AP TECHNOLOGY SCRIPT FOR 24/07/2006

COLORADO LAB RECREATES EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING

SOURCE: AP TELEVISION NEWS

RESTRICTIONS: TECHNOLOGY CLIENTS ONLY

LENGTH: 04:36

SHOTLIST:

1. "Gothic" town sign

2. Researchers looking at animals through binoculars

3. SOUNDBITE: (English) Dan Blumstein, UCLA Ecology professor:

"The Rocky Mountain Biological lab is one of these places where people come and come and come for years and years and years and in terms of creating long-term data sets it is really unprecedented to have such a collection, and a diverse collection, of long term data sets."

4. Wide of Gothic

5. Close-up solar panels

6. Laboratory, on the mountainside

7. Mid cabin

8. SOUNDBITE: (English) Billy Barr, Gothic resident since May 1972:

"I didn't think much of it and then over the years you know suddenly there was twenty, thirty years of animal emergences or returns, coordinated with snow pack and snowfall amounts and so on. And some of the researchers here took that information and started to use it in a more biological manner."

9. Wide view of town and research centres

10. Various views researchers collecting insects

11. Close-up flags showing where plants are being studied

12. Wide view of heaters set up over the field

13. Mid view researcher John Harte inspecting experiment

14. Close-up heater

15. SOUNDBITE: (English) John Harte, Professor of Environmental Science, University of California, Berkley:

"The idea, as you can see, these heaters was to warm an outdoor ecosystem - a real ecosystem - with electric heaters that would provide a low level of heat roughly comparable to what we expect the climate to look like around the year 2050."

16. Various views heater, plants and Harte

17. SOUNDBITE: (English) John Harte, Professor of Environmental Science, University of California, Berkley:

"More than the temperature effect directly, or the drop in the moisture effect, the earlier snow melt has increased the length of the growing season and somewhat paradoxically that has caused a reduction in the total amount of plant production in the heated plots compared to the controls."

18. Mid view of heater, mountain in background

19. SOUNDBITE: (English) John Harte, Professor of Environmental Science, University of California, Berkley:

"It has also given an advantage to certain species that do well under early snow melt conditions and one of those species is the sagebrush which you can see behind me."

20. Mid view of heater experiment

21. SOUNDBITE: (English) John Harte, Professor of Environmental Science, University of California, Berkley:

"Certainly the Alps, the Andes, the Himalaya, the Sierra in California - all of these mountain ranges are almost certainly going to be experiencing the same kinds of transitions that we are projecting from this experiment."

22. Experiment heaters

23. SOUNDBITE: (English) John Harte, Professor of Environmental Science, University of California, Berkley:

"And it occurred to me that we might be seeing, as a result of climate change, a major extinction episode like the one that occurred 65 million years ago at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary - because if you look, you know if you think about global warming you are talking about a four or five degree temperature change - but that is not that different from the temperature difference between the depths of the last ice age and the present."

24. Wide and close-up flowers on river bank

LEAD IN :

Much of Europe and North America is in the grip of a heatwave this week. with temperatures reaching over 100 degrees fahrenheit (38 degrees celsius) in California and similar temperatures in the UK's capital London.

With global warming a concern across the world, scientists based high in Colorado's Rocky Mountain range, are using electric heaters to raise the temperature still further to test nature's response to what meteorologists predict may be average temperatures by the middle of this century.

STORYLINE:

Nestled in a secluded part of Colorado's Rocky Mountain range is the former mining town of Gothic.

Its now home to a number of long range environmental studies that have dramatically demonstrated the effects of climate change.

Ten miles (16 kilometres) north of the nearest town of Crested Butte, is the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory (R-M-B-L).

Founded in 1928, R-M-B-L has, for the past seventy eight years, hosted scientists from around the world as they perform high attitude experiments

R-M-B-L is one of North America's leading field stations offering students and residents the opportunity to research and study biological sciences.

Amongst the scientific community, the Rocky Mountain labs are one of only a few in North America that offer a long term view of the environment and the mountain's local ecosystem.

R-M-B-L owns 245 acres (0.9 kilometres square) and more than 50 buildings, including research laboratories, offices, cabins, a library, dormitories, a dining hall, classrooms and visitor centre.

The main lab is surrounded by National Forest and Wilderness which is available to scientists and students for research and experiments.

The R-M-B-L field campus is surrounded by wildflower meadows, waterfalls, mountainside forests and a variety of elevations that make it possible for researchers to study various ecosystems.

Scientists are studying changes in birds, bird disease, flowers, and other species of animals and plants to measure effects of climate change on the local ecosystem.

UCLA Ecology professor, Dan Blumstein, describes the experiments as providing an "unprecedented" collection of basic information that is key to long term studies.

Accountant Billy Barr moved to Gothic as a year-round resident in 1972.

He says a lack of local experiments in the once ghost town of Gothic led him to record everything from the snow fall, snow pack and thaw ,emergence of birds, animals and wildflowers.

In his continuing observations and experiments, Barr found that in his thirty one years on the mountain local temperatures had increased.

Barr passed this information onto the biological researchers.

He believes increasing temperatures have affected animal species, plant life and insects in the valley.

To study the phenomenon of global warming, John Harte, a professor of environmental science at the University of California-Berkley intentionally created hot zones in the valley around Gothic.

He placed electric radiant heaters above selected plots to heat the ground one to three degrees Fahrenheit to simulate global warming.

The heaters are left on day and night, summer and winter.

Professor Harte has found that the heaters have warmed up the soil temperature by four degrees, making the soil dryer and melting the snow an estimated three weeks earlier than unheated areas.

In the heated plots, local flora and wildflowers have suffered and the drought-resistant sagebrush has thrived.

Professor Harte describes this as a major change in the local environment and he believes this would be replicated in mountain ranges around the world as the climate heats up.

With just a four or five degree Fahrenheit temperature (minus 15 degrees centigrade) change Professor Harte believes the globe could be facing another mass extinction event - similar to the one that occurred at the boundary of the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods which is believed to have wiped out 85 per cent of all species living on Earth.

As vital as the research being done at the Rocky Mountain Laboratory is to environmental science - development in the nearby areas is also forcing the R-M-B-L scientists to grapple with issues of encroaching human development and land conservation.

The battle is on to preserve the area for its natural beauty as well as its irreplaceable scientific value.

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LEAD IN:

New research in the Indian Ocean shows how two heatwaves between 2015 and 2017 have killed off as much as 70 percent of the coral reefs in the region.

Corals take about a decade to recover from events like this, but UK zoologists suggest global warming means these events could become more frequent.

STORY-LINE:

A kaleidoscope of life and colour set in the crystal clear waters of the Seychelles in the Indian Ocean.

Coral reefs cover less than one percent of the world's ocean beds, yet they are home to a quarter of all marine life on the planet.

However between 2015 and 2016 record temperatures in the southern hemisphere exposed corals around the world to bleaching.

According to many scientific reports it was caused by El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) weather system.

This is an occasional shift in the ocean-atmosphere system in the tropical Pacific. It affects weather around the world.

During the back to back heatwaves scuba diving researchers from ZSL (Zoological Society of London) closely examined the waters ten metres deep off the Chagos archipelago (British Indian Ocean Territory) near the Seychelles archipelago.

The team was focussed on the hard corals which the 2015 heatwave depleted by 60 percent.

Other corals were also affected, 86 percent of the Acropora was killed, previously it had been the most abundant species.

ZSL's Dr Catherine Head has been part of a team which has been investigating the corals over the past seven years.

She says she saw extensive bleaching which showed the corals were under stress.

"Corals take on this white appearance and that's as a result of corals basically expelling their zooxanthellae which are single celled algae which they live in symbiosis with, and these algae provide the corals with a lot of their energy budget. So when they expel these algae they're able to survive for a period of time, but it depends how long the temperatures stay high and how high they go," says Head.

She says there was particular concern about the staghorn coral:

"The staghorn corals for instance which are known to be more weedy species were highly impacted. So 86 percent of the Staghorn corals were actually affected by these heat waves, whereas some of the more robust corals were less affected," she says.

According to Head the hard corals are like the vital infrastructure of an environment, upon which other species are able to live and thrive.

Head says: "So hard corals are really the foundations of the reefs. They're what build the reefs themselves because they lay down a calcium carbonate skeleton and that actually forms the physical structure of the reef and allows many other creatures to inhabit them, provides them with homes and a food source."

Over the two heatwaves the ZSL researchers found seventy percent of the hard coral structures had been killed.

The findings are reflected in studies carried out by other researchers earlier this year.

Leo Barret is the Project Leader for Marine Conservation Society in the neighbouring Seychelles archipelago (MCSS).

He says: "We lost up to 50 percent of all corals, now three years ago in 2016. This is mainly the branching corals, so we're talking about acropora, for example."

Barret and his colleagues are establishing two several coral nurseries with the aim of rearing stronger corals.

Corals are very important habitats, they support a vast number of other species, some according to Head rely on particular corals to survive:

"The different species of fish that you see for instance would reduce because some fish species are reliant on just one particular coral. We have species of butterfly fish for instance which are corallivours, they eat certain corals, so certain species of coral. So some of these species are likely to die out or at least become locally very rare. So we will see a reduction in the diversity of the fish and the invertebrates which live on the reefs and perhaps also a reduction in the structural complexity of the reef. So some corals contribute more to the calcium carbonate structure than others. And that's what causes this really complex, really interesting, integral structure. So we could see a reduction in that as well."

Scientists are concerned the heatwaves are increasing in regularity as well as becoming more severe.

Head says: "So if these heatwaves become more frequent as they are predicted to do, then the reefs simply won't have a chance to recover. So there are predictions which say perhaps reefs may go functionally extinct by about 2050 should the (carbon) emissions continue as they are at the moment, but really it depends how much we can reduce our carbon emissions as per the Paris Climate Change Agreement to keep sea surface temperatures below 2 degrees."

The areas around the Chagos are becoming protected, development surrounding the area is restricted as it is on other coral reefs across the world.

But scientists like Head say this alone is not enough and cutting carbon emissions is key.

Archive : Cerf Island, Seychelles - 20 February 2019

1. Various underwater shots of coral reef off coast of Cerf Island

2. Wide of beach

3. Close of crab crawling on sand

London, UK - 11 July 2019

4. Various of ZSL researcher Dr. Catherine Head looking at coral exhibit in the aquarium of London Zoo

5. SOUNDBITE: (English) Dr. Catherine Head, researcher, ZSL (Zoological Society of London)

"Corals take on this white appearance and that's as a result of corals basically expelling their zooxanthellae which are single celled algae which they live in symbiosis with, and these algae provide the corals with a lot of their energy budget. So when they expel these algae they're able to survive for a period of time, but it depends how long the temperatures stay high and how high they go."

6. Various of staghorn coral and fish in aquarium tank in London Zoo

7. SOUNDBITE: (English) Dr. Catherine Head, researcher, ZSL (Zoological Society of London)

"The staghorn corals for instance which are known to be more weedy species were highly impacted. So 86 percent of the Staghorn corals were actually affected by these heat waves, whereas some of the more robust corals were less affected."

Archive : Cerf Island, Seychelles - 20 February 2019

8. Various underwater shot of Indian Ocean coral reef

London, UK - 11 July 2019

9. SOUNDBITE: (English) Dr. Catherine Head, researcher, ZSL (Zoological Society of London)

"So hard corals are really the foundations of the reefs. They're what build the reefs themselves because they lay down a calcium carbonate skeleton and that actually forms the physical structure of the reef and allows many other creatures to inhabit them, provides them with homes and a food source."

Archive : Cerf Island, Seychelles - 20 February 2019

10. Pan right of Leo Barret, Project Leader, Marine Conservation Society Seychelles (MCSS), entering water

11. Close of Barret in water

12. SOUNDBITE (English) Leo Barret, Project Leader, Marine Conservation Society Seychelles (MCSS):

"We lost up to 50 percent of all corals, now three years ago in 2016. This is mainly the branching corals, so we're talking about acropora, for example."

13. Various of diver cleaning coral nursery

London, UK - 11 July 2019

14. SOUNDBITE: (English) Dr. Catherine Head, researcher, ZSL (Zoological Society of London)

"The different species of fish that you see for instance would reduce because some fish species are reliant on just one particular coral. We have species of butterfly fish for instance which are corallivours, they eat certain corals, so certain species of coral. So some of these species are likely to die out or at least become locally very rare. So we will see a reduction in the diversity of the fish and the invertebrates which live on the reefs and perhaps also a reduction in the structural complexity of the reef. So some corals contribute more to the calcium carbonate structure than others. And that's what causes this really complex, really interesting, integral structure. So we could see a reduction in that as well."

Archive :Cerf Island, Seychelles - 20 February 2019

15. Various underwater shots of coral reef off coast of Cerf Island

London, UK - 11 July 2019

16. SOUNDBITE: (English) Dr. Catherine Head, researcher, ZSL (Zoological Society of London)

"So if these heatwaves become more frequent as they are predicted to do, then the reefs simply won't have a chance to recover. So there are predictions which say perhaps reefs may go functionally extinct by about 2050 should the (carbon) emissions continue as they are at the moment, but really it depends how much we can reduce our carbon emissions as per the Paris Climate Change Agreement to keep sea surface temperatures below 2 degrees."

Archive :Mahe, Seychelles - 20 February 2019

17. Various underwater shots of coral reef off coast of Cerf Island

18. Wide of sunset on beach

19. Close of waves on beach

LEADIN:

From water-starved Iraqi marshlands to Munich beer halls, you'll find people on - or soon to be - the frontlines of climate change.

STORYLINE:

Water is running out in the Mesopotamian Marshes in southern Iraq.

The water level at the UNESCO Heritage site dropped by almost 50 percent between April and July 2018, according to environmentalists.

It's down to a shortage of water coming from neighbouring countries and overuse by agriculture.

With the water drying up, the people who live in these areas - the marsh Arabs - are under pressure - they have fewer opportunities to feed and water the buffalo that are the cornerstone of their existence.

"Our life is dependent on the marshes," says buffalo herder, Mohammed Ghan.  

"Now there is less water, it is drying up. We have sold the livestock. They need water, the marshes. Now they sell a ton (of water) for 14, sometimes ten (thousand dinars). So it's not very good."

Water salinity increased to 4,500 parts per million, putting it into the category where it's no longer safe to drink, Nature Iraq says.

This puts more pressure on herders as buffalo cannot drink salty water.

Many herders now have to bring in tanked water from elsewhere, as the water in the canals has become undrinkable and would kill the buffalo. Animal feed also has to be brought in.

Environmentalists blame the problems on a number of changes - one is the building of dams in Turkey and Iran that has reduced the overall amount of water in the Tigris and the Euphrates, Iraq's two main rivers and the ultimate sources of the marshes.

Another is overuse by farmers, particularly those who plant water-intensive produce like rice.

Use of water upstream from the marshes in places like Najaf and Babel reduces the amount reaching the marshes.

Climate change is another reason - droughts have become more frequent in the past 15 years, leading to more evaporation.

The marshes of southern Iraq used to be the biggest wetlands in western Eurasia, but much of them were drained by successive Iraqi governments from the 1950s onwards.

Since 2016, they've been listed as a UNESCO Heritage Site.

The river island of Majuli in India's north-eastern Assam state is facing an existential crisis.

Encircled by the mighty Brahmaputra river, the island has been losing landmass, its banks eroded by recurring floods that render thousands homeless every year.

The island is one of the country's most vulnerable bio-diversity spots to be impacted by the increasingly erratic rain and monsoon patterns, forcing people to adapt to new cycles of flooding.

Part of the erosion is natural as the flowing river breaches the sandy soil, but also deposits silt sediments.

70-year-old ferry operator Betharam has been witness to Majuli's plight over many decades, seeing the Brahmaputra river change course frequently and undercutting the non-cohesive soil.

Those living close to the edge of the river say part of the island is swallowed by the flood water every year, destroying their habitat and forcing people to move to the interiors and to higher ground.

Water levels have risen and many villages have been washed away, locals say.

"Brahmaputra has already (eroded) taken a lot, at least two to three kilometres since 1970. At least three kilometres have been taken away," says Betharam.

The state government has taken many steps to stop the erosion, including building embankments and other porcupine-shaped structures to reduce the intensity of the flowing water and to allow more sediment deposition.

But local residents of Majuli say these measures do not offer an effective and long-lasting solution to prevent water from breaching the embankments.

Coastal mangroves in southern Cambodia are important fish breeding grounds, supporting the livelihoods of thousands of people.

As the Trapeang Sangke estuary empties into the Gulf of Thailand, mangrove forests gradually recede to form a perfect natural frontier.

As well as combating erosion, mangroves are vital breeding grounds for many species of fish and other marine life, helping support the livelihoods of hundreds of local fishing families.  

Dotted along this 25-kilometre coastal strip, at least six large-scale developments are planned, including a golf course, a polo club, yacht clubs and at least two large-scale beach resorts.

While benefiting the well-connected, locals worry that the developments will place a kind of decadent barrier between themselves and the bay they depend upon.

"We've already lost a lot of resources," says fisherman, Mith Sen.

"Wide areas of mangroves were already chopped down, so we catch less crabs, less prawns, less fish.

"It was even worse before we started our organisation, it's a bit better now, but it's not the same as before they chopped the mangroves."          

In an effort to try to preserve what remains of the mangroves, locals set up non-profit Kampot Mangrove Forest seven years ago.  

The group has planted more than 200,000 mangroves by hosting environmentally-minded travellers and students.

They sprout and nurture mangrove saplings and replant them where the forest meets the sea.

Elsewhere it's a kaleidoscope of life and colour in the crystal-clear waters of the Seychelles in the Indian Ocean.

Coral reefs cover less than one percent of the world's ocean beds, yet they are home to a quarter of all marine life on the planet.

The shallow waters of Mahe island in the Indian Ocean, are teeming with surgeonfish, parrotfish, Moorish idol fish and many more.

The coral provides shelter and habitat for an enormous range of creatures, from tiny invertebrates, to shrimps, crabs, lobsters, octopus and eels as well as fish.

More than 500 million people across the world depend on the diverse ecosystems of reefs for food and services.

The reefs, made up of ancient coral and sand sediment deposited over thousands of years, act as a protective barrier for coastlines, they cut down up to 97 percent of wave energy reaching our shores.  

But in an era of increasing industrialisation, unprecedented atmospheric pollution and rising global temperatures, the fragile coral reef ecosystem is at risk of the effects of climate change.

In the Seychelles, conservationists have taken to growing coral in on shore nurseries, in an attempt to replace reefs desecrated by bleaching and global warming.   

Heading to a bar for a quiet beer is something enjoyed in many countries across the world.

But an international study this year predicted beer might one day be in short supply due to the impacts of climate change.

Researchers from the UK, China, Mexico and the US looked into a number of climate scenarios and predicted that severe drought and heatwaves will impact the amount of barely being grown.

The impacts won't just be felt in China, but across the world. Globally, beer consumption is predicted to fall by 16 percent on average.  

In the United States, the world's second biggest consumer, it could be a 20 percent drop and up to 32 percent in Argentina.

In some parts of the world, the price of beer could also double as demand outstrips supply.

Beer is the most popular alcoholic drink in the world by volume consumed, according to lead UK author and study coordinator Dabo Guan from the University of East Anglia.

"So, beer plays quite a bit of a social tool, you know entertainment, for the stability as well, and the future climate change would seriously reduce the barley production and therefore the beer production would decline, therefore our consumption for beer would be compromised," says Guan.

The beer sector accounts for around 17 percent of global barley production.

Researchers looked at the impact of extreme climate events, including heatwaves, on barley yields in 24 world regions.

Their findings suggest supply will fall due to drought and heat.

Much of Europe was hit with extreme temperatures and low rainfall this summer, affecting various crops.

The study, published in Nature Plants on 15 October 2018 was supported by the UK Economic and Social Research Council, Natural Environment Research Council, the British Academy and the Philip Leverhulme Prize.

Nasiriya, Iraq - 28 July 2018

1. Wide of boat in dry marshland

2. SOUNDBITE (Arabic) Mohammed Ghan, Buffalo Herder:

"Our life is dependent on the marshes. Now there is less water, it is drying up. We have sold the livestock. They need water, the marshes. Now they sell a ton (of water) for 14, sometimes ten (thousand dinars). So it's not very good."

3. Wide of boats bringing animal feed

Nasiriya, Iraq - 26 July 2018

4. Various of buffalo in water

5. Wide of buffalo herder pumping tanked water

6. Mid of buffalo drinking

Majuli, India - 7 August 2018

7. Pan left from ferry to eroded river bank

8. SOUNDBITE (Assamese) Betharam, Ferry Operator:

"Brahmaputra has already (eroded) taken a lot, at least two to three kilometres since 1970. At least three kilometres have been taken away."

9. Wide of eroded river bank

10. Wide of bamboo structures on river bank to stop erosion

11. Various of water eroding river banks

Trapeang Sangke estuary, Kampot Province, Cambodia - 5 September 2018

12. Aerial shot of coastline

13. Tracking shot of passing mangroves

14. Tilt up of mangroves planted in water

15. Various of mangroves

16. Wide of woman and man onl boat

17. SOUNDBITE (Khmer) Mith Sen, Fisherman:

"We've already lost a lot of resources. Wide areas of mangroves were already chopped down, so we catch less crabs, less prawns, less fish. It was even worse before we started our organisation, it's a bit better now, but it's not the same as before they chopped the mangroves."          

18. Wide of women and children fishing

19. Mid of fish on shore

20. Mid of crab

Beau Vallon, Mahe Island, Seychelles - 23 February 2018

21. Various of colourful fish swimming and feeding around coral reef    

Off Curieuse Island, Seychelles - 20 February 2018

22. Various of fish swimming over sea floor covered in white coral skeletons

Munich, Germany - 22 September 2018

23. Various of beer being served at Oktoberfest, people drinking

London, UK - 14 October 2018

24. SOUNDBITE (English) Dabo Guan, Research Coordinator and Lead UK Author, Professor of Climate Change Economics, University of East Anglia:

"So, beer plays quite a bit of a social tool, you know entertainment, for the stability as well, and the future climate change would seriously reduce the barley production and therefore the beer production would decline, therefore our consumption for beer would be compromised."

Yavuzlar, Kilis Province, Turkey - 24 May 2018

25. Various of barley farmer driving combine harvester

LEADIN:

From water-starved Iraqi marshlands to Munich beer halls, you'll find people on - or soon to be - the frontlines of climate change.

STORYLINE:

Water is running out in the Mesopotamian Marshes in southern Iraq.

The water level at the UNESCO Heritage site dropped by almost 50 percent between April and July 2018, according to environmentalists.

It's down to a shortage of water coming from neighbouring countries and overuse by agriculture.

With the water drying up, the people who live in these areas - the marsh Arabs - are under pressure - they have fewer opportunities to feed and water the buffalo that are the cornerstone of their existence.

"Our life is dependent on the marshes," says buffalo herder, Mohammed Ghan.  

"Now there is less water, it is drying up. We have sold the livestock. They need water, the marshes. Now they sell a ton (of water) for 14, sometimes ten (thousand dinars). So it's not very good."

Water salinity increased to 4,500 parts per million, putting it into the category where it's no longer safe to drink, Nature Iraq says.

This puts more pressure on herders as buffalo cannot drink salty water.

Many herders now have to bring in tanked water from elsewhere, as the water in the canals has become undrinkable and would kill the buffalo. Animal feed also has to be brought in.

Environmentalists blame the problems on a number of changes - one is the building of dams in Turkey and Iran that has reduced the overall amount of water in the Tigris and the Euphrates, Iraq's two main rivers and the ultimate sources of the marshes.

Another is overuse by farmers, particularly those who plant water-intensive produce like rice.

Use of water upstream from the marshes in places like Najaf and Babel reduces the amount reaching the marshes.

Climate change is another reason - droughts have become more frequent in the past 15 years, leading to more evaporation.

The marshes of southern Iraq used to be the biggest wetlands in western Eurasia, but much of them were drained by successive Iraqi governments from the 1950s onwards.

Since 2016, they've been listed as a UNESCO Heritage Site.

The river island of Majuli in India's north-eastern Assam state is facing an existential crisis.

Encircled by the mighty Brahmaputra river, the island has been losing landmass, its banks eroded by recurring floods that render thousands homeless every year.

The island is one of the country's most vulnerable bio-diversity spots to be impacted by the increasingly erratic rain and monsoon patterns, forcing people to adapt to new cycles of flooding.

Part of the erosion is natural as the flowing river breaches the sandy soil, but also deposits silt sediments.

70-year-old ferry operator Betharam has been witness to Majuli's plight over many decades, seeing the Brahmaputra river change course frequently and undercutting the non-cohesive soil.

Those living close to the edge of the river say part of the island is swallowed by the flood water every year, destroying their habitat and forcing people to move to the interiors and to higher ground.

Water levels have risen and many villages have been washed away, locals say.

"Brahmaputra has already (eroded) taken a lot, at least two to three kilometres since 1970. At least three kilometres have been taken away," says Betharam.

The state government has taken many steps to stop the erosion, including building embankments and other porcupine-shaped structures to reduce the intensity of the flowing water and to allow more sediment deposition.

But local residents of Majuli say these measures do not offer an effective and long-lasting solution to prevent water from breaching the embankments.

Coastal mangroves in southern Cambodia are important fish breeding grounds, supporting the livelihoods of thousands of people.

As the Trapeang Sangke estuary empties into the Gulf of Thailand, mangrove forests gradually recede to form a perfect natural frontier.

As well as combating erosion, mangroves are vital breeding grounds for many species of fish and other marine life, helping support the livelihoods of hundreds of local fishing families.  

Dotted along this 25-kilometre coastal strip, at least six large-scale developments are planned, including a golf course, a polo club, yacht clubs and at least two large-scale beach resorts.

While benefiting the well-connected, locals worry that the developments will place a kind of decadent barrier between themselves and the bay they depend upon.

"We've already lost a lot of resources," says fisherman, Mith Sen.

"Wide areas of mangroves were already chopped down, so we catch less crabs, less prawns, less fish.

"It was even worse before we started our organisation, it's a bit better now, but it's not the same as before they chopped the mangroves."          

In an effort to try to preserve what remains of the mangroves, locals set up non-profit Kampot Mangrove Forest seven years ago.  

The group has planted more than 200,000 mangroves by hosting environmentally-minded travellers and students.

They sprout and nurture mangrove saplings and replant them where the forest meets the sea.

Elsewhere it's a kaleidoscope of life and colour in the crystal-clear waters of the Seychelles in the Indian Ocean.

Coral reefs cover less than one percent of the world's ocean beds, yet they are home to a quarter of all marine life on the planet.

The shallow waters of Mahe island in the Indian Ocean, are teeming with surgeonfish, parrotfish, Moorish idol fish and many more.

The coral provides shelter and habitat for an enormous range of creatures, from tiny invertebrates, to shrimps, crabs, lobsters, octopus and eels as well as fish.

More than 500 million people across the world depend on the diverse ecosystems of reefs for food and services.

The reefs, made up of ancient coral and sand sediment deposited over thousands of years, act as a protective barrier for coastlines, they cut down up to 97 percent of wave energy reaching our shores.  

But in an era of increasing industrialisation, unprecedented atmospheric pollution and rising global temperatures, the fragile coral reef ecosystem is at risk of the effects of climate change.

In the Seychelles, conservationists have taken to growing coral in on shore nurseries, in an attempt to replace reefs desecrated by bleaching and global warming.   

Heading to a bar for a quiet beer is something enjoyed in many countries across the world.

But an international study this year predicted beer might one day be in short supply due to the impacts of climate change.

Researchers from the UK, China, Mexico and the US looked into a number of climate scenarios and predicted that severe drought and heatwaves will impact the amount of barely being grown.

The impacts won't just be felt in China, but across the world. Globally, beer consumption is predicted to fall by 16 percent on average.  

In the United States, the world's second biggest consumer, it could be a 20 percent drop and up to 32 percent in Argentina.

In some parts of the world, the price of beer could also double as demand outstrips supply.

Beer is the most popular alcoholic drink in the world by volume consumed, according to lead UK author and study coordinator Dabo Guan from the University of East Anglia.

"So, beer plays quite a bit of a social tool, you know entertainment, for the stability as well, and the future climate change would seriously reduce the barley production and therefore the beer production would decline, therefore our consumption for beer would be compromised," says Guan.

The beer sector accounts for around 17 percent of global barley production.

Researchers looked at the impact of extreme climate events, including heatwaves, on barley yields in 24 world regions.

Their findings suggest supply will fall due to drought and heat.

Much of Europe was hit with extreme temperatures and low rainfall this summer, affecting various crops.

The study, published in Nature Plants on 15 October 2018 was supported by the UK Economic and Social Research Council, Natural Environment Research Council, the British Academy and the Philip Leverhulme Prize.

Nasiriya, Iraq - 28 July 2018

1. Wide of boat in dry marshland

2. SOUNDBITE (Arabic) Mohammed Ghan, Buffalo Herder:

"Our life is dependent on the marshes. Now there is less water, it is drying up. We have sold the livestock. They need water, the marshes. Now they sell a ton (of water) for 14, sometimes ten (thousand dinars). So it's not very good."

3. Wide of boats bringing animal feed

Nasiriya, Iraq - 26 July 2018

4. Various of buffalo in water

5. Wide of buffalo herder pumping tanked water

6. Mid of buffalo drinking

Majuli, India - 7 August 2018

7. Pan left from ferry to eroded river bank

8. SOUNDBITE (Assamese) Betharam, Ferry Operator:

"Brahmaputra has already (eroded) taken a lot, at least two to three kilometres since 1970. At least three kilometres have been taken away."

9. Wide of eroded river bank

10. Wide of bamboo structures on river bank to stop erosion

11. Various of water eroding river banks

Trapeang Sangke estuary, Kampot Province, Cambodia - 5 September 2018

12. Aerial shot of coastline

13. Tracking shot of passing mangroves

14. Tilt up of mangroves planted in water

15. Various of mangroves

16. Wide of woman and man onl boat

17. SOUNDBITE (Khmer) Mith Sen, Fisherman:

"We've already lost a lot of resources. Wide areas of mangroves were already chopped down, so we catch less crabs, less prawns, less fish. It was even worse before we started our organisation, it's a bit better now, but it's not the same as before they chopped the mangroves."

18. Wide of women and children fishing

19. Mid of fish on shore

20. Mid of crab

Beau Vallon, Mahe Island, Seychelles - 23 February 2018

21. Various of colourful fish swimming and feeding around coral reef

Off Curieuse Island, Seychelles - 20 February 2018

22. Various of fish swimming over sea floor covered in white coral skeletons

Munich, Germany - 22 September 2018

23. Various of beer being served at Oktoberfest, people drinking

London, UK - 14 October 2018

24. SOUNDBITE (English) Dabo Guan, Research Coordinator and Lead UK Author, Professor of Climate Change Economics, University of East Anglia:

"So, beer plays quite a bit of a social tool, you know entertainment, for the stability as well, and the future climate change would seriously reduce the barley production and therefore the beer production would decline, therefore our consumption for beer would be compromised."

Yavuzlar, Kilis Province, Turkey - 24 May 2018

25. Various of barley farmer driving combine harvester