republic of Ireland, to Belcoo, Northern Ireland (UK)

9. Town sign of Belcoo, with speed limit in miles per hour

10. People walking down bridge

Belcoo, Northern Ireland (UK) - 26 June, 2016

11. Businessman Jonathan Balfour paying in supermarket

12. Woman taking newspaper from stand in supermarket

13. Newspaper headline of 'Sunday Times' reading (English) "After Brexit, what now?"

14. Jonathan Balfour and his children Dorothy and Jona leaving supermarket

15. SOUNDBITE (English) Jonathan Balfour, 42, owner of Elite Electronic Systems in Enniskillen, Northern Ireland:

"I am involved in manufacturing, so a lot of our customers are in Europe, and I think it's going to make it more difficult for us to compete in Europe with our competitors, and our cost of goods is more expensive because of this."

Blacklion, Republic of Ireland - 25 June, 2016

16. Bridge leading from Belcoo, UK, to Blacklion, Republic of Ireland, with town sign of Blacklion (in English and Gaelic) and speed limit in kilometres per hour

17. Ireland cup in "The Market House" tourist centre and gift shop

18. Tourist gifts on shelf

19. SOUNDBITE (English) Helena Corcoran, 61, tourist administrator, living in Blacklion for 15 years:

"Because we are so close with Belcoo and Blacklion, we're neighbours, and we're fearful that they will ask us for passports and that this will happen. But really it's the unknown at the moment, so that's the fear."

20. Corcoran talking to colleague Margaret McCauley and Cavan County councillor John Paul Feeley in tourist centre

21. Feeley leaving "The Market House" tourist centre

22. SOUNDBITE (English) John Paul Feeley, Cavan County councillor:

"It's going to increase the cost of doing business between both parts of Ireland, and it's going to have an impact on the over 30-thousand people who commute either north or south of the border to work and to avail of education on a daily basis. It's a very serious situation for us, it's one that we are going to watch and wait, and hope that a solution is found that minimizes the impact of 'Brexit'.''

Newry, Northern Ireland (UK) - 26 June, 2016

23."Brexit" campaign posters for "Leave" and "Remain" in street in town

24. Bridge in town centre

25. Fans from Northern Ireland wearing jerseys of the football team of the Republic of Ireland standing singing outside "Quayside Inn" during Euro 2016 match of Ireland against France

26. Fans wearing jerseys of the football team of the Republic of Ireland singing inside "Quayside Inn" while watching the Euro 2016 match of Ireland against France

27. Waitress pulling a pint of beer

28. Fan watching match, shaking head

29. SOUNDBITE (English) Ian Downey, 46, furniture-maker from Newry:

"It's so close to the border, and when there was a break-up of Ireland, it left us in a bad situation, if you know what I mean. We're in the north but we should really be part of the south."

30. Ian Downey watching the Euro 2016 match of Ireland against France, rooting for Ireland

31. SOUNDBITE (English) Ian Downey, 46, furniture maker from Newry:

"I don't want the border to go back up again because it would create tension here.''

32. Geraldine Merendino outside "Quayside Inn"

33. SOUNDBITE (English) Geraldine Merendino, 48, mother of three from Newry:

"We're not sure yet, I don't even think the politicians know what's going to happen next. They called an EU referendum, I don't think they got the answer they truly wanted, and now everybody's up in arms over it. So, we'll just have to wait and see what happens."

34. Girls walking down street in Newry

35. Various of view from Narrow Water Castle across river to Republic of Ireland

36. Narrow Water Castle near Newry

STORYLINE:

Residents on Ireland's border are trying to imagine what life will be like if Northern Ireland leaves the European Union.

Many now fear that the clock could soon be turned decades back to dark days when the border was a fortified conflict zone.

Northern Ireland farmer Hugh Maguire, like many residents along the United Kingdom's virtually unmarked land border with the Republic of Ireland, faces the risk of financial ruin if Britain proceeds with plans to exit the European Union, whose agricultural subsidies provide most of his income from highland pastures of cows and sheep.

Maguire called last week's referendum verdict, with 52 per cent voting UK-wide to leave the bloc, including 44 per cent in Northern Ireland, "a disaster."

Many now fear that both British and Irish authorities will have no choice but to redeploy customs officers and police to deter immigration and smuggling.

The shock decision to back "Brexit" sent the British pound tumbling against other currencies, including the euro used in the Republic of Ireland.

"A lot of our customers are in Europe, and I think it's going to make it more difficult for us to compete in Europe," said Jonathan Balfour, director of Elite Electronic Systems, a business that employs around 200 in the nearby Northern Ireland town of Enniskillen. The company assembles printed circuit boards and other electronic peripherals but finds its cost for imported materials is rising in tune with the pound's sharp decline.

For the people in Newry, Northern Ireland, it appeared normal to root for the Republic during the Euro 2016. "We're in the north but we should really be part of the south," said Ian Downey, one of the many Northern Irish fans wearing the green jerseys of the Republic of Ireland during Ireland's match against France on Sunday.

"I don't want the border to go back up again because it would create tension here,'' he added.

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LEAD IN:

Rough waters may be ahead for Britain's luxury yacht industry, but right now it's riding on a wave caused by currency fluctuations at home.

At the annual Southampton Boat Show, British-based Sunseeker, Princess and Fairline say 'Brexit' is causing uncertainty in the luxury market which is ultimately bad for business.

STORY-LINE:

It's not just the weather outlook that looks poor at the Southampton Boat Show, the yacht industry is also bracing for the potential effects of Britain leaving the 28-nation European Union.

Claimed to be one of the top ten boat shows in the world, the annual event boasts two kilometres of pontoons, home to a wealth of yachting luxury and new marine technology.

There are almost 600 brands attending and hundreds of boats on display.

Poole-based Sunseeker Yachts is exhibiting this £6 million British pound (approx. $7.94 million USD), 28-metre 95 Yacht. It sleeps a maximum of ten people, plus four crew members and boasts up to 120 nautical miles in range.

Sunseeker International, owned by Chinese property and cinema conglomerate Dalian Wanda Group, recently announced a return to profit in the second quarter of 2016.

The luxury yacht makers also announced retail orders in excess of £25 million British pounds (approx. $33 million USD) at the recent Cannes Boat Show.

"There's a direct correlation between the numbers of high and ultra-high net-worth individuals and the number of luxury yachts that are sold," says CEO of Sunseeker, Phil Popham.

"Projections around the world is that numbers of high net-worth individuals will grow by about 20 percent between now and 2020. So, if there's a direct correlation we expect that growth in the luxury yacht market to be the same."

Popham admits part of Sunseeker's recent success may be down to the British currency, but lack of confidence caused by Britain's exit from the EU will ultimately effect their business.

"The thing that we really need to focus on is confidence levels, certainty, we've benefited because of the weakness of the pound, but its all about business confidence", he says.

Plymouth-based Princess Yachts is giving this Princess V58 its world premiere in Southampton. Measuring 18.42 (60.4 feet) in length, it boasts 6 berths and can hit tops speeds of 37 knots.

Princess Yachts marketing director, Kiran Haslam says the weak pound has certainly encouraged some buyers to push through transactions sooner.

"Undoubtedly there's an advantage to the currency exchange being where it is, we saw that in Cannes," he says.

"We saw a lot of boats being sold where the transaction was really, really pushed along because of the opportunity to get the benefit out of the exchange rates."

Ultimately though, buying a luxury item such as a yacht all depends on buyer confidence. Something which 'Brexit' is eroding.

"The uncertainty is something which absolutely grips our segment whether it's cars or houses or travel, there's no denying that a yacht - as wonderful as it is - is not a necessity item," says Haslam.

"So it's always a conversation about is it the right time."

But what is it that luxury yacht buyers are really after? Princess Yacht's creative design director, Sarah Verey says people are increasingly looking for personalisation and uniqueness.

"A lot of it's about lifestyle, it's about how they're going to use the boats," she says.

"Our clients really come on to these boats and use them. So they're tending to look for lots of open spaces, luxurious spaces, spaces where they can entertain both inside and out.

"And also, clients nowadays, they want something unique. So they want to work with us on completely personalising their boat and finding something that is unique to them and actually has never been used on other boats."

Fairline Yachts is exhibiting this sleek new Targa 53 OPEN, a new addition to its popular 53-foot range.

Priced at around £659,000 British pounds (approx. $871,000 USD), it boasts four to six berths and a top speed of 34 knots.

Fariline's managing director Russell Currie says Southampton Boat Show is an important event.

"It is the shop window for the British manufacturers," he says.

"Here, customers can come down and compare all the British brands as well as the brands represented from around the world and choose exactly what is for their specific requirement."

Currie says Fairline too has benefited from the weak pound, achieving its best-ever sales at the recent Cannes Boat Show.

"We've had an overnight decrease in the price of our boats in areas such as the European market," he says.

"At Cannes Boat Show last year, our boats were 15 percent more expensive than this year. And at Cannes Boat Show, we saw the most successful show in Fairline's history in that region."

Though the decision proved a huge surprise to many in the financial markets and prompted a dramatic slide in the value of the pound, the real economy has exhibited a relatively high degree of resilience.

Retail sales, house prices and industrial production have all held up - to the surprise of many.

Still, economists say little can yet be read into the seeming resilience, given the lags involved between events and changes in the real economy.

The fact remains that apart from the fall in the value of the pound, which now stands at around $1.32 USD compared with $1.50 USD on the eve of the vote, nothing really has changed. Britain remains a member of the EU and has yet to trigger the so-called Article 50 that kick starts a two-year time frame for actual Brexit.

"Obviously, industry and business need stability and the time it will take to exit from the European Union will be problematic, but we are lobbying government hard," says Howard Pridding, chief executive of British Marine.

"We need to understand what's going to be in these free trade agreements and what's going to happen about the free movement of goods and people within the European community."

The Southampton Boat Show runs 16-25 September.

Southampton, UK - 16 September 2016

1. Wide of Southampton Boat Show 2016, cruise ship in background

2. Tilt down to pontoon, boats and visitors

3. Close of 'Sunseeker' flag

4. Various of Sunseeker 95 Yacht exterior

5. Close of 'Sunseeker' logo

6. Tilt up of Sunseeker 95 Yacht rear

7. Various of Sunseeker 95 Yacht interior

8. SOUNDBITE (English) Phil Popham, CEO of Sunseeker International:

"There's a direct correlation between the numbers of high and ultra-high net-worth individuals and the number of luxury yachts that are sold. Projections around the world is that numbers of high net-worth individuals will grow by about 20 percent between now and 2020. So, if there's a direct correlation we expect that growth in the luxury yacht market to be the same. The fortunate thing is the world is becoming generally a wealthier place so those growth in ultra-high net-worth individuals are in Asia - yes, some of the emerging markets - and Africa. But we're expecting to see a growth in the United States, UK and Europe as well."

9. Tilt up to Sunseeker 95 Yacht top deck

10. Close of champagne glasses

11. Pan left to controls

12. Close of compass

13. Pan right of Sunseeker 95 Yacht master bedroom

14. Close of pillows on bed

15. SOUNDBITE (English) Phil Popham, CEO of Sunseeker International:

"Nearly 50 percent of our business is in Europe so obviously what happens within the European market is of great concern and great interest to Sunseeker. And the thing that we really need to focus on is confidence levels, certainty, we've benefited because of the weakness of the pound, but its all about business confidence."

16. Various of Princess V58 exterior

17. Pan left to controls

18. Tilt up to table

19. Close of martini glasses and gin bottle

20. SOUNDBITE (English) Kiran Haslam, Marketing Director of Princess Yachts International:

"Undoubtedly there's an advantage to the currency exchange being where it is, we saw that in Cannes. We saw a lot of boats being sold where the transaction was really, really pushed along because of the opportunity to get the benefit out of the exchange rates."

21. Tilt down of Princess V58 bedroom

22. Close of sunglasses and magazine on bed

23. High shot of Princess B58 master bedroom

24. Tilt up from magazine on bed to pillows

25. SOUNDBITE (English) Kiran Haslam, Marketing Director of Princess Yachts International:

"The uncertainty is something which absolutely grips our segment, whether it's cars or houses or travel, there's no denying that a yacht - as wonderful as it is - is not a necessity item. So it's always a conversation about is it the right time."

26. Close of glass bottles inside Princess 30M

27. Tilt up of Princess 30M living room area

28. Tilt up of bed in Princess 30M

29. Pan left from bedside table to pillows

30. SOUNDBITE (English) Sarah Verey, Director of Creative Design, Princess Yachts International:

"A lot of it's about lifestyle, it's about how they're going to use the boat. Our clients really come on to these boats and use them. So they're tending to look for lots of open spaces, luxurious spaces, spaces where they can entertain both inside and out. And also, clients nowadays, they want something unique. So they want to work with us on completely personalising their boat and finding something that is unique to them and actually has never been used on other boats."

31. Various of Fairline Targa 53 Open exterior

32. SOUNDBITE (English) Russell Currie, Managing Director of Fairline Yachts:

"It is the shop window for the British manufacturers. Here, customers can come down and compare all the British brands as well as the brands represented from around the world and choose exactly what is for their specific requirement."

33. Close of flowers on Fairline Targa 53 Open

34. Various of Targa 53 Open controls

35. Low shot of bed

36. Tilt down to two beds

37. SOUNDBITE (English) Russell Currie, Managing Director of Fairline Yachts:

"We've had an overnight decrease in the price of our boats in areas such as the European market. At Cannes Boat Show last year, our boats were 15 percent more expensive than this year. And at Cannes Boat Show, we saw the most successful show in Fairline's history in that region."

38. Pull out from cruise ship to Southampton Boat Show pontoon

39. Wide of various boats on marina

40. Close of Sunseeker boat's hull in water

41. SOUNDBITE (English) Howard Pridding, Chief Executive of British Marine:

"Obviously, industry and business need stability and the time it will take to exit from the European Union will be problematic, but we are lobbying government hard, we need to understand what's going to be in these free trade agreements and what's going to happen about the free movement of goods and people within the European community."

42. Wide of Southampton Boat Show 2016, cruise ship in background

With the campaign for Britain's referendum on whether to stay in or leave the European Union in its final stages, and the poll date fast approaching, European citizens expressed their views on what the implications for the rest of the Europe would be, should Britain choose an exit from the 28-nation economic bloc.

Some are concerned at the prospect of the bloc having to move on with one member less and fear the vote to leave could lead to the demise of the union itself.

Rome resident Walter Simonato said a "pretty important piece" of the EU would be lost, if Britain decides to leave.

"It will cause troubles to everyone remaining in the European Union," Simonato said.

Mojca Gaetz, a tourist guide from Slovenia who has lived in Vienna, Austria for 25 years argued that staying in the EU is "about solidarity".

She said she sees Britain's membership in the EU as a "decisive role" that can determine the future of the Union.

"I think they should better stay in the EU, because I think the EU is very sensitive at the moment, it has big problems," Gaetz said.

Her opinion is shared in Athens, Greece by a 58-year-old doctor, Alexandros Tzeferakos.

"For the rest of us Europeans, the presence of Britain in the EU is a strong pylon of support to the European construct," he said.

Rome resident Salvatore Feriani, however, believes Britain would be better off outside the EU and said that Italy should consider leaving the bloc.

"My opinion is that if you are in Europe you have to be under Germany so, it is not useful being part of it."

In the German capital Berlin, there was both ambivalence to the UK leaving and the opinion that it should stay in the grouping.

A 53-year-old portfolio manager from Oslo, Norway said whether Britain leaves or stays does not make a big difference to the economy.

"Being the second biggest economy of Europe, the European community will have to integrate the UK anyway."

Toma, a 66-year-old pensioner from Galati in Romania expressed his concern over the possible loss of jobs.

"There are many Romanian citizens that work in Great Britain and of course their income that would have been sent to our country would have to suffer," Toma said.

Romania joined the EU in 2007 but its citizens gained the right to work without restrictions across the European Union in 2014.

Transitional controls were imposed by some member states on nationals of the two poorest countries in the bloc, Romania and Bulgaria, limiting their rights to work and claim benefits for the first seven years of their membership in the EU.

Britain goes to the polls on 23 June to decide whether to leave or stay in the European Union.

With the campaign for Britain's referendum on whether to stay in or leave the European Union in its final stages, and the poll date fast approaching, European citizens expressed their views on what the implications for the rest of the Europe would be, should Britain choose an exit from the 28-nation economic bloc.

Some are concerned at the prospect of the bloc having to move on with one member less and fear the vote to leave could lead to the demise of the union itself.

Rome resident Walter Simonato said a "pretty important piece" of the EU would be lost, if Britain decides to leave.

"It will cause troubles to everyone remaining in the European Union," Simonato said.

Mojca Gaetz, a tourist guide from Slovenia who has lived in Vienna, Austria for 25 years argued that staying in the EU is "about solidarity".

She said she sees Britain's membership in the EU as a "decisive role" that can determine the future of the Union.

"I think they should better stay in the EU, because I think the EU is very sensitive at the moment, it has big problems," Gaetz said.

Her opinion is shared in Athens, Greece by a 58-year-old doctor, Alexandros Tzeferakos.

"For the rest of us Europeans, the presence of Britain in the EU is a strong pylon of support to the European construct," he said.

Rome resident Salvatore Feriani, however, believes Britain would be better off outside the EU and said that Italy should consider leaving the bloc.

"My opinion is that if you are in Europe you have to be under Germany so, it is not useful being part of it."

In the German capital Berlin, there was both ambivalence to the UK leaving and the opinion that it should stay in the grouping.

A 53-year-old portfolio manager from Oslo, Norway said whether Britain leaves or stays does not make a big difference to the economy.

"Being the second biggest economy of Europe, the European community will have to integrate the UK anyway."

Toma, a 66-year-old pensioner from Galati in Romania expressed his concern over the possible loss of jobs.

"There are many Romanian citizens that work in Great Britain and of course their income that would have been sent to our country would have to suffer," Toma said.

Romania joined the EU in 2007 but its citizens gained the right to work without restrictions across the European Union in 2014.

Transitional controls were imposed by some member states on nationals of the two poorest countries in the bloc, Romania and Bulgaria, limiting their rights to work and claim benefits for the first seven years of their membership in the EU.

Britain goes to the polls on 23 June to decide whether to leave or stay in the European Union.

Rome, Italy - 14 June 2016

1. Wide of Coliseum

2. SOUNDBITE (Italian) Vox pop - Antonietta Fornasiero, Rome resident:

"Certainly they (the Brits) are very convinced of their chances (to do well without the EU) and therefore in my opinion they will exit, but then there is the question of the economy. After all, there are a lot of countries in the rest of Europe so we will make it, while their economy could be affected a lot."

3. Mid of a couple walking

4. SOUNDBITE (Italian) Vox pop - Walter Simonato, Rome resident:

"It's a choice that belongs to each population, each country, I mean we are in a democracy. However, this (Brexit) will cause troubles to everyone remaining in the European Union and that makes sense because we'll lose a pretty important piece (of the EU)."

5. Mid of tourists in front of the Coliseum

6. SOUNDBITE (Italian) Vox pop - Salvatore Feriani, Rome resident:

"Why do they have to be under Germany when actually their economy could be leading Europe and make them grow as a country, as a nation. My opinion is that if you are in Europe you have to be under Germany so, it is not useful being part of it. Besides, we should also exit."

7. Exterior wide of John Cabot University of Rome

8. Wide of Franco Pavoncello, Professor of Political Science, President of John Cabot University walking

9. SOUNDBITE (English) Franco Pavoncello, Professor of Political Science, President of John Cabot University:

"Italians are starting to look at this with quite some worry, they are perplexed by the possibility of Britain moving out, there is always been an affinity between Italy and Britain also in terms of European discussions and I think there is a lot of concern also for what could happen to the euro, what could happen to the future of the union if Britain were to move out."

10. Wide of Coliseum

Vienna, Austria - 14 June 2016

11. Vienna opera house, people walking past

12. Sculpture of fountain in front of the opera house

13. People walking on street

14. SOUNDBITE (German) Vox pop - Mojca Gaetz, Vienna resident:

"I think they should better stay in the EU, because I think the EU is very sensitive at the moment, it has big problems. This is also about solidarity. I think whether they stay or not plays a decisive role. In my opinion the future doesn't look very positive. I have the feeling that the European Union is going to fall apart anyway at some point."

15. Newspaper cover with headline reading (German) "When die British leave"

16. Magazine cover reading (German): "Please don't go!"

17. SOUNDBITE (German) Vox pop - Erwin Kostolanski, Vienna resident:

"Actually I don't care at all."

18. Vienna Opera House

19. SOUNDBITE (German) Vox pop - Isolde Wetzer, Vienna resident:

"I would advise the British to stay. Otherwise all the work that was done during the past decade - well actually decades - would have been for nothing."

20. Various of Saint Stephen's cathedral

Oslo, Norway - 14 June 2016

21. People sunbathing in front of the Norwegian parliament

22. Norwegian flag

23. SOUNDBITE (English) Vox pop - Thomas Svendsen, 25-year-old teacher:

"I feel a bit sad about it. I think that Britain should stay, both for its own sake, but also for the sake of preserving the union."

24. Various of Karl Johans gate street in Oslo with the Royal Palace in background

25. Equestrian statute of King Charles III John

26. SOUNDBITE (English) Vox pop - Tore Vaeret, 53 year-old portfolio manager:

"I don't think it will make that big a difference because being the second biggest economy of Europe, the European community will have to integrate the UK anyway."

27. Various of fountain in central Oslo

Athens, Greece - 15 June 2016

28. Medium of the Parthenon

29. Wide of tourists with Acropolis on the background

30. SOUNDIBITE (Greek) Vox pop - Alexandros Tzeferakos, 58, doctor:

"(The Brexit referendum) Yes it is of concern to us (Greeks). But it is foremost a European problem and an internal matter for the British which, as people are smart, they are capable and are well informed about all European affairs and I think they have not only the knowledge but also the capability to judge what was beneficial and what was not beneficial from Europe. But for the rest of us Europeans the presence of Britain (in the EU) is a strong pylon of support to the European construct."

31. Close up of Hadrians Arch

32. Wide of street with cars passing in front of Hadrians Arch

Bucharest, Romania - 15 June 2016

33. Various of Romanian Atheneum Music hall in central Bucharest on Victoria avenue

34. SOUNDBITE (Romanian) Vox pop - Toma (no last name) 66 year-old pensioner from Galati:

"I'd say this will not be a good thing. I mean this would affect all the other countries in the Union. Both financially and regarding jobs."

35. Cutaway statue in Revolution Square central Bucharest

36. SOUNDBITE (Romanian) Vox pop - Toma (no last name) 66 year-old pensioner from Galati

"Because there are many Romanian citizens that work in Great Britain and of course their income that would have been sent to our country would have to suffer."

37. Various of Romanian Houses of the Parliament on Unirii avenue in central Bucharest

Berlin - 16 June 2016

38. Pariser Platz and Brandenburg Gate

39. Tourists at Pariser Platz

40. SOUNDBITE (German) Vox pop - Andreas Sasse ,57, Potsdam resident:

"If the British think that it is in their favour to leave the European Union then they have to take that road."

41. Pariser Platz with Brandenburg Gate

42. Horse and carriage

43. SOUNDBITE (German) Bernd Leitenberger, 48, Frankfurt area resident:

"I'm not in support of a Brexit. I think it would be better if the UK remains in the EU."

44. Pariser Platz and Brandenburg Gate

The Houses of Parliament - an iconic London site that attracts visitors from all over the world.

Tourism is now worth 22.1 billion pounds (32 billion US dollars) annually to the UK, according to Visit Britain, Britain's national tourism agency.

Visit Britain also said that last year there were 36.1 million tourist visits, with 67 percent from the European Union.

On 23 June, the UK will vote in a referendum whether to stay in or out of the EU and many in the tourist industry are concerned that a possible leave vote will jeopardise the European holiday market.

One of those is Kyle Haughton, managing director of City Cruises.

His cruise ships carry 6 million passengers a year - in the height of summer 60 percent are from abroad, the majority from the EU.

Of the 240 staff that he employs, 50 percent are from outside the UK, mostly from the EU.

"Any change or decline in passengers coming into the country is going to affect our business quite lot and there are reports that people in Germany, Italy and France are less likely to come to the UK if we leave the EU than if we stay."

His fears are backed up by UK Inbound, which represents 360 tourist businesses.

Deidre Wells, chief executive of UKinbound has called leaving the EU "economic suicide."

"Why would you remove yourself from a market that provides two thirds of our business for our members," she said.

Tourists had mixed views about a UK "brexit".

Marco Ghiribelli, an Italian tourist, said he thought the UK would be economically better outside.

"It's not economically convenient for the UK to stay in the EU. Brexit makes sense economically as the UK economy is stronger than most of the EU countries."

Others such as Babette Pascalev, a tourist from Germany, said: "I think it is hard now because the idea is to get Europe together not apart."

But others say a Brexit would not make any difference to the tourism business.

They say nothing will change.

Alexander Goransson, travel analyst at Euromonitor International believes the expected drop in sterling following a brexit vote would attract tourists due to an increased spending power.

"In the short term I would expect to see a depreciation of the pound which will have both a positive and negative impact on tourism. UK tourists would be less likely to travel abroad and stay at home, whereas on the other hand the UK would actually become a more attractive destination for inbound tourists as prices would be relatively cheaper."

But most people in the tourist industry are hoping for a remain vote on June 23.

The Houses of Parliament - an iconic London site that attracts visitors from all over the world.

Tourism is now worth 22.1 billion pounds (32 billion US dollars) annually to the UK, according to Visit Britain, Britain's national tourism agency.

Visit Britain also said that last year there were 36.1 million tourist visits, with 67 percent from the European Union.

On 23 June, the UK will vote in a referendum whether to stay in or out of the EU and many in the tourist industry are concerned that a possible leave vote will jeopardise the European holiday market.

One of those is Kyle Haughton, managing director of City Cruises.

His cruise ships carry 6 million passengers a year - in the height of summer 60 percent are from abroad, the majority from the EU.

Of the 240 staff that he employs, 50 percent are from outside the UK, mostly from the EU.

"Any change or decline in passengers coming into the country is going to affect our business quite lot and there are reports that people in Germany, Italy and France are less likely to come to the UK if we leave the EU than if we stay."

His fears are backed up by UK Inbound, which represents 360 tourist businesses.

Deidre Wells, chief executive of UKinbound has called leaving the EU "economic suicide."

"Why would you remove yourself from a market that provides two thirds of our business for our members," she said.

Tourists had mixed views about a UK "brexit".

Marco Ghiribelli, an Italian tourist, said he thought the UK would be economically better outside.

"It's not economically convenient for the UK to stay in the EU. Brexit makes sense economically as the UK economy is stronger than most of the EU countries."

Others such as Babette Pascalev, a tourist from Germany, said: "I think it is hard now because the idea is to get Europe together not apart."

But others say a Brexit would not make any difference to the tourism business.

They say nothing will change.

Alexander Goransson, travel analyst at Euromonitor International believes the expected drop in sterling following a brexit vote would attract tourists due to an increased spending power.

"In the short term I would expect to see a depreciation of the pound which will have both a positive and negative impact on tourism. UK tourists would be less likely to travel abroad and stay at home, whereas on the other hand the UK would actually become a more attractive destination for inbound tourists as prices would be relatively cheaper."

But most people in the tourist industry are hoping for a remain vote on June 23.

London - 2 June 2016

1. Houses of Parliament seen from a river cruise boat

2. Woman taking picture of the Houses of Parliament

3. The London Eye seen from a river cruise boat

4. Part of the London Eye

5. Woman taking photo

6. People on board the river cruise boat

7. St Paul's Cathedral and other buildings

8. River cruise boat approaching Tower Bridge

9. Set up of Kyle Haughton, managing director of City Cruises

10. SOUNDBITE (English) Kyle Haughton, managing director of City Cruises:

"At City Cruises we carry 4 million passengers a year and over half of them come from overseas, the majority of which coming from EU countries, so any change or decline in passengers coming into the country is going to affect our business quite lot and there are reports that people in Germany, Italy and France are less likely to come to the UK if we leave the EU than if we stay."

London - 1 June 2016

11. Various of Deidre Wells, chief executive of UKinbound, at her desk

12. SOUNDBITE (English) Deidre Wells, chief executive of UKinbound:

"I've described it as economic suicide in the past. Why would you deliberately remove yourself from a market that provides two thirds of our business for our members."

London - 2 June 2016

13. People on board the river cruise boat with the Shard in the background

14. Set up of French tourist Kahina Berroua

15. SOUNDBITE (French) Kahina Berroua, French tourist:

"I will be sad. The UK has a lot of power in Europe so it won't be the same."

16. Various of tourists inside the river cruise boat

17. Set up of Marco Ghiribelli, Italian tourist

18. SOUNDBITE (Italian) Marco Ghiribelli, Italian tourist:

"It's not economically convenient for the UK to stay in the EU. Brexit makes sense economically as the UK economy is stronger than most of the EU countries."

19. SOUNDBITE (German) Babette Pascalev, tourist from Germany:

"I think it is hard now because the idea is to get Europe together not apart."

20. Houses of Parliament with open top tourist bus driving past

21. Union Jack flag on top of the Houses of Parliament

22. People on open top bus driving past the Houses of Parliament

23. People on bus

24. People on bus driving past flags

25. Various of Alexander Goransson, travel analyst at Euromonitor International, on laptop

26. SOUNDBITE Alexander Goransson, travel analyst at Euromonitor International:

"In the short term I would expect to see a depreciation of the pound which will have both a positive and negative impact on tourism. UK tourists would be less likely to travel abroad and stay at home, whereas on the other hand the UK would actually become a more attractive destination for inbound tourists as prices would be relatively cheaper."

27. People on open top bus

28. View of London black cabs and Union Jack flags

Fears of "Brexit" are stark among the inhabitants of Blacklion in the Republic of Ireland and Belcoo in Northern Ireland, UK - two border villages that could be further separated if the United Kingdom opts to leave the European Union.

Only a gurgling stream separates the two villages, but Ireland's soft border could become a hard fact of life again if the United Kingdom leaves the European Union, the sovereignty-sharing bloc that has done much to blur the 95-year-old boundary.

Should a majority of British voters reject continued EU membership in the UK's June 23 referendum, Northern Ireland's nearly 500-kilometre (310-mile) frontier with the Irish Republic would become the only British land border with the 27-nation EU.

The closely intertwined residents of Belcoo in Northern Ireland and Blacklion barely 200 metres (218 yards) away in the republic would find themselves again in two diverging lands.

While some view that prospect as an opportunity, many more express dread at the thought.

Farmer Hugh Maguire, 60, whose Blacklion home rests barely inside the republic but whose nearby farm of sheep, cattle and hens lies in Northern Ireland, said he could not survive without EU subsidies.

Both communities are heavily dependent on EU funding. Agriculture is the top employer, and farms receive 329 euros (365 US dollars) per hectare of land from the EU's Single Farm Payment subsidy scheme in place since 2003, an annual payment exceeding 80,000 euros (90,000 US dollars) for Maguire's 241-hectare farm.

Few Northern Ireland farmers are confident that the British government, long a critic of EU farm subsidies, would maintain anything close to that level of state support.

Maguire estimates that EU payments provide two-thirds of his income while most of the rest requires open market access to livestock marts in the republic, where prices for spring lamb are stronger.

Behind the bar in 'Jack's Bar' in Belcoo in Northern Ireland, owner Paul Leonard and his son Stephen look likely to cancel each other's votes. The son favors staying in the EU, while the father is eyeing the exit.

Fears of "Brexit" are stark among the inhabitants of Blacklion in the Republic of Ireland and Belcoo in Northern Ireland, UK - two border villages that could be further separated if the United Kingdom opts to leave the European Union.

Only a gurgling stream separates the two villages, but Ireland's soft border could become a hard fact of life again if the United Kingdom leaves the European Union, the sovereignty-sharing bloc that has done much to blur the 95-year-old boundary.

Should a majority of British voters reject continued EU membership in the UK's June 23 referendum, Northern Ireland's nearly 500-kilometre (310-mile) frontier with the Irish Republic would become the only British land border with the 27-nation EU.

The closely intertwined residents of Belcoo in Northern Ireland and Blacklion barely 200 metres (218 yards) away in the republic would find themselves again in two diverging lands.

While some view that prospect as an opportunity, many more express dread at the thought.

Farmer Hugh Maguire, 60, whose Blacklion home rests barely inside the republic but whose nearby farm of sheep, cattle and hens lies in Northern Ireland, said he could not survive without EU subsidies.

Both communities are heavily dependent on EU funding. Agriculture is the top employer, and farms receive 329 euros (365 US dollars) per hectare of land from the EU's Single Farm Payment subsidy scheme in place since 2003, an annual payment exceeding 80,000 euros (90,000 US dollars) for Maguire's 241-hectare farm.

Few Northern Ireland farmers are confident that the British government, long a critic of EU farm subsidies, would maintain anything close to that level of state support.

Maguire estimates that EU payments provide two-thirds of his income while most of the rest requires open market access to livestock marts in the republic, where prices for spring lamb are stronger.

Behind the bar in 'Jack's Bar' in Belcoo in Northern Ireland, owner Paul Leonard and his son Stephen look likely to cancel each other's votes. The son favors staying in the EU, while the father is eyeing the exit.

AP TELEVISION

Blacklion, Republic of Ireland - 24 May 2016

1. Farmer Hugh Maguire with a calf and cows on pasture

2. Close of calf

3. Sheep running on pasture

4. Maguire, pointing to horizon UPSOUND (English): "Right around the borderline of the mountain, right the way on, you can see parts of Southern Ireland."

5. Sheep grazing

6. SOUNDBITE (English) Hugh Maguire, farmer:

"Probably 70 percent of my income is off it, 65 to 70 percent is from the EU (European Union). We couldn't survive only for the subsidies. There is no way we could survive, especially on this land that we're farming."

7. Maguire leaving farm through gate

AP TELEVISION

Belcoo, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom (UK) - 24 May 2016

8. Bridge leading from Belcoo, Northern Ireland (UK) to Blacklion, Republic of Ireland, with sign reading (English and Gaelic) "Welcome to County Cavan"

9. Close of sign reading (English and Gaelic) "Blacklion" with speed limit in kilometres per hour

10. Bridge connecting Belcoo, Northern Ireland (UK) and Blacklion, Republic of Ireland

AP TELEVISION

Blacklion, Republic of Ireland - 24 May 2016

11. Sign of "The Market House" tourist centre and gift shop

12. Tourist administrator Helena Corcoran talking to colleague in tourist centre

13. Leprechaun puppets for sale in tourist centre

14. SOUNDBITE (English) Helena Corcoran, tourist administrator and local resident:

"We've had so much tragedy and grief along the border area, that I just feel and hope that they will stay in. My fear is, I suppose, that this border will appear and will make everyday life difficult for everybody basically, because this is the main road from North to South, from Sligo, and we get a lot of traffic, a lot of tourists, and we've already suffered enough in this area, so we don't need to suffer anymore."

15. Mug for sale with images of Ireland and reading (English) "Greetings from Ireland"

AP TELEVISION

Blacklion, Republic of Ireland - 25 May 2016

16. Top shot of bridge connecting Blacklion, Republic of Ireland and Belcoo, Northern Ireland (UK)

17. SOUNDBITE (English) John Paul Feeley, Cavan County councilman:

"Europe, and the structural funding and the peace funding have been hugely important in terms of giving areas like this the leg-up that they need to reach or to get into step with the rest of the country and progress economically."

AP TELEVISION

Belcoo, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom (UK) - 25 May 2016

18. Sign reading (English) Belcoo, with speed limit in miles per hour

19. Bartender Stephen Leonard carrying board out of pub "Jack's Bar"

20. Stephen Leonard serving guests inside pub

21. SOUNDBITE (English) Stephen Leonard, bartender:

"Behind the bar you hear both sides of the story, and you hear now a lot of things like there'll be borders back up, the police will be back out stopping and just all stuff like that, and I've never witnessed it, and I wouldn't like to witness it from what you've heard years ago."

22. Stephen Leonard talking to his father Paul Leonard

23. SOUNDBITE (English) Paul Leonard, self-employed pub owner:

"It probably would possibly enhance the economy again, maybe we'd be freer to be able to do things without the regulation of Europe, you know, so it would. At the end of the day, before the UK market ever went down to the EU, they have always had a very strong economy, they were always well able to survive. They have an identity of their own."

24. Paul Leonard pouring beer and handing glass to his son UPSOUND (English): "Hey Stephen, that's for you."

25. Stephen Leonard drinking beer in pub

26. Pan from river to bridge between Blacklion, Republic of Ireland and Belcoo, Northern Ireland (UK)

It's been 25 years since the Penallta Colliery fell silent: the river once black with soot is now green and nature has taken back its place in this valley in South Wales.

Eddie Cullen grew-up here in a family of miners and remembers the decline of the town and the sorrow at seeing the heart of his community torn away.

"Everyone was frightened when the pit shut," he says.

With dire poverty and high unemployment rates, South Wales has benefited from generous grants and financing schemes from the European Union to rejuvenate the area's economy.

Yet on 23 June - the day of the UK referendum - the region voted massively to leave the EU.

The modern highway connecting Brynmawr with other former coal-mining towns in the Valleys region of South Wales was partly funded by the European Union, replacing a three-lane road known for its many deadly accidents.

In Abbw Vale, where 62 percent voted out, EU funds have also been used to improve railway lines, open museums, schools and training centres built where the steel works once stood.

Paul Thomas, who voted 'remain', worries Brexit could jeopardise these achievements.

"There was going to be more development but we don't know what's going to happen now," he says.

But back in the old city centre retired truck driver John Thompson doesn't agree, saying that "there's been no benefit to this area at all"

"Leave" campaigners say many of the EU projects are gimmicky and haven't led to any tangible improvements for people.

Also, they consider the EU money as British money to begin with, since overall Britain contributes more money than it gets back from the EU.

Welsh Conservative leader Andrew RT Davies, was one politician to go against the party's UK leader, Prime Minister David Cameron, and vote for Britain to quit the EU

Davies used the metaphor of an out-of-control car to describe the EU, saying that people used the referendum to effectively say "I want to get out, the way this car is driven, we're going to hit a brick wall."

But for one Welsh company, Brexit was the brick wall.

In Pontypridd, a town climbing up misty hillsides north of Cardiff, Jenny Hughes said her education consultancy firm lost three potential contracts the day after the referendum as European partners pulled out.

Even though Wales receives hundreds of millions of pounds annually in EU funding, more than half of the Welsh electorate voted for Britain to leave the EU.

Puzzling many analysts, the "leave" vote was strongest in deprived post-industrial areas that have arguably benefited the most from EU support.

"Wales might have shot itself in the foot," says Ed Poole, lecturer in politics at Cardiff University, explaining that Wales has been one of the biggest net beneficiaries of being in the European Union.

A study he co-authored before the vote estimated that Wales receives a net annual benefit of 245 million (British) pounds (327 million US dollars) from the EU budget, or about 79 pounds (105 US dollars) per head.

That compares with a net contribution of 151 pounds (201 US dollars) per head for all of the United Kingdom.

It's possible, Poole says, that some voters didn't fully understand the role of EU funds in supporting their communities - or chose to ignore it.

It's been 25 years since the Penallta Colliery fell silent: the river once black with soot is now green and nature has taken back its place in this valley in South Wales.

Eddie Cullen grew-up here in a family of miners and remembers the decline of the town and the sorrow at seeing the heart of his community torn away.

"Everyone was frightened when the pit shut," he says.

With dire poverty and high unemployment rates, South Wales has benefited from generous grants and financing schemes from the European Union to rejuvenate the area's economy.

Yet on 23 June - the day of the UK referendum - the region voted massively to leave the EU.

The modern highway connecting Brynmawr with other former coal-mining towns in the Valleys region of South Wales was partly funded by the European Union, replacing a three-lane road known for its many deadly accidents.

In Abbw Vale, where 62 percent voted out, EU funds have also been used to improve railway lines, open museums, schools and training centres built where the steel works once stood.

Paul Thomas, who voted 'remain', worries Brexit could jeopardise these achievements.

"There was going to be more development but we don't know what's going to happen now," he says.

But back in the old city centre retired truck driver John Thompson doesn't agree, saying that "there's been no benefit to this area at all"

"Leave" campaigners say many of the EU projects are gimmicky and haven't led to any tangible improvements for people.

Also, they consider the EU money as British money to begin with, since overall Britain contributes more money than it gets back from the EU.

Welsh Conservative leader Andrew RT Davies, was one politician to go against the party's UK leader, Prime Minister David Cameron, and vote for Britain to quit the EU

Davies used the metaphor of an out-of-control car to describe the EU, saying that people used the referendum to effectively say "I want to get out, the way this car is driven, we're going to hit a brick wall."

But for one Welsh company, Brexit was the brick wall.

In Pontypridd, a town climbing up misty hillsides north of Cardiff, Jenny Hughes said her education consultancy firm lost three potential contracts the day after the referendum as European partners pulled out.

Even though Wales receives hundreds of millions of pounds annually in EU funding, more than half of the Welsh electorate voted for Britain to leave the EU.

Puzzling many analysts, the "leave" vote was strongest in deprived post-industrial areas that have arguably benefited the most from EU support.

"Wales might have shot itself in the foot," says Ed Poole, lecturer in politics at Cardiff University, explaining that Wales has been one of the biggest net beneficiaries of being in the European Union.

A study he co-authored before the vote estimated that Wales receives a net annual benefit of 245 million (British) pounds (327 million US dollars) from the EU budget, or about 79 pounds (105 US dollars) per head.

That compares with a net contribution of 151 pounds (201 US dollars) per head for all of the United Kingdom.

It's possible, Poole says, that some voters didn't fully understand the role of EU funds in supporting their communities - or chose to ignore it.

Hengoad - 29 June 2016

1. Various of abandoned coal mine

2. SOUNDBITE (English) Eddie Cullen, excavator driver:

"At first, everybody was frightened when the pit (coal mine) shut, but life has got to go on and we've still done well. There has been a lot of unemployment in Wales, but we've just got to travel further for the work, like me."

3. Cutaway of dog

4. SOUNDBITE (English) Eddie Cullen, excavator driver:

"Everybody has just had enough, you know. They want their identity back as a country, you know, rather than being run by people from outside the country."

5. Grafiti on abandoned coal mine reading (English) "Don't steal our heritage."

6. Various of abandoned coal mine

Near Brynmawr - 30 June 2016

7. Various of road sign indicating EU financing for the motorway

8. Traffic on motorway

Abbw Vale - 30 June 2016

9. Tilt down on piece of machinery from the old steel works that previously occupied site

10. Various of new college partially financed by the EU

11. Various of new recreational centre partially financed by the EU

12. SOUNDBITE (English) Paul Thomas, occupational therapist:

"My dad worked at the steelworks. He used to come home and tell us when we were kids that he'd have to use a push bike to go from one end of the factory to the other end of the factory. Sadly it's gone now, but with the EU funding we've got the leisure centre now, we've got the college, we've got the school, we've got the hospital. There was going to be more development here, but we don't know what's going to happen now."

Near Brynmawr - 30 June 2016

13. Various of the town

14. Street in centre of town with sign reading (English) "Vote Leave."

15. Close of Welsh flag

16. SOUNDBITE (English) John Thompson, retired truck driver:

"I would say no. We haven't seen no benefit to this area at all. They do leave us a road now as you know, you've seen the sign, the European sign on it, but what you've got to think about is: they don't give us nothing. It's our money, part of our money coming back to us. We've given them the money and they just send some back to us. They don't give us nothing really."

Cardiff - 29 June 2016

17. View over Cardiff Bay with National Theatre Wales in foreground

18. Close of sign reading (English and Welsh) "National Assembly for Wales."

19. SOUNDBITE (English) Andrew RT Davies, Welsh Conservative leader:

"Well, it's British money in the first place. It goes out there, and we leave 50 percent of that money out there and 50 percent comes back. So that's the narrative here. We are all for embracing cooperation with other countries, we are all for working as allies in national security and self-defence, but there comes a point where self-determination has to come into this as well."

20. Various of Andrew RT Davies, Welsh Conservative leader

21. SOUNDBITE (English) Andrew RT Davies, Welsh Conservative leader:

"Very often, these schemes will seem to be managed by elites and ultimately not delivering for the communities that were supposed to benefit, and so people actually used the opportunity of the referendum to say 'whoa, stop the car, I want to get out, the way this car is driven, we're going to hit a brick wall."

Pontypridd - 29 June 2016

22. Various of Jenny Hughes, co-founder of Pontydysgu, a Welsh educational research institute, looking at the company website

23. SOUNDBITE (English) Jenny Hughes, co-founder of Pontydysgu:

"So, all of a sudden, we personally can't tender for anymore, but more particularly, our partners or consortia that we work with are saying now, 'well, actually we don't want to work with you' - they do want to work with us but they don't feel they can because they don't know what's going to happen."

24. Hughes at her desk

Cardiff - 29 June 2016

25. Various of Ed Poole, lecturer in Politics and International Relations at Cardiff University, at his desk

26. SOUNDBITE (English) Ed Poole, lecturer in Politics and International Relations at Cardiff University:

"I would say that unfortunately, in the long term, Wales might have shot itself in the foot on an economic basis."

27. Cutaway

28. SOUNDBITE (English) Ed Poole, lecturer in Politics and International Relations at Cardiff University:

"It's not just the structural funds that benefit the poorest areas in Wales - that's to the tune of about 400 million (British) pounds (534 million US dollars) per year. It's also the agricultural policy, which is very specifically supporting small scale businesses, which is Wales' specialism because of the topography of Wales. It's about 260 million (pounds, 347 million US dollars) per year, and it's also access to the single market."

Merthyr Tydfil - 30 June 2016

29. Various of open-pit mine and surrounding landscape

In the sunny seaside resort city of Benidorm, which has a vibrant British community of around 3,500 people, British expats expressed their concerns about what a Brexit can mean for them, with work permits, health care and pensions among the top worries.

Their situation will be one of the things to be negotiated between the UK and the European Union in the coming months and years after Britain voted Thursday to leave the bloc.

The British expat community in Spain was split between those who could vote and those, like bar owner Chuck Daulson, who have lived away from Britain for longer than 15 years, disqualifying them from voting in the referendum.

He was concerned he would have to go back to Britain and lose all he's worked for in the 23 years he's lived and worked in Spain.

While being one of the largest communities of British people living abroad with around 300,000 officially registered as residents, Spain is a key holiday destination for British tourists.

The outcome of the vote was also a concern for Spaniards making a living off the tourism industry, which, in places like Benidorm, depends heavily on British travellers.

In the sunny seaside resort city of Benidorm, which has a vibrant British community of around 3,500 people, British expats expressed their concerns about what a Brexit can mean for them, with work permits, health care and pensions among the top worries.

Their situation will be one of the things to be negotiated between the UK and the European Union in the coming months and years after Britain voted Thursday to leave the bloc.

The British expat community in Spain was split between those who could vote and those, like bar owner Chuck Daulson, who have lived away from Britain for longer than 15 years, disqualifying them from voting in the referendum.

He was concerned he would have to go back to Britain and lose all he's worked for in the 23 years he's lived and worked in Spain.

While being one of the largest communities of British people living abroad with around 300,000 officially registered as residents, Spain is a key holiday destination for British tourists.

The outcome of the vote was also a concern for Spaniards making a living off the tourism industry, which, in places like Benidorm, depends heavily on British travellers.

Benidorm - June 24 2016

1. Various of beach in Benidorm

2. Various of tourists watching British Prime Minister David Cameron's resignation on TV in a bar

3. SOUNDBITE (English) Chuck Daulson, Englishman living in Spain for 23 years, 51-year-old bar owner:

"We're very scared because I've been here 23 years, I've got my house, my kids were born here, they've been to Spanish school, I've got a bar, I've got a lot to lose. If I go back to England, I've got nothing. No house. Nothing."

4. England flags hanging in the bar

5. SOUNDBITE (English) Chuck Daulson, Englishman living in Spain for 23 years, 51-year-old bar owner:

"We don't know how we're going to be now, we might have no pension, we might have no medical, we may have to sell our properties, we've lived here for a lot of years, we don't know how it's going to affect us anymore."

6. Various of Sarah, no last name given, serving customers in bar

7. SOUNDBITE (English) Sarah, 28-year-old Londoner living in Benidorm for 3 years, waitress:

"I've got my mum to vote on my behalf for me, I voted 'in' obviously. If we leave the EU, then it's bad on us expats who live here, obviously we'll lose our medical care, we'll lose our right to work without a work permit. Me and my boyfriend, we've lived here for 3 years, we won't get a chance to get a mortgage or anything like that now."

8. Various of people watching the news on TV at a terrace bar

9. SOUNDBITE (English) Julianne, (no last name given), 75-year-old English tourist in Benidorm, retired:

"We want to control our borders and make our own decisions, and for my grandchildren I think it would be better that we're on our own."

10. Various of newspaper stand

11. SOUNDBITE (Spanish) Gemma, (no last name given), Benidorm native working in the tourism industry:

"We make a living out of foreign people, I think 80 percent of tourists coming here to Benidorm and all the coast around are English."

12. Shot of tourist post at the beach

13. SOUNDBITE (Spanish) Gemma, (no last name given), Benidorm native working in the tourism industry:

"We think it can affect us a lot in our business, in the work that we do, so we're concerned about what can happen, and yes we're a little bit scared."

14. Various of Sterling vs Euro currency exchange sign being changed in the street

British residents in Spain were among those watching the EU referendum result closely on Thursday as the UK voted on whether to remain within or leave the European Union.

Spain has one of the largest communities of British people living abroad, with around 300-thousand Brits officially registered as residents.

It is also a key holiday destination for British tourists.

In the seaside resort city of Benidorn, which has a vibrant British community of around 3,500 people, Brits expressed their concerns on Thursday about what a 'Leave' vote would mean for local British residents and tourists, with a possible weaker pound being a key worry for some.

Most people were going out as usual and most clubs didn't broadcast the TV specials on the referendum, although early after polls closed in Britain some people were seen watching the results in at least a couple of bars in the area of Levante Beach.

The British expat community in Spain is split between those who can vote and those who have lived away from Britain for longer than fifteen years, disqualifying them from a say on whether the UK remains in union with their adopted country.

Many of them are afraid of the consequences of a potential Brexit for their status in Spain, which would depend on negotiations between the EU and the UK should the 'Leave' side triumph.

British residents in Spain were among those watching the EU referendum result closely on Thursday as the UK voted on whether to remain within or leave the European Union.

Spain has one of the largest communities of British people living abroad, with around 300-thousand Brits officially registered as residents.

It is also a key holiday destination for British tourists.

In the seaside resort city of Benidorn, which has a vibrant British community of around 3,500 people, Brits expressed their concerns on Thursday about what a 'Leave' vote would mean for local British residents and tourists, with a possible weaker pound being a key worry for some.

Most people were going out as usual and most clubs didn't broadcast the TV specials on the referendum, although early after polls closed in Britain some people were seen watching the results in at least a couple of bars in the area of Levante Beach.

The British expat community in Spain is split between those who can vote and those who have lived away from Britain for longer than fifteen years, disqualifying them from a say on whether the UK remains in union with their adopted country.

Many of them are afraid of the consequences of a potential Brexit for their status in Spain, which would depend on negotiations between the EU and the UK should the 'Leave' side triumph.

Benidorm - 23 June 2016

++NIGHT SHOTS++

1. Various of coast promenade in Benidorm

2. Close of Union Jack bunting

3. Various of nightclubs

4. Television screen showing news programme on EU Referendum

5. Louise Bell, 42-years-old, UK-born but has been living in Spain for 19 years, watching television programme on EU referendum

6. SOUNDBITE (English) Louise Bell, born in Nottingham but has been living in Spain for 19 years:

"I believe that it's not going to make much difference if we come out of the Euro (sic.). I think everything will stay more or less the same as it was 19 years ago; it's just that you would have to have a work permit to come over to Spain, which I think is more safer for the people travelling around, people with no papers will be more controlled. And my vote is out, because I'm English and I think I deserve, for my country, for my family, that they get the best from their own country."

7. Jim Lions and his wife, UK tourists, watching television coverage

8. SOUNDBITE (English) Jim Lions, 58-years-old, UK tourist in Benidorm:

"I have not voted because I've been here in Benidorm on holiday."

9. Close of Jim Lions

10. SOUNDBITE (English) Jim Lions, 58-years-old, UK tourist in Benidorm:

"I vote we stay in because it's good for a lot of British, could be a lot of problems if we go alone, it's good for companies, the company I work for we deal all over Europe, so it's very good for us."

11. Close of sign reading "Titanic Bar"

12. Bar customers having a drink and watching television coverage

13. SOUNDBITE (English) Denise Wood, 60-years-old, UK tourist:

"I voted by proxy before I came away, I voted to come out of the EU and I don't think that our country benefits from the EU, and I don't think that the politicians know what to do with the country."

14. Various of bars in Benidorm

British residents in Spain were among those watching the EU referendum result closely on Thursday as the UK voted whether to reamain a part of, or leave the European Union.

While one of the largest communities of British people living abroad with around 300,000 Brits officially registered as resident, Spain is also a key holiday destination for British tourists.

In the sunny seaside resort city of Benidorn, which has a vibrant British community of around 3,500 people, beachgoers expressed their concerns on Thursday about what a 'Leave' vote would mean for local British residents and tourists, with a possible weaker pound being a key worry for some.

The British expat community in Spain is split between those who can vote and those who have lived away from Britain for longer than fifteen years, disqualifying them from a say on whether the UK remains in union with their adopted country.

Many of them are afraid of the consequences of a potential Brexit for their status in Spain, which would depend on negotiations between the EU and the UK should the 'Leave' side triumph.

Some of the British people holidaying in Spain expressed their oppinion about the referendum.

British residents in Spain were among those watching the EU referendum result closely on Thursday as the UK voted whether to reamain a part of, or leave the European Union.

While one of the largest communities of British people living abroad with around 300,000 Brits officially registered as resident, Spain is also a key holiday destination for British tourists.

In the sunny seaside resort city of Benidorn, which has a vibrant British community of around 3,500 people, beachgoers expressed their concerns on Thursday about what a 'Leave' vote would mean for local British residents and tourists, with a possible weaker pound being a key worry for some.

The British expat community in Spain is split between those who can vote and those who have lived away from Britain for longer than fifteen years, disqualifying them from a say on whether the UK remains in union with their adopted country.

Many of them are afraid of the consequences of a potential Brexit for their status in Spain, which would depend on negotiations between the EU and the UK should the 'Leave' side triumph.

Some of the British people holidaying in Spain expressed their oppinion about the referendum.

Benidorm - 23 June 2016

1. Various of beach in Benidorm

2. SOUNDBITE (English) Karen Maining, 50-years-old, UK-born but has been living in Benidorm for 23 years, translator and teacher, cannot vote in the referendum:

"I'm unable to vote because I've lived here over the 10 year period, which makes me a permanent resident of Spain, but I'm obviously British born"

3. Beach

4. SOUNDBITE (English) Karen Maining, 50-years-old, UK-born but has been living in Benidorm for 23 years, translator and teacher, cannot vote in the referendum:

"I think a lot of people are very scared to leave; they'd like to leave but they're scared for the one reason that they live in Spain. I think the majority here that can vote would vote for in, because they're scared that they would have to leave. Again, that's a shame, because that's lack of information. You know, I don't think ... Spain does very well out of tourism, and I don't think in any instance would Spain want to lose the tourism that it has."

5. British tourists seated on a bar terrace

6. SOUNDBITE (English) Donald George, 71-years-old, Englishman traveling as tourist in Benidorm, voted 'Remain' via postal vote:

"If we leave the EU, I'm sure that the rate of Sterling against the Euro would … "Whooosh" (gesturing upwards with hands)…. It would explode, we couldn't afford to take our holidays in Europe anymore".

7. Various of Becky and her daughter playing on the beach

8. SOUNDBITE (English) Becky (no surname given), 25-years-old, from Leeds, housewife, voted 'Remain' via postal vote:

"I've postal-voted in for the sake of our country to be united and safe and welcoming to all".

9. Various of beach

10. Crowds drinking at bar

With marching bands and all groups of society out in strength, Norway celebrates Constitution Day, taking pride in its sovereignty.

The small Scandinavian country's independence was hard won, having been ruled by Denmark for more than 400 years, and then by Sweden for nearly another century.

For some people, the experience of having been ruled from afar can explain Norway's reluctance to embrace the European Union project.

"We are on the edge of Europe and we know what it means to be governed from abroad," says Hans Petter Bergseth who is marching with friends from his skiing club. "I think it's deep in our soul that we want to be independent."

But whilst Norway has twice rejected EU membership in referendums in 1972 and 1994, the nation relies on a close relationship with Brussels. Seventy to 80 percent of all Norwegian exports go to the EU markets and cooperation is viewed as essential in the areas of education, research and many more.

Access to the EU's single market comes at a price.

Norway has signed up the European Economic Area (EEA) agreement, and therefore had to implement more than three quarters of all EU laws with no formal influence on how they are drafted.

More importantly, Norway has had to agree to four EU-style freedoms: free movement of goods, services, people and capital.

Today, Norway has more EU migrants per person than Britain. More than 300,000 EU nationals live here, mostly people from Poland and Sweden attracted by the prospects of high-paid jobs and a generous welfare state.

For many companies, this influx of foreign workers has been beneficial. In the small fishing village of Skjervoy several hours north of Tromso, a salmon processing plant has become dependent on foreign workers.

"We don't have enough Norwegian workers who want to work in the fish industry," explains plant manager Tore Pedersen.

Many of these foreign workers are from Romania, like Christian, who arrived nearly four years ago after growing tired of poorly paid jobs in Italy.

"I'm travelling with a Romanian passport, I've had no problem," he explains.

This factory processes 365 tons of fish per day: salmon fillets and whole fish destined for restaurants and dining tables across Europe. It's the main employer in the village, and managers say the business would not be able to grow without foreign workers willing to work the assembly lines.

Here, most workers are unionised and Pedersen says foreign workers are paid the same as Norwegians. Something the unions dispute.

Across the fishing industry, construction industry, hotel and restaurants, they report cases of employers using foreign workers that are not unionized and therefore don't benefit from the collective bargaining agreements that guarantee a minimum wage and regulated working conditions.

"If they don't know the system, they work up to 12 hours," complains union leader Gunn Paulsen, who was picketing a hotel during a four-week long strike across the Norwegian hotel industry calling for better pay. "They ruin it for the next (person) who's coming in, the Norwegians coming in who know the regulations."

Whilst many large hotel groups are unionized, smaller or independent ones without a protection are free to pay their staff whatever they wish. "However low they get in Norway they get higher than in other countries," said Paulsen.

For Professor Bjorn Hersoug from the Arctic University of Tromso, companies that seek to get around ordinary labour conditions by outsourcing the hiring for foreign workers represent a threat to the Norwegian model that balances free markets with a strong social welfare state.

"There is a fear of labour dumping," says Hersoug. "In some instances, it looks like they have working conditions that are considerably worse than agreed through the ordinary agreements for minimum wages for example."

But despite the challenges brought by the EEA agreement, cooperation with the EU and access to the single market remains essential for Norway.

"The EEA agreement is something I would call a corner stone in the Norwegian economy," says Elisabeth Aspaker, the Norwegian Minister of the EEA and EU Affairs.

"We have to face the reality that the EU is our most important market," she says. "We do need cooperation when it comes to research, education, and in many other aspects."

With marching bands and all groups of society out in strength, Norway celebrates Constitution Day, taking pride in its sovereignty.

The small Scandinavian country's independence was hard won, having been ruled by Denmark for more than 400 years, and then by Sweden for nearly another century.

For some people, the experience of having been ruled from afar can explain Norway's reluctance to embrace the European Union project.

"We are on the edge of Europe and we know what it means to be governed from abroad," says Hans Petter Bergseth who is marching with friends from his skiing club. "I think it's deep in our soul that we want to be independent."

But whilst Norway has twice rejected EU membership in referendums in 1972 and 1994, the nation relies on a close relationship with Brussels. Seventy to 80 percent of all Norwegian exports go to the EU markets and cooperation is viewed as essential in the areas of education, research and many more.

Access to the EU's single market comes at a price.

Norway has signed up the European Economic Area (EEA) agreement, and therefore had to implement more than three quarters of all EU laws with no formal influence on how they are drafted.

More importantly, Norway has had to agree to four EU-style freedoms: free movement of goods, services, people and capital.

Today, Norway has more EU migrants per person than Britain. More than 300,000 EU nationals live here, mostly people from Poland and Sweden attracted by the prospects of high-paid jobs and a generous welfare state.

For many companies, this influx of foreign workers has been beneficial. In the small fishing village of Skjervoy several hours north of Tromso, a salmon processing plant has become dependent on foreign workers.

"We don't have enough Norwegian workers who want to work in the fish industry," explains plant manager Tore Pedersen.

Many of these foreign workers are from Romania, like Christian, who arrived nearly four years ago after growing tired of poorly paid jobs in Italy.

"I'm travelling with a Romanian passport, I've had no problem," he explains.

This factory processes 365 tons of fish per day: salmon fillets and whole fish destined for restaurants and dining tables across Europe. It's the main employer in the village, and managers say the business would not be able to grow without foreign workers willing to work the assembly lines.

Here, most workers are unionised and Pedersen says foreign workers are paid the same as Norwegians. Something the unions dispute.

Across the fishing industry, construction industry, hotel and restaurants, they report cases of employers using foreign workers that are not unionized and therefore don't benefit from the collective bargaining agreements that guarantee a minimum wage and regulated working conditions.

"If they don't know the system, they work up to 12 hours," complains union leader Gunn Paulsen, who was picketing a hotel during a four-week long strike across the Norwegian hotel industry calling for better pay. "They ruin it for the next (person) who's coming in, the Norwegians coming in who know the regulations."

Whilst many large hotel groups are unionized, smaller or independent ones without a protection are free to pay their staff whatever they wish. "However low they get in Norway they get higher than in other countries," said Paulsen.

For Professor Bjorn Hersoug from the Arctic University of Tromso, companies that seek to get around ordinary labour conditions by outsourcing the hiring for foreign workers represent a threat to the Norwegian model that balances free markets with a strong social welfare state.

"There is a fear of labour dumping," says Hersoug. "In some instances, it looks like they have working conditions that are considerably worse than agreed through the ordinary agreements for minimum wages for example."

But despite the challenges brought by the EEA agreement, cooperation with the EU and access to the single market remains essential for Norway.

"The EEA agreement is something I would call a corner stone in the Norwegian economy," says Elisabeth Aspaker, the Norwegian Minister of the EEA and EU Affairs.

"We have to face the reality that the EU is our most important market," she says. "We do need cooperation when it comes to research, education, and in many other aspects."

AP TELEVISION

Tromso - 17 May 2016

1. Various of Constitution Day parade

2. SOUNDBITE (English) Hans Petter Bergseth, 53-year-old medical adviser:

"Well, it's a young nation. Quite a proud nation. We are on the edge of Europe and we know what it means to be governed from abroad or we know what it means to be governed by larger countries. So I think it's deep in our soul that we want to be independent pretty much yes."

3. Various of Constitution Day parade

AP TELEVISION

Skjervoy - 18 May 2016

4. Various of Skjervoy harbour

5. Various exteriors of salmon processing plant

6. SOUNDBITE (English) Tore Pedersen, Fish processing plant manager:

"We have 180 people working here at Skjervoy and 60 percent of the workers are from other countries. It's a fact that we don't have enough Norwegian workers who want to work in the fish industry, so we need people from other countries to come and work at Skjervoy."

7. Christian in front of the processing plant

8. SOUNDBITE (English) Christian, No last Name given, factory worker from Romania:

"My name is Christian and I come from Romania. I've been here for four years - almost four years. I'm travelling with a Romanian passport, I've don't have any problems with travel. We don't need a visa or something like that - it's very easy to come here from Romania. It's a nice country to come to."

9. Various of filleting assembly line

10. Various of salmon packaging line

11. Various of salmon slaughter room

AP TELEVISION

Tromso - 17 May, 2016

12. Various of Tromso seen from onboard a boat in the fjord

AP TELEVISION

Tromso - 20 May, 2016

13. Various of local hotel staff on strike

14. SOUNDBITE (English) Gunn Paulsen, Union Leader:

"Before the oil strikes (meaning the fall in oil prices) it has been good for Norway because you had to have people working here, but then it started what we call in Norway the 'Monkey business' - that they started to pay lower to the people from other places, because they accept it, because however low they get in Norway they get higher than in other countries. So this is the bad thing."

15. Cutaway

16. SOUNDBITE (English) Gunn Paulsen, Union Leader:

"If they don't know the system, they work up to 12 hours. It's not nice because they ruin it for the next (person) who's coming in, the Norwegians coming in who know the regulations - but you can't say anything to the others working like this, because it's okay, they've always been doing this."

AP TELEVISION

Tromso - 19 May, 2016

17. Various of Tromso harbour

18. Professor Bjorn Hersoug walking along harbour seafront

19. SOUNDBITE (English) Prof. Bjorn Hersoug, Arctic University of Tromso:

"You know, seen from the Norwegian point of view, if you can get around the ordinary salary conditions, the labour conditions by hiring a company from, for example, from Poland, and you make a deal with this Polish company where they provide you with the labour which is unorganised (non-unionized) then you are getting around the rules. You can legally pay them less, but that kind of undermines the whole Norwegian model in the longer run."

20. Cutaway

21. SOUNDBITE (English) Prof. Bjorn Hersoug, Arctic University of Tromso

"We see that we have a number of people coming from the European Union countries and in some instances it looks like they have working conditions that are considerably worse than agreed through the ordinary Norwegian agreements for minimum wages for example. So there is kind of a fear of labour dumping."

AP TELEVISION

Tromso, Norway - 17 MAY 2016

22. Various of Tromso seen from onboard a boat in the fjord

AP TELEVISION

Brussels, Belgium - 25 MAY 2016

23. Various of EU flags

24. SOUNDBITE (English) Elisabeth Aspaker, Minister of the EEA and EU Affairs:

"I think Norway is in a very special situation. We have this huge fortune in our oil, we have developed a solid welfare state and people think 'we can do by ourselves' or 'we can go on alone.' But in another way, we have to face the reality that the EU is our most important market, up to 70 or 80 percent of all the exported goods from Norway go to the EU market, and we do need cooperation when it comes to research, education, and in many other aspects. These days it's about migration, it's about security policy. So the EEA agreement is something I would call a corner stone in the Norwegian economy and if you go to the Parliament today, they will be a solid majority for the agreement although we are not a member of the EU."

32. Various of Norway House in Brussels

Talk to Brian Hall about economics, trading blocs, or the value of the British currency, and there's one factor, and one factor only, shaping his view in the June 23 referendum on whether Britain should stay in the European Union: immigration.

He's tired of eastern Europeans arriving on these shores, and he plans to use his vote to make that point.

"How it has changed is influx of Europeans from eastern Europe in Dover," said the proprietor of the W & G Hall convenience store. "It's dragged the town down because there has been 'white flight' as well which is what's happening and people are just moving away and the town is just 'going down the pan' (deteriorating)."

The "remain" camp led by Prime Minister David Cameron appears to have won the economic argument, with key business figures warning that leaving the EU might bring calamity, but the "leave" camp may be winning the emotional argument about how unchecked immigration is transforming British life.

Led by former London Mayor Boris Johnson and UK Independence Party chief Nigel Farage, they claim that British workers have been hurt because EU "freedom of movement" laws mean that Hungarians, Slovaks, Poles and others can come to Britain visa-free to live, work and claim benefits.

They warn that if Turkey joins the EU - a prospect that is not imminent - it will give millions more access to Britain. And they point out that Cameron's government has failed to make good on promises to cut immigration.

That's created plenty of resentment in Dover, Britain's prime port for ferry and vehicle traffic across the English Channel.

On a clear day, the coast of France is visible from Dover's famous white cliffs, and they provided a vital vantage point for the early detection of German bombers heading toward London during World War II. The concern now is not enemy attack - although an armed Russian submarine was recently intercepted in the Channel - but Europeans who arrive legally under the EU's rules guaranteeing the free movement of people.

To the chagrin of some locals, the rules give Poles, Slovaks, Romanians and others from countries admitted to the EU after the collapse of the Soviet bloc the same right to live and work in Dover as Britons who have been here for generations.

Some long-time residents say they are angry about having to compete for medical care and school places for their children with newcomers who have no ties to Britain.

The "leave" campaign has not spelled out how it intends to curb immigration, but its "Take Back Control" campaign slogan sums up the group's approach.

Its leaders argue that by walking away from the 28-nation bloc, Britain will once again be able to enact and enforce its own visa policies, without having its hands tied by the EU's implacable freedom of movement policies.

No longer, they say, would citizens of poorer Eastern European countries be able to come to Britain and enjoy the same privileges as Britons.

That argument is gaining traction in Dover, a slightly rundown small town.

"If we come out of the EU, we can support our own country which we should do, instead of helping everyone else out," said Paul Rayworth, a 48-year-old local, repeating a familiar claim made by legions of "leave" backers.

Three recent research reports that find EU immigrants actually pay more in taxes to Britain than they take out in benefits and services, according to the National Institute of Economic and Social Research in London.

And John Powell, Director of National Operations at Migrant Help UK is optimistic NGOs such as his can make a difference for the better.

"Of course, you get any group, anywhere, in any part of the country, in any country - there will always be some tension and the trick is to make people aware of each other's differences, to integrate them, to make them understand and then that's the trick there to living in harmony," he says.

"And I think by and large we do achieve it here. We have in the past put forward projects, for instance with the Roma community in Dover to help better integration and others."

The resentment of newcomers in Dover is hardly universal. Some residents believe Britain has an obligation to offer a helping hand.

To 58-year-old local Bill Burne, the world has changed and it is time to move on.

"I believe we are living under an illusion that we are still great. I don't know about leaving the European market because I don't know the effects of it but I feel we should have a reality check."

Talk to Brian Hall about economics, trading blocs, or the value of the British currency, and there's one factor, and one factor only, shaping his view in the June 23 referendum on whether Britain should stay in the European Union: immigration.

He's tired of eastern Europeans arriving on these shores, and he plans to use his vote to make that point.

"How it has changed is influx of Europeans from eastern Europe in Dover," said the proprietor of the W & G Hall convenience store. "It's dragged the town down because there has been 'white flight' as well which is what's happening and people are just moving away and the town is just 'going down the pan' (deteriorating)."

The "remain" camp led by Prime Minister David Cameron appears to have won the economic argument, with key business figures warning that leaving the EU might bring calamity, but the "leave" camp may be winning the emotional argument about how unchecked immigration is transforming British life.

Led by former London Mayor Boris Johnson and UK Independence Party chief Nigel Farage, they claim that British workers have been hurt because EU "freedom of movement" laws mean that Hungarians, Slovaks, Poles and others can come to Britain visa-free to live, work and claim benefits.

They warn that if Turkey joins the EU - a prospect that is not imminent - it will give millions more access to Britain. And they point out that Cameron's government has failed to make good on promises to cut immigration.

That's created plenty of resentment in Dover, Britain's prime port for ferry and vehicle traffic across the English Channel.

On a clear day, the coast of France is visible from Dover's famous white cliffs, and they provided a vital vantage point for the early detection of German bombers heading toward London during World War II. The concern now is not enemy attack - although an armed Russian submarine was recently intercepted in the Channel - but Europeans who arrive legally under the EU's rules guaranteeing the free movement of people.

To the chagrin of some locals, the rules give Poles, Slovaks, Romanians and others from countries admitted to the EU after the collapse of the Soviet bloc the same right to live and work in Dover as Britons who have been here for generations.

Some long-time residents say they are angry about having to compete for medical care and school places for their children with newcomers who have no ties to Britain.

The "leave" campaign has not spelled out how it intends to curb immigration, but its "Take Back Control" campaign slogan sums up the group's approach.

Its leaders argue that by walking away from the 28-nation bloc, Britain will once again be able to enact and enforce its own visa policies, without having its hands tied by the EU's implacable freedom of movement policies.

No longer, they say, would citizens of poorer Eastern European countries be able to come to Britain and enjoy the same privileges as Britons.

That argument is gaining traction in Dover, a slightly rundown small town.

"If we come out of the EU, we can support our own country which we should do, instead of helping everyone else out," said Paul Rayworth, a 48-year-old local, repeating a familiar claim made by legions of "leave" backers.

Three recent research reports that find EU immigrants actually pay more in taxes to Britain than they take out in benefits and services, according to the National Institute of Economic and Social Research in London.

And John Powell, Director of National Operations at Migrant Help UK is optimistic NGOs such as his can make a difference for the better.

"Of course, you get any group, anywhere, in any part of the country, in any country - there will always be some tension and the trick is to make people aware of each other's differences, to integrate them, to make them understand and then that's the trick there to living in harmony," he says.

"And I think by and large we do achieve it here. We have in the past put forward projects, for instance with the Roma community in Dover to help better integration and others."

The resentment of newcomers in Dover is hardly universal. Some residents believe Britain has an obligation to offer a helping hand.

To 58-year-old local Bill Burne, the world has changed and it is time to move on.

"I believe we are living under an illusion that we are still great. I don't know about leaving the European market because I don't know the effects of it but I feel we should have a reality check."

Dover - 10 June 2016

1. Pan of Dover

2. White cliffs and port

3. Ferry leaving port

4. Dover city centre

5. Various of pub with sign with menu, reading: (English) "We take euros"

6. Various of migrants in city centre

7. Exterior of W & G Hall convenience store

8. Various set up of Brian Hall, owner of W & G Hall convenience store

9. SOUNDBITE (English): Brian Hall, owner of W & G Hall convenience store

"Well, how it has changed is influx of Europeans from eastern Europe. In Dover it's mainly Roma gypsies as well. So, you know, I've not had a problem. We've had Poles here, hardworking. But the percentage of them (migrants) in the town has just become too much, you know. It's dragged the town down because there has been 'white flight' as well which is what's happening and people are just moving away and the town is just 'going down the pan' (deteriorating)."

10. Flags of teams playing in the European Championships in France

11. SOUNDBITE (English): Brian Hall, owner of W & G Hall convenience store

"I get on with everybody, I've been here 40 years, I'm a pillar of the community and the town's just changed out of all recognition and not for the better. I'm not saying it's just because of the immigrants coming in. I think seaside towns generally in this country, whether it be Margate, Ramsgate, Hastings - you know they seem to get more than their fair share. I know there's other places around the country, like Peterborough and Boston, where the agricultural workers are, in Cambridgeshire. So... they, they just don't seem to... they're never going to integrate as they should."

12. Various of England paraphernalia in shop

13. Various of England (St George) flag in a house window

14. Various set up shots of John Powell, Director of National Operations at Migrant Help UK

15. SOUNDBITE (English): John Powell, Director of National Operations at Migrant Help UK

"Of course, you get any group, anywhere, in any part of the country, in any country - there will always be some tension and the trick is to make people aware of each other's differences, integrate them, make them understand and then that's the trick there to living in harmony. And I think by and large we do achieve it here. We have in the past put forward projects, for instance with the Roma community in Dover, to help better integration and others."

16. Dover town hall

17. Monument to those killed in the First and Second World War outside town hall

18. Main shopping street in Dover

19. Flags of European countries

20. SOUNDBITE (English): Paul Rayworth, 48-year-old local

"If we come out of the EU, we can support our own country which we should do, instead of helping everyone else out. Billions, and all that - the money is going nowhere, innit? It's, like, just draining us dry. We used to be Great Britain. Now we're just Britain so really we should get the 'great' back and sort ourselves out really, shouldn't we?"

21. Mid of street

22. SOUNDBITE (English): Jason Lancett, 48-year-old construction worker

"I'll be voting out because a lot of political reasons. One, immigration. Two, fishermen, the local fishermen. Three, the local homeless people. There are more homeless people in Dover as you can see, more drug addicts. The people they do let into the country, they're not contributing into the community. I'll be voting out and that's one of the reasons."

23. Mid of street

24. SOUNDBITE (English): Bill Burne, 58-year-old local

"I believe we are living under an illusion that we are still 'great'. I don't know about leaving the European market because I don't know the effects of it. But I feel we should have a reality check."

25. Various of port

26. Various wide shots of Dover

27. Wide of Dover castle

European Union workers who work in Britain expressed fear and confusion over what happens next on Saturday, as their adoptive country begins the long process of unwinding its many ties to continental Europe.

An entire class of cosmopolitan entrepreneurs, workers, students and strivers who have made the UK their home since Britain opened its borders to its EU neighbours now see their futures in limbo.

Immigrants have changed the face of Britain, turning London's Kensington neighbourhood into a suburb of Paris, sleepy English towns like Boston into Baltic enclaves, and filling supermarket shelves across the nation with Polish lager and Wiejska sausage.

The biggest impact may be on the Poles - the largest group of foreign EU workers in the UK.

An estimated 850,000 people have left Poland for the UK to seek wages and opportunities far beyond what they could ever expect in their ex-communist homeland - a flow so dramatic that Polish is now England's second-most-spoken language.

But despite others' concerns, Polish businessman Andrew Makulsky was optimistic.

Over the long-term though, the lives of the estimated three million EU citizens living in Britain may change in ways big and small.

A survey commissioned by the Financial Times found that if Britain's current immigration rules were applied to EU nationals, the overwhelming majority would lose their jobs and be forced to leave the country - catastrophic news for Spanish barristers, Romanian strawberry pickers, German investment bankers and the industries that rely on them.

Greek expatriate Flora Michalopoulou settled in the United Kingdom in early 2014 after difficult times in Greece following the financial crisis.

A trained psychologist working with autistic children, she worked for months with no pay. When her partner's employment suffered the same fate, they decided to move to Scotland.

Flora had previously studied in England but by 2014 it felt too expensive, so they opted for Edinburgh.

She said the UK's vote to leave the European Union came as a shock and she doesn't really know what it vote will mean.

Back in London, French investment banker Marc Miller feared the consequences the referendum would have on him because of London's role as a financial services centre.

Under British law, EU immigrants who have resided in the UK for more than five years can apply for permanent residency.

In practice, however, few EU citizens have bothered as their passports already allow them to travel freely and easily access education, health care, pensions and other services in Britain.

European Union workers who work in Britain expressed fear and confusion over what happens next on Saturday, as their adoptive country begins the long process of unwinding its many ties to continental Europe.

An entire class of cosmopolitan entrepreneurs, workers, students and strivers who have made the UK their home since Britain opened its borders to its EU neighbours now see their futures in limbo.

Immigrants have changed the face of Britain, turning London's Kensington neighbourhood into a suburb of Paris, sleepy English towns like Boston into Baltic enclaves, and filling supermarket shelves across the nation with Polish lager and Wiejska sausage.

The biggest impact may be on the Poles - the largest group of foreign EU workers in the UK.

An estimated 850,000 people have left Poland for the UK to seek wages and opportunities far beyond what they could ever expect in their ex-communist homeland - a flow so dramatic that Polish is now England's second-most-spoken language.

But despite others' concerns, Polish businessman Andrew Makulsky was optimistic.

Over the long-term though, the lives of the estimated three million EU citizens living in Britain may change in ways big and small.

A survey commissioned by the Financial Times found that if Britain's current immigration rules were applied to EU nationals, the overwhelming majority would lose their jobs and be forced to leave the country - catastrophic news for Spanish barristers, Romanian strawberry pickers, German investment bankers and the industries that rely on them.

Greek expatriate Flora Michalopoulou settled in the United Kingdom in early 2014 after difficult times in Greece following the financial crisis.

A trained psychologist working with autistic children, she worked for months with no pay. When her partner's employment suffered the same fate, they decided to move to Scotland.

Flora had previously studied in England but by 2014 it felt too expensive, so they opted for Edinburgh.

She said the UK's vote to leave the European Union came as a shock and she doesn't really know what it vote will mean.

Back in London, French investment banker Marc Miller feared the consequences the referendum would have on him because of London's role as a financial services centre.

Under British law, EU immigrants who have resided in the UK for more than five years can apply for permanent residency.

In practice, however, few EU citizens have bothered as their passports already allow them to travel freely and easily access education, health care, pensions and other services in Britain.

London - 25 June 2016

1. Polish people singing Polish national anthem and cheering before watching Poland - Sweden Euro 2016 football match

2. Andrew Makulsky playing trumpet

3. Polish flag

4. SOUNDBITE (English) Andrew Makulsky, Chairman of Polish club and restaurant and businessman:

"We are working here, very hard. Everybody works officially, legally, we pay taxes to Her Majesty. I am sure everything is fine. Maybe today and yesterday - big panic, but slowly slowly, I think situation will be back to normal. It's not very good news about what happened yesterday, but I am thinking positive."

6. Various of people in Polish club

Edinburgh, Scotland - 25 June 2016

7. View of Edinburgh castle

8. Various of people walking in the hills

9. Greek expatriate Flora Michalopoulou walking in the hills overlooking the mountain

10. SOUNDBITE (English) Flora Michalopoulou, Greek expatriate living in Scotland:

"So I had been living in Greece and because of the financial crisis I wasn't getting paid for my work and I couldn't find another job, so I decided to move back to the UK and I came and settled in Edinburgh in February 2014. (Michalopoulou walking past Edinburgh Castle) We've been here ever since, and now our life is here. Well, the initial reaction is a feeling of not being wanted, and there is part of me that thinks maybe there is something in that. Maybe I am taking the job away from someone who's local and maybe deserves it, in a way. On the other hand, I work hard for what I do, my employers want me to be here. I'm sure that if it came to supporting me staying here by documentation or something like that, I'm sure they would. But it's very discordant because we felt very welcome in Scotland by the people, by employers, by the government, everything. It's been so positive and so welcoming. And this referendum was kind of a slap in the face. It's like you're not wanted by everyone. You're not wanted anywhere."

13. Flora's dog Boughatsa, named after a Greek cream pastry, running around the hills

14. Various of flowers

15. SOUNDBITE (English) Flora Michalopoulou, Greek expatriate living in Scotland:

"I think we're in denial that anything will change, because we are here and we are settled here. I don't think and they (her Greek friends) don't think we're going to find a difference in our everyday life or in how we apply for jobs, we apply for houses and how we live our life. But it may not be true. Maybe we'll need visas or it'll be expensive or it may be that we'll need to become residents, or it may be that coming in or out of the country is going to be all that more difficult and all the more difficult for our families to come visit us."

16. Flora stroking Boughatsa

17. Close-up Boughatsa

18. Boughatsa running around the hills

19. Various landscape

London - 25 June 2016

20. Various of London streets

21. Mid of French cafe

22. SOUNDBITE (English) Marc Miller, French investment banker:

"I think that the result is actually really bad. It's bad for me personally, because I believe that as a banker in this country I will be affected certainly by what has happened."

23. Cutaway sign reading "Boulangerie

24. SOUNDBITE (English) Marc Miller, French investment banker:

"Part of ability to sell services will be taken away, which means job losses here and consecutively probably relocation to other European countries, which probably could be a benefit for other European countries, and I think it will be, but it will clearly be a negative for London as financial services centre."

25. Various of Marc Miller walking away

On the streets of Belfast, armoured police vehicles and check points have been replaced by busloads of tourists visiting the colourful murals that testify to a troubled past.

In the divided city where Catholics and Protestants still live separated in many places, former IRA member Jack Duffin leads a group of visitors along Falls Road, a mainly-Catholic Republican stronghold in the Northern Irish capital.

"There were armed attacks on nationalist communities throughout Belfast, but in particular on this road," he tells a group comprising Australian, English, Americans, Danes and others.

Duffin tells his story about a struggle born in the civil rights movement of the 1960s. He's still fighting to reunite Ireland, and thinks Brexit may help achieve that goal.

Yet Belfast Political Tours offers visitors a more nuanced view of the conflict, and in a sign of efforts to reconcile the telling of this history, the group then walks through the gate along the peace wall and meets with a Unionist tour guide - on the other side of the political divide - to hear the Protestant community's version of events.

More than twenty years after the signing of the Good Friday Agreement that brought an end to decades of violence, the heavily secure gate closes at night to the relief of some who live here.

Fears about a return to the violence that killed more than 3,500 people over three decades have made Northern Ireland the biggest hurdle for U.K. and European Union negotiators trying to hammer out an agreement on Britain's departure from the 28-nation free trade bloc.

While negotiators are focused on arrangements for securing the border, they don't want to do anything that will inflame the underlying tensions between those who want Northern Ireland to remain part of the United Kingdom and those who want it to be reunited with the Republic of Ireland.

People who want Northern Ireland to remain an integral part of the U.K. oppose any Brexit deal that weakens that relationship.

"There would be an organic explosion of anger and people would take to the streets and obviously any sensible person would be urging people ... to do so peacefully,'' said Jamie Bryson, editor of the Unionist Voice newsletter.

"But we all have to live in the real world and know that once mass amounts of people take to the streets and once something happens and that genie gets out of the bottle it's going to be difficult to put it back in.''

Others think that genie had never actually been contained.

Kate Nash says The Troubles never really ended.

While the 1998 Good Friday Agreement brought an era of relative peace and prosperity to Northern Ireland, paramilitary groups still exist on both sides and lower levels of violence continue to plague the community, says the 70-year-old grandmother who lost a brother in what became known as Bloody Sunday.

Her brother, a dock worker went to the demonstration near his home in Londonderry on Jan. 30, 1972 because it was a local happening - not because he was involved with the IRA.

Thousands had gathered to protest internment, but things went badly wrong.

British soldiers shot 28 unarmed civilians, killing 13.

"I'm always disturbed so I don't feel the troubles are over. I really don't feel that," she said.

Brexit, she fears, may cause the smouldering conflict to flare up once again, especially if there are renewed customs and passport controls along the border between the Republic of Ireland and the U.K.'s Northern Ireland.

"The bigger worry would be the border. If they're going to man the border, who's going to man it? Is it the army? Is it the police? Because it's most certainly going to create violence again. It's really something that will start violence again because they will be targets for IRA or whoever."

The EU has underpinned the Good Friday Agreement, negotiated with the help of the U.S., because both Britain and the Republic of Ireland were members of the bloc.

That meant people and goods could flow freely across the frontier and allowed authorities to tear down the hated border posts once paramilitary groups agreed to put away their weapons.

Over the past 20 years, the border has became largely invisible, marked only by changing speed limits and signs targeted by vandals who obscure the word "Northern'' with spray paint.

After Brexit, the frontier will become an external border once again and negotiators are struggling to find a way to regulate trade without rebuilding checkpoints and destroying the cross-border links that have spurred economic growth on both sides.

Sorting out the issue has forced all sides to confront the past even as they grapple with an uncertain present.

"Brexit has been the greatest existential threat to the peace process in 25 years,'' said Eamon Phoenix, a historian at Stranmillis University College, Queen's University Belfast.

"The island of Ireland has enjoyed really unbroken peace for 25 years after violence in which 3,500 people died ... and suddenly in the last three years we have the risk to all that."

The conflict was born almost a century ago when the Republic of Ireland, dominated by Catholics, won its independence but Northern Ireland, with a Protestant majority, remained part of the United Kingdom.

Republicans on both sides of the border opposed partition from the outset in 1921, and the conflict flared into what became known as The Troubles in the 1960s.

The Good Friday accord, which includes a power-sharing agreement between Unionist and Republican parties, helped soften questions of identity because people could identify as British or Irish, regardless of where they lived, Phoenix said.

That allowed people to cooperate and delay their long-term aspirations.

Memories of the conflict are still raw for many Northern Ireland residents, and as talk of renewed violence from both sides of the conflict returns, a bandage has been torn from a wound that appears never to have fully healed.

Belfast, Northern Ireland - 15 October 2019

++16:9++

1. Tracking shot of tourists walking along painted murals on the peace walls

2. Various of tourists walking and looking at murals, UPSOUND (English) off-camera from Republican guide: "People who are watching the Brexit negotiations can see that the whole problem is the fact that we have a border here in Ireland at all."

3. Tourist taking a photo

4. SOUNDBITE (English) Jack Duffin, Republican tour guide:

"There were armed attacks on nationalist communities throughout Belfast, but in particular on this road. And the first one really was right here."

5. Wide of walking tour group, UPSOUND (English): "What they've done here in Ireland goes back many hundreds of years."

6. Woman listening

7. Pan following car driving through a peace wall separating Catholic and Protestant communities

8. Close of barbed wire

9. Close of flood lights

10. Fence with protestant home in background

11. Wide of group walking through peace wall gate

12. Group walking into the Protestant area

13. Tracking show of group walking

14. Group in front of huge wall separating communities

15. People listening to Protestant guide

16. Wide of group with Protestant guide, UPSOUND (English): "We can never change the history, that's impossible, but we can change the future. We've stopped thirty years of conflict here. We've moved mountains to get where we are now."

17. Mid of peace wall spray painted with text (English) reading: "No surrender to the E.U."

18. Close of words (English) reading: "No surrender"

19. Tilt down from UK flags tied to lamp post to street

20. Pull focus from UK flag to unionist paramilitary mural painting of armed men wearing balaclavas

21. Various of unionist Jamie Bryson activist walking by the mural

22. Bryson sitting, talking

23. SOUNDBITE (English) Jamie Bryson, Unionist activist, editor of Unionist Voice:

"The unionist and loyalist community, I think, is at one on the most basic fundamental point, which is that we must leave the European Union and we must leave as one United Kingdom. And that means leaving the customs union, leaving the single market and being outside the jurisdiction of the European Court of Justice. I think it is absolutely absurd to suggest that Northern Ireland would be subsumed, as it were, into an economic united Ireland."

24. Wide of Protestant street with numerous UK flags

25. String of UK flags with church spire in background

26. Mural condemning killings carried out by Republicans

27. SOUNDBITE (English) Jamie Bryson, Unionist activist, editor of Unionist Voice:

"I think the problem is when you have a mass amount of angry people, especially angry young people and there are a lot of angry young people in the unionist community, taking to the streets, who feel almost as if their country is being torn off them, then I think it doesn't take much for that to explode into violence. That's something nobody wants to see, but I think we all have to live in the real world and know that once mass amounts of people take to the streets, once something happens and that genie gets out of the bottle, it's going to be very difficult to put it back in."

ASSOCIATED PRESS - AP CLIENTS ONLY

Londonderry, Northern Ireland - 14 October 2019

++16:9++

28. Wide of republican neighbourhood and site of Bloody Sunday killings in 1972

29. Mural reading "You are now entering Free Derry" in foreground, with mural painting with boy wearing gas mask in background

30. Close of Bloody Sunday memorial

31. Tilt down of memorial to 13 victims of Bloody Sunday killings

32. Close of photo of 19 year old Bloody Sunday victim William Nash, UPSOUND (English) of his sister Kate Nash: "He used to strum on his guitar, he couldn't play it very well but he used to strum. His favourite singer was Marty Robbins, you know (singing) 'Out in the west Texas town of El Paso'… he played that song every night. He loved that song."

33. SOUNDBITE (English) Kate Nash, sister of Bloody Sunday victim:

"I'm always disturbed, so I don't feel the Troubles are over. I really don't feel that. When I hear or read of paramilitary activity, I'm always worried about that. The war will be over for me when I see paramilitaries gone from the communities, people not frightened to speak up, which they are. They are now and it's twenty years after the peace process."

ARCHIVE: Londonderry, Northern Ireland - 30 January 1998

++4:3++

34. Various of people putting wreaths at base of memorial to victims

35. Woman observing two minutes silence

36. Crowd at memorial observing two minutes silence

37. Memorial with wreaths at base

Londonderry, Northern Ireland - 14 October 2019

++16:9++

38. SOUNDBITE (English) Kate Nash, sister of Bloody Sunday victim:

"The bigger worry would be the border. If they're going to man the border, who's going to man it? Is it the army? Is it the police? Because it's most certainly going to create violence again. It's really something that will start violence again because what they will be doing is, they will be targets for the IRA, or whoever."

Belfast, Northern Ireland - 15 October 2019

++16:9++

39. Tilt down of sign at entrance of gallery dedicated The Troubles at Ulster Museum

40. Close of poster of controversial Northern Ireland army regiment

41. Close of photo of victims of the Troubles

42. Close of weapon

43. Tilt down signed memorandum marking final draft of Good Friday Agreement

44. Close of memorandum

45. Various of Eamon Phoenix, Professor of History at Queen's University

46. SOUNDBITE (English) Professor Eamon Phoenix, Professor of History at Queen's University:

"Well certainly Brexit has been the greatest existential threat to the peace process in 25 years. This society, Northern Ireland, the island of Ireland, has enjoyed really unbroken peace for 25 years after violence in which 3,500 people died, intimidation, if you like the fear factor, all of that abnormality, and suddenly in the last three years we have the risk to all that."

47. Cutaway of Phoenix' hands

48. SOUNDBITE (English) Professor Eamon Phoenix, Professor of History at Queen's University:

"Until Brexit, people had a softer view of identity. They were prepared to cooperate in this space, Northern Ireland, within the structures of this agreement that recognised all identities and provided equality of treatment. And they would hold their aspirations on the long finger (delay it for a long time). Suddenly those aspirations have been sort of prioritised. And that is a factor which is leading to instability."

ARCHIVE: Portadown, Northern Ireland - 23 February 1998

++4:3++

49. Aftermath of bomb blast

ARCHIVE: Markethill, County Armagh – 16 September 1997

++4:3++

50. Bomb damage in Markethill

51. Broken shop window

Newtown Hamilton - 24 June 1998

++4:3++

52. Various of aftermath of explosion on streets

Ford's Dagenham diesel engine plant is a marvel of mechanisation - a steel and chrome hangar full of LED lighting, robots and computer-controlled machine tools.

The US carmaker has invested 2.5 (b) billion US dollars in the plant, where 3,150 people churn out an engine every 30 seconds.

And they've been here a long time: Edsel Ford, son of founder Henry Ford, personally cut the sod to start construction of the company's UK manufacturing headquarters in 1929.

It's hard to imagine Ford would walk away from all that if Britain fails to negotiate a favourable trade deal when it leaves the European Union.

But don't bet on it.

With auto parts passing through as many as 15 countries before a car is completed, a Brexit agreement that results in new tariffs that increase the cost of Ford vehicles for consumers is no small problem.

"It will force us to consider what the longer-term options are for the investments that we make, because let me be clear: We have to transact business in an environment where we can be competitive, and it's that competitive base that we're interested in making sure is protected," said Steven Armstrong, CEO of Ford in Europe.

Britain's car industry, which employs 814,000 people, illustrates the struggle the country faces as it prepares to exit the European Union.

Cars are assembled, not forged in a single place.

Modern manufacturing techniques result in carmakers having plants in several locations, often in different countries, that specialise in producing pieces of the finished vehicle.

For instance, the plant in Dagenham, in east London, makes nothing but diesel engines.

Tariffs, which are virtually non-existent for goods that move from one EU nation to another, are an oversized threat to British carmakers because they could be applied each time those components cross and re-cross international borders on their way to the new car showroom.

British carmakers, and many other industries, want the government to negotiate an agreement that preserves free trade with the EU's single market after Brexit.

Failure to do so could mean that tariffs and quotas are applied according to World Trade Organisation rules, which would make each vehicle more expensive.

The industry relies on Europe as both a market and a supplier, with the EU accounting for 56 percent of UK car exports and 69 percent of imports in 2016, according to the SMMT.

Besides that, Europe supplies the majority of components within UK-built vehicles.

Ford wants to know how the government plans to address this issue - and soon. "It's important that we continue to have access to the European market, free trade and a seamless border really is what we're looking for as we go through the Brexit process," Armstrong told The Associated Press.

Prime Minister Theresa May has repeatedly said that remaining in the single market is not an option, but the government this month outlined its hopes for an agreement that would permit the "freest and most frictionless possible trade" with EU member states.

This could include a temporary customs union with the bloc for up to three years after Britain leaves in 2019 to give businesses time to adjust to the new rules. Negotiations are set to begin again next week.

A transition period may be crucial for carmakers because they will have to adjust to new borders at a time of dramatic change for the industry.

"A significant proportion of the UK supply chain actually sits within the European marketplace," said Darren Jukes, head of the industrial products group at consulting firm PwC.

The change isn't lost on the workers at the Ford's Dagenham works, which has seen cuts and change over decades and where female workers went on strike in 1968 to demand equal pay in a fight immortalised in the movie "Made in Dagenham.''

Plus all they have to do is look around - robots do much of the work.

In places where a human being is required, a computer is often nearby to correct mistakes.

The uncertainty of Brexit worries people like the plant's employees, for whom the debate could be more about location than politics.

Dagenham, east London - 21 July 2017

1. Pan of completed Ford vehicles that have recently arrived in the United Kingdom from overseas

2. Stationary Ford vehicles, car transporter moving in background

3. Pull focus on Ford logo

4. Exterior of Ford Motor Company engine plant

5. Close of signage with Ford logo

6. Top view of engine plant, pan right

7. Machinery inside plant, electronic screen

8. Close of screen

9. Samy Alakarsamy, who has worked for Ford for 35 years, operating machinery on engine assembly line

10. Ford employee marking engine component

Ford Dunton Technical Centre, Dunton Wayletts, Essex – 21 July 2017

11. Exterior of Ford Dunton Technical Centre

12. Statue of Henry Ford, founder of the Ford Motor Company

13. Steven Armstrong, Group Vice President and President of Europe, Middle East and Africa at Ford Motor Company (screen right) speaking

14. SOUNDBITE (English) Steven Armstrong, Group Vice President and President of Europe, Middle East and Africa at Ford Motor Company:

"We've said that the whole situation around Brexit is probably the biggest headwind that we face within the Ford business in Europe, and we're looking forward to getting to some clarity around what's going to happen, stressing the importance of a need for a transitional arrangement as we move toward the separation in, you know, not too many months' time now. So, for us it's important that we continue to have access to the European market, free trade and a seamless border really is what we're looking for as we go through the Brexit process."

Dagenham, east London - 21 July 2017

15. Ford employee operating machinery on engine assembly line

16. A cylinder block, which forms the main structure of the diesel engine, on production line

17. Ford employees standing next to cylinder block inside plant

18. Cylinder block moving through the production process

19. Tilt up on cylinder block

20. Robot moving cylinder blocks

Central London – 24 August, 2017

21. SOUNDBITE (English) Darren Jukes, head of the industrial products group at consulting firm PwC:

"It's interesting because at the moment what you have is that for UK suppliers, the current economic environment that they are facing is actually quite attractive. You know, they have suddenly become far more competitive, far cheaper relative to some of their European kind of counterparts. But a significant proportion of the UK supply chain actually sits within the European marketplace."

Dagenham, east London - 21 July, 2017

22. Various of Ford employees operating machinery on engine assembly line

23. Various of employees working on engines

24. Complete engines ready to be shipped overseas to be inserted into vehicles

Ford Dunton Technical Centre, Dunton Wayletts, Essex – 21 July, 2017

25. SOUNDBITE (English) Steven Armstrong, Group Vice President and President of Europe, Middle East and Africa at Ford Motor Company:

"It will force us to consider what the longer-term options are for the investments that we make because let me be clear we have to transact business in an environment where we can be competitive and it's that competitive base that we're interested in making sure is protected."

Dagenham Dock, east London – 21 July, 2017

26. Various of ship docked at port

27. Cars in container ship hold

28. Low angle shot of cars being driven off ship

29. Workers standing next to ramp

30. Cars being driven off ship

31. Cars seen being driven off ship in mirror reflection

32. Car travelling along road after leaving ship

33. Wide of ship docked, pan to cars travelling along road

The COVID-19 pandemic has lead to a shortage of farm labour just months before the UK formally leaves the European Union at the end of December.

At Stocks Farm in Worcestershire, workers are busy tending hops plants - used in beer making - to grow up string supports.

It's an early season task that in normal times would be done by Polish workers.

But due to the coronavirus travel restrictions only four of the up to 16 expected migrants were able to make the journey.

It's the same story in farms throughout the UK. In response, the government has urged millions who have been furloughed or unemployed as a result of the pandemic to help with harvests this year.

Recruiters say the response has been enthusiastic but nowhere near to solving the problem.

Stocks Farm has been able to recruit locally for the short term: universities have closed so students have returned to their home towns and staff have been furloughed or lost their jobs as a result of the pandemic. But it's not a long-term solution.

Politics student Freddie Grant returned home to Worcestershire from Newcastle University.

"It keeps me busy. Otherwise I would be stuck at home, so it is a good thing to do and get out there and help the beer industry during the coronavirus."

Window fitter Stephen Hodgkins is grateful for the employment.

"I couldn't do my job and I didn't want to claim unemployment benefit so I thought I'd come back to the fields which I did when I was 16 years old.  And when this is over I will return back to my normal job."

The virus couldn't have struck at a worse time.  Growers are deeply worried about harvests next year when the effects of Brexit kick in and the tens of thousands of Eastern European workers they have relied on no longer have the automatic right to come and work in the UK.

Now coronavirus travel restrictions have suddenly brought that prospect of critical labour shortage to the present and offers a taster of how Brexit will impact growers in a few months' time.

Ali Capper, the National Farmers' Union spokeswoman for horticulture, runs Stocks Farm with her husband Richard.

She is concerned not just about this year's August-September harvest when she normally would hire 70 pickers from Eastern Europe - many of whom have returned year after year - but also the long term effects of Brexit.

Although farmers are grateful to employ temporary British staff, growers say they are not a long term solution to the problem and that first world economies have always relied on part time migrant labour to pick crops.

"In order to have full time work you have to be prepared to follow that work around the country to different crops to different parts of the country and that really doesn't suit people who have to pay rent or a mortgage," said Capper.

She is calling for clarity from the British government about its immigration plans after 31 December when the current 11-month Brexit transition period ends and freedom of movement for EU citizens to Britain will likely end.

Without this Capper says farmers will reduce the amount of crops they grow rather than seeing them rot in the fields.

Suckley, Worcestershire - 5 May 2020

1. Various of workers training hops plants around ropes

2. Student, Freddie Grant who has taken temporary work at farm

3. SOUNDBITE (English) Freddie Grant, student who has taken temporary work at farm:

"It keeps me busy. Otherwise I would be stuck at home so it is a good thing to do and get out there and help the beer industry during the coronavirus."

4. Window fitter Stephen Hodgkins who has taken temporary work at farm

5. SOUNDBITE (English) Stephen Hodgkins, window fitter who has taken temporary work at farm:

"I couldn't do my job and I didn't want to claim unemployment (benefits) so I thought I'd come back to the fields which I'd done when I was 16 years old. And when this is over, I will return back to my normal job.

6. Ali Capper, Stocks Farm manager and National Farmers' Union spokeswoman for horticulture

7. Various of apple trees

8. SOUNDBITE (English) Ali Capper, Stocks Farm manager and National Farmers' Union spokeswoman for horticulture:

"A total double whammy. We've had a seasonal agricultural workers scheme that's enabled us to bring workers from further afield for decades. That scheme was ended by the government in 2013.  When that happened we forecast that we would start to see shortages and of course the referendum and brexit has just exacerbated that.  For the last three years the sector has run short by about 10-15% of the workforce that it needs. That is why we have had instances of crops literally going rotten in the fields."

9. Various of student tending plants

10. SOUNDBITE (English) Ali Capper, Stocks Farm manager and National Farmers' Union spokeswoman for horticulture:

"In order to have full time work you have to be prepared to follow that work around the country to different crops to different parts of the country and that really doesn't suit people who have to pay rent or a mortgage."

11. Various of farm workers

12. SOUNDBITE (English) Ali Capper, Stocks Farm manager and National Farmers' Union spokeswoman for horticulture:

"We really need clarity from the British government around their immigration plans and policies from next January. And there is still no clarity on the seasonal workers' scheme which was launched in September 2018 for two and half thousand permits."

13. Apple trees

14. SOUNDBITE (English) Ali Capper, Stocks Farm manager and National Farmers' Union spokeswoman for horticulture:

"But if we do not have a workforce we don't have a business. Forty to 50% of our turnover is labour costs. So if there is no workforce we truly have no business and if we have no clarity or certainty about where that workforce is going to come from next year and the year after we are not going to take that risk. Businesses will start to de-risk and they will make different decisions and that will be to plant less fruit and vegetables in the UK. For me that would be morally reprehensible."

15. Various of apple trees