A heatwave currently hitting the United Kingdom has spawned a

deadly bacteria which is killing thousands of swans and other

fresh-water birds. Botulism C grows in rotting vegetation and silt

at the bottom of ponds and rivers. The driest summer recorded in

the UK since the sixteenth century has left water levels low and

temperatures high - the perfect combination for the bacteria to

thrive. The bacteria - which is harmless to humans - slowly

paralyses birds which come into contact with it until they can't

use their wings and drown.

SHOWS:

SURREY, SOUTH-EAST ENGLAND RECENT

vs of sick swans;

sot Steve Jones, National Swan Sanctuary saying hundreds of ducks

dying on lakes;

man checking dead bird;

sot Prof Christopher Perrins, zoologist, Oxford University

explaining botulism and how birds are poisoned;

man sitting by river;

birds on river;

ranger collecting dead birds;

sot steve jones saying the bodies of dead birds must be removed

from waterways;

duck rescued;

duck being injected with antibiotic;

sot Dorothy Beeson, National Swan Sanctuary saying more

antibiotics are being used;

vs of of swans in bird sanctuary

2.16

ICEY TREATS FOR TIGER IN LONDON HEATWAVE

As the weather hots up in the U.K., keepers at ZSL London Zoo are trying a new tactic to keep their tiger cool.

On Tuesday (23 JULY 2019) Asim, the zoo's seven-year-old Sumatran tiger, was treated to two ice lollies made of blood and chicken wings - his favorite - in 91 F (33 C) degree heat

It's the first time Asim has been given an iced treat, which hung on a rope in the Tiger Territory area of the park.

Zookeeper Laura Knowles works closely with Asim and says, when it's hot, they tempt him to swim in his pond by putting his food on a raft.  

Knowles says other animals at the zoo also enjoy iced treats in a heatwave – penguins like fish pops, while meercats love peas and sweetcorn in ice.

ASSOCIATED PRESS

London, 23 July 2019

1. Wide of Zoo workers hanging up iced treat for tiger

2. Close up of treat

3. Wide of treat

4. Wide of Asim the tiger

5. Various of tiger eating treat

6. SOUNDBITE (English) Laura Knowles, Zookeeper at ZSL London Zoo:

"Yeah. So, today we've been giving Asim an ice lolly to help him cool down. So he had a blood ice lolly with his favorite treats, with his chicken wings. So he really enjoys it, it really helps him to cool down and he will spend a lot of time kind of getting the food out of it. So it's quite enriching for him as well."

7. Wide of tiger

8. Close up of tiger eating treat

9. SOUNDBITE (English) Laura Knowles, Zookeeper at ZSL London Zoo:

"It's the first time with an ice lolly. We've been encouraging Asim to swim more in the pool to help cool down. But this is the first day we've given him an ice lolly."

10. Various of tiger in shade

11. SOUNDBITE (English) Laura Knowles, Zookeeper at ZSL London Zoo:

"So other animals will also have ice lollies. So the meerkats really like sweetcorn and peas in theirs. Whereas the penguins really like fish ice lollies. We're also encouraging them to go in the pool more. So for Asim, we'll feed him his joint or his lunchtime feed in the pool to help getting him to swim."

ZSL LONDON ZOO - MUST CREDIT ZSL

London, 12 July 2019

12. Various of tiger swimming in pond ++MUTE AS PROVIDED++

ASSOCIATED PRESS

London, 23 July 2019

13. SOUNDBITE (English) Laura Knowles, Zookeeper at ZSL London Zoo:

"A lot of animals will also seek out shade. So... Although the meerkats will spend a lot of time sunbathing and the hunting dogs, whereas Asim you will find more in the shaded areas (of the) enclosure - under the trees."

14. Various of tiger lying in shade eating treat

MEERKATS ENJOY PEA ICE CUBES IN THE HEATWAVE

With temperatures in London Thursday (25 JULY 2019) breaking records as the hottest July on record – animals at ZSL London Zoo are doing their best to stay cool.

Meerkats, who are originally from southern Africa's Kalahari Desert, have been lying on their bellies in the shade to keep cool. It helps that they have inbuilt sunglasses as the dark circles around their eyes help them to deal with the sun.

They soon jumped up and got moving when a keeper provided some icy treats for them – peas frozen in heart shaped ice cubes.

There are seven meerkats at ZSL London Zoo at the moment, 3 females and 4 males - with the biggest one called Dracula.

But two more meerkats will be on display at the new children's zoo, called Animal Adventure from next Wednesday. They are welcoming two brothers (named Liam and Roo) into shared living quarters with three friendly porcupines (Lena, Polly and Nancy).

London, 25 July 2019

1. Various of meerkats in the shade

2. Close of meerkat in the sun

3. Close of meerkat sign by enclosure

4. Wide of zookeeper bringing in ice treats

5. Various of zookeeper putting down ice treats

6. SOUNDBITE (English) Veronica Heldt, zookeeper:

"Yeah, it kind of has two purposes. So one is a bit of enrichment, so it keeps them busy trying just to keep them cool in this hot weather we've got. Yeah they do like to sunbathe. I think this is a is a little bit too much for them now."

7. Zoom in meerkat eating ice treat

8. Various shots meerkats eating ice treat

9. SOUNDBITE (English) Veronica Heldt, zookeeper:

"Yes these guys are from the Kalahari Desert so they are used to fairly high temperatures but when it does get a little bit too hot they do lie on their stomachs in the shade to try and keep cool. But they do have a great adaptation of a inbuilt pair of sunglasses. They've got dark circles around their eyes which helps a lot on bright sunny days."

10. Zoom in meerkat eating treat out of ice cube tray

11. Wide shot meerkats

12. Close-up meerkat with ice treat

13. Wide shot meerkat on log

14. SOUNDBITE (English) Veronica Heldt, zookeeper:

"So we've got seven in this group here. So they do live in fairly big family groups. So the biggest one in this group here is called Dracula. So you can tell him apart from all the others. And then we do have two other merekats called Liam and Roo and they are going to actually be moving in with our porcupines ready for our new Animal Adventures children's area to be open."

15. Medium shot meerkat with ice treat

16. Various wide shots meerkats on log

17. Medium shot meerkat playing with ice cube tray

18. Zoom in meerkat on log

A heatwave currently hitting the United Kingdom has spawned a

deadly bacteria which is killing thousands of swans and other

fresh-water birds. Botulism C grows in rotting vegetation and silt

at the bottom of ponds and rivers. The driest summer recorded in

the UK since the sixteenth century has left water levels low and

temperatures high - the perfect combination for the bacteria to

thrive. The bacteria - which is harmless to humans - slowly

paralyses birds which come into contact with it until they can't

use their wings and drown. Botulism C does respond to anti-biotics

but the crisis has meant stocks are running low. The only real

solution is prolonged rain.

SHOWS:

UK RECENT

0.00 ms sick swan in cage

0.06 cu swan's head

0.09 cu baby swan head

0.12 ms swans head falling

0.17 drip-pan-to swans

0.23 ws river and ducks

0.26 natsot Professor Christopher Perrins- Zoologist Oxford University

" In hot weather especially when the river is dry and low

and there's lots of mud exposed, then it does extremely well

and the toxin it produces gets out into the water and the

birds get poisoned."

0.40 ms duck in water

0.44 man in boat fishes out dead bird.

0.51 duck handed to rescuers.

0.53 injecting duck (with natsot at 0.56)

0.56 natsot Dorothy Beeson-National Swan Sanctuary

"We would normally use one bottle every six weeks, now we're

using in the region of six bottles a day."

1.01 pan inside swan hospital

1.07 cu swans heads

1.13 ws swans in pond

1.17 vision ends

T/I 10:19:22

DROUGHT BACTERIA KILLS COUNTRY'S SWANS

United Kingdom Engcomm/Natsot Duration: 1.17"

The recent heatwave in the United Kingdom spawned a deadly

bacteria killed thousands of swans and other fresh-water birds.

Botulism C grows in rotting vegatation and silt at the bottom of

ponds and rivers.

The driest summer recorded in the UK since the sixteenth century

left water levels low and temperatures high - the perfect

combination for the bacteria to thrive.

The bacteria - which is harmless to humans - slowly paralyses

birds which come into contact with it until they can't use their

wings and drown. Botulism C does respond to anti-biotics but the

crisis has meant stocks are running low. The only real solution is

prolonged rain.

SHOWS:

Sick swan in cage. Swan's head. Baby swan head. Swans head falling. River and ducks. Prof Christopher Perrins, Zoologist Oxford University, SOT: "In hot weather, especially when the river is dry and low and there's lots of mud exposed, then it does extremely well and the toxin it produces gets out into the water and the birds get poisoned." Duck in

water. Man in boat fishes out dead bird. Duck handed to rescuers.

Dorothy Beeson, National Swan Sanctuary, SOT: "We would normally

use one bottle every six weeks, now we're using in the region of

six bottles a day." Swan hospital. Swans' heads. Swans in pond.

SHOTLIST:

SKY - No Access UK/RTE/CNNi

Berkshire, United Kingdom - 20 July 2007

1. Aerial of homes flooded

2. Zoom in to People canoeing in flooded area

3. Homes flooded

4. Car flooded, zoom in

5. Homes flooded

6. Heavy traffic on the M4 in west Berkshire

7. Various of cows walking in a flooded field

ABC (KFSN) - No Access North America/internet

Fresno, California - 19 July 2007

8. Various close of fire

9. Fire fighters walking around

10. Various of the burnt wood and smoke

11. Various of fires burning

12. Aerial of fires burning

ABC (KTVX) - No access North America/internet

Near Moroni, Utah - 20 July 2007

13. Night shots of wildfire on ridge

AP Television

Kurtbogazi, Turkey - 20 July 2007

14. Pan of dam lake with shortage levels apparent near coast

15. Close of dam

16. Tilt up of land showing where water level should be

Kirazli, Turkey - 20 July 2007

17. Wide of Kirazli water reserve with sheep going uphill

18. Close of sheep going uphill

19. Medium of dropped water level

20. Close of exposed sucking pump because of dropped water level

AP Television

Rome, Italy

21. Wide of Biopark worker throwing iced fruit and vegetables in bears' water pool

22. Close of iced fruit in pool

23. Bear eating iced fruit inside pool

24. Detail of frozen fruit juice

25. Biopark worker throwing frozen fruit into pool

26. Wide and zoom into Japanese macaque taking and eating frozen juice

27. Chimpanzee eating frozen fruit and jumping

STORYLINE

As wildfires continue to rage across parts of the United States, emergency services in the United Kingdom are being tested by vastly different conditions.

In the United Kingdom, torrential downpours caused widespread flooding on Friday.

The county of Berkshire, in the southeast of England, is one of the worst hit areas.

The heavy downpours led to lane closures on the M4 in west Berkshire.

Whole neighbourhoods are flooded and people have been seen waving for help and using canoes to go from one house to another.

In the United States, boy Scouts and hikers were airlifted from a Utah canyon as a wildfire swept through a campground and destroyed a nearby motel, authorities said on Friday.

The fire started on Thursday at a campground 136 kilometres (85 miles) south of Salt Lake City, the US Forest Service said.

Another fire in the Salt Creek Canyon near Moroni, Utah, also prompted officials to close State Route 132.

This was the second major new fire in the state, which has already seen hundreds of firefighters battling the largest in state history earlier this month.

The United States' firefighting preparedness is at its highest level because of bone-dry conditions in the West and the number of fires.

In the Los Padres National Forest near California's central coast, firefighters made progress on a large wildfire and an evacuation order for about 50 homes was lifted on Friday.

Turkey is experiencing similar dry conditions, with the levels in its water reservoirs falling.

The water levels of Lake Kurtbogazi have dropped significantly in recent days.

The heatwave is still lingering over the whole of Turkey and the water levels in the lakes of central Anatolia, known as Turkey's grain centre, have fallen to their lowest level for years.

While farmers fear that this year's crop production might be less or non-existent, the decrease in the amount of water will potentially have an effect on the water supply for the entire population.

In Italy, temperatures at Rome's main zoo reached 36.5 degrees Celsius (97.7 degree Fahrenheit) on Friday morning, with a perceived temperature some four degrees Celsius (39.2 degree Fahrenheit) higher due to high humidity.

Measures are taken by the zookeepers to provide some relief for the furriest animals, which suffer particularly from the unbearable temperatures.

The brown bears, Japanese macaques and chimpanzees enjoyed a special breakfast of frozen fruit and juice.

London Zoo provided iced treats for its animals including Asim the Sumatran tiger on Tuesday as temperatures soared to 34 Celsius (93 Fahrenheit) in the UK capital.

Zookeeper Laura Knowles said the ice lollies made of blood and chicken wings would help Asim cool down, while they would also try to tempt him to swim in the pond in his enclosure.

Knowles said other animals at the zoo also enjoy frozen treats in a heatwave – penguins like fish pops, while meerkats love peas and sweetcorn in ice.

ASSOCIATED PRESS

London - 23 July 2019

1. Asim the Sumatran tiger walking towards frozen treat hanging from tree branch

2. Various of tiger eating treat

3. SOUNDBITE (English) Laura Knowles, zookeeper at ZSL London Zoo:

"Yeah. So, today we've been giving Asim an ice lolly to help him cool down. So he had a blood ice lolly with his favourite treats, with his chicken wings. So he really enjoys it, it really helps him to cool down and he will spend a lot of time kind of getting the food out of it. So it's quite enriching for him as well."

4. Wide of tiger looking towards camera

5. Close up of tiger licking treat

6. SOUNDBITE (English) Laura Knowles, zookeeper at ZSL London Zoo:

"It's the first time with an ice lolly. We've been encouraging Asim to swim more in the pool to help cool down. But this is the first day we've given him an ice lolly."

7. Various of tiger in shade

8. SOUNDBITE (English) Laura Knowles, zookeeper at ZSL London Zoo:

"So other animals will also have ice lollies. So the meerkats really like sweetcorn and peas in theirs. Whereas the penguins really like fish ice lollies. We're also encouraging them to go in the pool more. So for Asim, we'll feed him his joint or his lunchtime feed in the pool to help getting him to swim."

ZSL LONDON ZOO HANDOUT - MUST CREDIT ZSL LONDON ZOO

London - 12 July 2019

9. Various of tiger swimming in pond ++MUTE FROM SOURCE++

ASSOCIATED PRESS

London - 23 July 2019

10. SOUNDBITE (English) Laura Knowles, Zookeeper at ZSL London Zoo:

"A lot of animals will also seek out shade. So, although the meerkats will spend a lot of time sunbathing and the hunting dogs, whereas Asim you will find more in the shaded areas (of the) enclosure - under the trees."

11. Various of tiger lying in shade eating treat

London Zoo provided iced treats for its animals including Asim the Sumatran tiger on Tuesday as temperatures soared to 34 Celsius (93 Fahrenheit) in the UK capital.

Zookeeper Laura Knowles said the ice lollies made of blood and chicken wings would help Asim cool down, while they would also try to tempt him to swim in the pond in his enclosure.

Knowles said other animals at the zoo also enjoy frozen treats in a heatwave – penguins like fish pops, while meerkats love peas and sweetcorn in ice.

ASSOCIATED PRESS

London - 23 July 2019

1. Asim the Sumatran tiger walking towards frozen treat hanging from tree branch

2. Various of tiger eating treat

3. SOUNDBITE (English) Laura Knowles, zookeeper at ZSL London Zoo:

"Yeah. So, today we've been giving Asim an ice lolly to help him cool down. So he had a blood ice lolly with his favourite treats, with his chicken wings. So he really enjoys it, it really helps him to cool down and he will spend a lot of time kind of getting the food out of it. So it's quite enriching for him as well."

4. Wide of tiger looking towards camera

5. Close up of tiger licking treat

6. SOUNDBITE (English) Laura Knowles, zookeeper at ZSL London Zoo:

"It's the first time with an ice lolly. We've been encouraging Asim to swim more in the pool to help cool down. But this is the first day we've given him an ice lolly."

7. Various of tiger in shade

8. SOUNDBITE (English) Laura Knowles, zookeeper at ZSL London Zoo:

"So other animals will also have ice lollies. So the meerkats really like sweetcorn and peas in theirs. Whereas the penguins really like fish ice lollies. We're also encouraging them to go in the pool more. So for Asim, we'll feed him his joint or his lunchtime feed in the pool to help getting him to swim."

ZSL LONDON ZOO HANDOUT - MUST CREDIT ZSL LONDON ZOO

London - 12 July 2019

9. Various of tiger swimming in pond ++MUTE FROM SOURCE++

ASSOCIATED PRESS

London - 23 July 2019

10. SOUNDBITE (English) Laura Knowles, Zookeeper at ZSL London Zoo:

"A lot of animals will also seek out shade. So, although the meerkats will spend a lot of time sunbathing and the hunting dogs, whereas Asim you will find more in the shaded areas (of the) enclosure - under the trees."

11. Various of tiger lying in shade eating treat

1995 News Review

10:00:00 Opening sequence and Headlines

ASIA

10:00:50 Kashmir - Bombing During Governor's Speech

Jammu, India

Governor of Kashmir Rao salutes

Rao inspects the guard of honour

Rao speaking as bomb goes off in background (Dramatic shot)

Debris flying into the air

People removing victims on stretcher

10:01:12 Japan - Kobe Earthquake

Kobe, Japan

Street scene

Kobe flower sign

Collapsed building

VS Workers clearing up

Tracking shot of collapsed buildings along road

VS Clear-up operation

Workers carrying stretcher from collapsed building

WS of refugee centre

Woman eating rice - zooms in

10:02:16 Pope's Visit To Philippines, Papua New Guinea, Australia

Manila, Philippines

Pope John Paul II in popemobile

WS huge crowd

WS altar ready for Mass

Pope gives communion

Pope raises goblet

Evening overhead view huge crowd gathered for youth vigil

Popemobile through crowd

Pope in popemobile

Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea

MS dancers at Port Moresby airport

Pope coming out of plane

Pope walking up steps to plane (b)

Sydney, Australia

Cheering crowds (b)

Pope delivering speech with Australian Prime Minister, Paul

Keating sitting beside him (b)

10:03:07 Pakistan - Mosque Massacre

Karachi, Pakistan

Top view marchers on street

Banners showing solidarity with Kashmiri rebels

Crowd scatters as shots ring out

MS exterior of Abu Al-Abbas mosque

MS walls ridden with bullets and blood on floor

MS of mourners sitting on ground - one man being cradled

WS of body being carried in procession

10:03:41 Japan - Subway Gas Attack

Tokyo, Japan

Subway train enters a station

Newspaper front page

People reading newspaper on train (headlines about attack)

People riding the trains

Shots of the leader of Aum Supreme Truth group, Shoko

Asahara

10:03:58 Philippines - Muslims Take 50 People Hostage

Ipil, Philippines

Pan devastated town

People poking through burning wreckage

Pan of morgue interior with charred and dead bodies

Helicopter taking off from temporary air strip

Helicopter lands

Wounded and dead guerillas in helicopter

More GVs of wounded

President Fidel Ramos touring city

10:04:40 Bangladesh - Agricultural Workers In Violent Demonstrations

Dhaka, Bangladesh

Demonstrators march to rally

Police behind riot shields

Cutaway protestors chanting

Sheikh Hasina Wajed addressing the rally before the siege

Police clashing with protestors

Tear gas exploding

10:05:08 India - Delhi Fire

Delhi, India

Firefighters and civilians hauling hose

Smouldering ruins

High-shot smoke billowing over zone

10:05:25 South Korea - Student Riots At Anniversary Of Liberation

Seoul, South Korea

Marchers with flags

Police in wait and pan to view protest

Police charge into protestors

AV of police action

Fighting

Police drag off protestors

Students throwing Molotov cocktail

Bombs hit police

Confrontation lines as clashes continue

Masked man throws Molotov cocktail, pulls back to police

Police respond with tear gas cannons

Students retreat under tear gas

10:06:23 South Pacific - Nuclear Tests

Mururoa, South Pacific

WS Mururoa Atoll (b)

WS Bomb explodes in South Pacific (b)

WS Ocean with shock waves (b)

Paris, France

WS Jacques Chirac and Japan's Prime Minister Murayama at

table (b)

CU and SOT Chirac (in French) (b)

Australia

WS Nuclear protest car drives through (b)

Papeete, Tahiti

Woman with "no more tests" sign

Mururoa Atoll

AV Mururoa Atoll

WS of Rainbow Warrior, Greenpeace ship (d)

Pan nuclear testing equipment

Papeete, Tahiti

Ms of Air New Zealand plane wing - pullout to show whole

plane

Airport terminal building on fire

Young men smashing cars

Car being overturned

Tear gas fired by police

Riot police marching

Man being arrested

WS street with buildings burning

Papeete, Tahiti

Wide view peaceful mass anti-nuclear march along road

10:07:50 Dalai Lama's 60th Birthday Celebrations

Buddha Jayanti Park, New Delhi, India

Monks blowing horns

Opening prayers

Statue of Buddha

Dalai Lama kisses prayer plate

CA locals in traditional dress

Dalai Lama planting and watering tree

Dalai Lama leaves park with Indian Foreign Secretary M.K.

Rasgotra

Dalai Lama addressing crowd

WS painted elephant

Dalai Lama receives flowers at birthday celebrations

10:08:35 South Korea - Moonie Wedding

Seoul, South Korea

Stage of Olympic Stadium for mass wedding

Pan couples

Moon Sun-Myung and his wife Han Hak-Ja

O/H Couples

Moon and wife blessing the couples

10:08:52 India - Milk For The Gods

New Delhi, India

Milk being spooned to statue

Queues of people outside temple

Milk being spooned to statue

Newspaper headlines

10:09:10 Sri Lanka - Violence From Tamil Separatists

Colombo, Sri Lanka

Flames in the night sky billowing skywards

GVs of fires blazing

Soldiers coming under fire and running away

Morning pictures of soldiers carrying corpse on stretcher to

car

VS Smoke clouds

SCIENCE & MEDICINE

10:09:57 New Research In Cure For Aids

Vs Baboons (a)

Aids patient, Jeff Getty, descends staircase (a)

10:10:20 Osteoporosis - Trial Of New Drug

CS Women's head on scan table

Pull out to show scan machine

Monitor screen showing results of scan

Another woman on bed

Doctor show patient x-rays

CS hand on x-ray

Doctor showing elderly patient x-rays

10:10:46 Malaria - New Vaccine

Tanzania

CS Mosquito on skin (f)

Small child attached to tube (f)

Doctor checking patient (f)

Doctors checking vials of vaccine (f)

WHO headquarters, Geneva, Switzerland

Vaccine' inventor, Dr. Manuel Patarroyo, signing document

relinquishing rights to the vaccine for profit (f)

Patarroyo being congratulated (f)

10:11:24 Breast Cancer - New Technology To Detect Growths

Washington, USA

Spy satellite images.

Woman at computer

Breast images on screen

Woman being scanned

Hands pointing on images

Doctor showing images

Presser. Dr Susan Blumenthal, from the Women's Health

Section of the US Department of Health and Human

Services, SOT: "surely we should be able to detect small

lumps on women's breast right in front of us."

10:11:55 Hubble Telescope Pictures

Stills

The rings of Saturn (g)

Vs of collapsed planet (g)

10:12:13 Eclipse Of The Sun

Fatephur Sikri, Agra District, Uttar Pradesh State, India

Sunrise at Fatehpur Sikri fort monument

Sun

Fatehpur Sikri fort monument

Partial eclipse

Fatehpur Sikri fort monument in twilight

Film cameraman

Fort monument in twilight zooms into full eclipse

AFRICA & THE MIDDLE EAST

10:12:42 Israel/Palestine - Arafat Promises Continued Struggle

Nablus, West Bank, Occupied Territories

Troupe of Palestinian dancers on stage

Man dancing in crowd

Women singing and clapping

Gaza

PLO chairman Yasser Arafat on stage, addressing crowd

WS Crowd

Arafat on stage, gesticulating

Crowd waving Palestinian flags

Arafat planting olive tree

Arafat saluting as he walks past supporters

Nablus, West Bank

Youths gathering as Israeli soldiers approach

Israeli soldiers kicking youth

Man with gun running through traffic

10:13:36 Israel/Palestine - Peace Talks; Arafat In Paris

Cairo, Egypt

Israeli Prime Minister, Yitzhak Rabin and Shimon Peres off

plane, shaking hands with Egyptian counterparts

Rabin and Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak meeting in

palace

CU Mubarak

CU Rabin

Palestinian Leader, Yasser Arafat, arriving

Arafat meeting with Mubarak in palace

King Hussein of Jordan arriving

Hussein and Mubarak walking

Four leaders seated in palace and chatting

Mubarak alongside Arafat

Rabin alongside King Hussein

Four leaders chatting

Paris , France

Arafat greeted by French Foreign Minister, Alain Juppe

Arafat and Juppe talking

Guards on roof by presidential palace

Arafat and French President Francois Mitterrand exiting

after talks, shaking hands and chatting on steps

10:14:30 Israel/Palestine - Further Deadlock In Talks

West Bank

MS youths running in streets

Soldier firing tear gas

Tear gas canister

Tear gas exploding

Jenin, West Bank

Man being kicked

Man on floor, dragged by police

Gaza

Israeli Foreign Minister Shimon Peres and Yasser Arafat

shaking hands at meeting table

Jenin, West Bank

Jenin rooftops

Nablus

AV Nablus

WS cars honking and flying flags

Efrat

Pan settlers, two men praying

Soldier with machine gun in jeep

10:15:09 Israel/Palestine - Transference Of More Power To

Palestinians

Alexandria, Egypt

Two-shot Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak and Yasser Arafat

seated - Zoom in Arafat

Pull out two shot Shimon Peres and Mubarak

Sidon, Lebanon

Protestors in front of closed shops

Cairo, Egypt

CU PLO negotiator Jamil Tarifi signing agreement

WS Table, shaking hands, applauding

West Bank

Soldier checking car

Two men in car receiving documents from soldier

Jericho, West Bank

Youths throwing stones at Police

LS Israeli flag being burnt

Palestinian flags raised aloft

10:15:56 Somalia - Withdrawal Of UN Troops

Somalia

US Marines walking on beach

Warship at sea

Soldier on radio

APC/Tanks roll past

People looting house

Pick-up truck full of Somali militia-men with machine guns

and bazooka

Looter with loaded wheelbarrow running

Inflatable boats with US flags approaching shore

MS marine unrolling barbed wire

Demonstration against Operation United Shield

Banner and chanting demonstrators

US Marines as stray bullet goes overhead

Marines behind shield

Explosion and smoke

Cobra attack helicopters rising over airport runway

Mogadishu, Somalia

Mohamed Farah Aideed raises arm to lead chant

Children with wreaths

Aideed with wreath around neck smiling and holding flag

Mothers seated in food queue with malnourished children

Children by mother's side

Faces of children

10:17:29 South Africa - Winnie Mandela Sacked From Government

Cape Flats Township, Near Cape Town, South Africa

Winnie Mandela out of car and greeted by crowd

Crowd chanting

Winnie Mandela chanting "Freedom" slogan

Soweto, South Africa

Exterior of Winnie Mandela's house

Front of house and police

Cape Town, South Africa

President Nelson Mandela SOT: "This decision has been taken

both in the interest of good government and to ensure the

highest standards of discipline among the leading

officials of the government of national unity."

10:18:08 Zaire - Ebola Virus

Kikwit, Zaire

MS men pushing body on trolley

CU microscopic view of virus

Map of Zaire highlighting Kikwit and Mosango

Kikwit, Zaire

AV of Kikwit

Masked doctor with patient

Nursing staff testing blood

Ill man lying outside hospital

VS Patients

10:18:39 Sudan - Tension With Egypt

Kassala, Sudan

General Hassan Al-Bashir

Motorcade

Bashir shaking hands with soldiers on parade

Women raising rifles in the air

Gun exercises

WS pan of parade/crowd with flags

Horsemen with flags

Al-Bashir arrives in jeep

Men holding defaced photographs of opposition leaders

Single photo and tilt down

Armed women run past

10:19:32 Iraq - Defection Of Hussein Children

Baghdad, Iraq

Iraqi flag flying

Saddam Hussein seated in office

Lieutenant General Hussein Kamel Hassan (Saddam's son-in-law

viewing parade)

Amman, Jordan

Kamel SOT (in Arabic): "We are working for toppling the

regime but as far as secrets we won't reveal any unless

it is in the interests of Iraq."

Baghdad, Iraq

Cabinet meeting

Saddam chairing meeting

The Gulf - Aboard the USS Abraham Lincoln

Jet taking off

AV aircraft carrier

Jet taking off

10:20:21 Pope In South Africa

Johannesburg, South Africa

Pope emerging from plane

Pope being presented with a basket of earth by children,

kissing it and blessing the children

CU of Pope turning to greet Mandela, two shake hands

10:20:35 Rwanda - Massacre At Refugee Camp

Kibeho Camp, Rwanda

Aerial of camp

Bodies being carried away

MS of onlookers

Carrying away body

LS of bodies carried away

Body tipped into grave

10:21:09 Israel - Run Up To Rabin's Assassination

Jerusalem, Israel

WS Dome of Jerusalem

WS Damascus Gate

WS Old city

Taba, Egypt

Yasser Arafat and Israeli Foreign Minister Shimon Peres

At press conference (e)

Washington, USA

Yitzhak Rabin SOT: "I believe what has happened in the last

two years is remarkable progress of tranquility and

stability and peace".

10:21:47 Israel - Rabin Assassination

Tel Aviv, Israel

Rabin smiling at peace rally (a short time before he was shot)

Rabin addressing crowd

**GVs of police surrounding suspect and hustling him away**

Jerusalem, Israel

Leah Rabin and family crying at funeral

Israeli President Weizmann laying wreath

Cabinet members standing silently around table

Shimon Peres SOT: "The real wish in the last minute of his

life was that the peace process will be continued."

10:22:34 Nigeria - Execution Of Ken Saro-Wiwa

Nigeria

Ken Saro-Wiwa addressing rally

Trial judge pan to Saro-Wiwa and colleagues in dock

Auckland, New Zealand

Nigerian foreign minister, Tomi Ikimi, with officials after

Nigeria's suspension from the Commonwealth of Nations

meeting in New Zealand

Ikimi onto bus (refusing to comment to reporters)

10:23:00 Ivory Trade - Demonstration By Kenyan Government Against

Trade

Nairobi National Park, Kenya

WS of burning ivory

People with banner reading:" wildlife clubs of Kenya

support conservation"

Wildlife officer throws tusks on fire

CU fire

Herd of elephants (h)

Hong Kong

Tourists buying ivory in shop (h)

Nairobi National Park, Kenya

CU ivory burning

Poster reading: "only elephants should wear ivory"

Burning tusks

BUSINESS & INDUSTRY

10:23:59 Barings Bank Collapse- Nick Leeson's Trial

Singapore

Futures trader Nick Leeson escorted to car

Leeson driven away

WS press scrum

Singapore lawyer, John Koh, arrives

WS Prison tower

10:24:24 Dow Jones Reaches 5000

New York City, USA

New York Stock Exchange ticker as Dow Jones reaches 5,000

points at 10:20am

GVs floor trading

Closing bell, date board and hammer signifying end of trading

10:24:40 Car Wars - USA Vs Japan

USA

Prospective buyer examines a new Lexus/price tag shows

$55,000

US trade representative Mickey Kantor sot "The U.S. is the

largest car market in the world and the most lucrative.

That's why everyone wants into this market. We're asking

Japan to play fair. If we buy their products, they

should buy our products."

10:25:11 China - Black Market Trade

Beijing, China

Factory interior - videodiscs being explained to Chinese

Premier, Deng Xhou Ping (a)

Production line with Deng and officials (a)

Officials burning bootleg discs

China's Trade Minister, Wu Yi, walking towards camera

EUROPE

10:25:49 Bosnia - Summary Of Events

Bihac, Bosnia

Man firing rocket launcher

Man runs from building to trench

Soldier in trench with rocket launcher

House on fire

Man firing rocket launcher

Tanks fires and moves off

Munich, Germany

Meeting of Bosnia's Croats and Moslems round table

CU Bosnian Moslem Prime Minister Hans Silajdzic

Croatian representatives (pan to) Croatian Prime Minister

Ejup Granic

SOT Silajdzic "Let's hope we will use the rest of the

ceasefire period in Bosnia-Herzegovina to try to make

peace."

Sarajevo, Bosnia

WS Sarajevo

WS town pan to cemetery

UN observation post overlooking Sarajevo

Aviano, Italy

F-16 Aircraft taking off from Nato air base

Over Bosnia

Nato plane in sky

Pale, Bosnia

Smoke from hills pulls out to children running at sound of

siren

Sarajevo, Bosnia

Old people dust themselves off

Girl holding head

UN armoured vehicle returning fire

Pale, Bosnia

Jovan Zametica (Bosnian Serb spokesman) SOT: "You call those

troops hostages. We call them enemies,for that is what

they are."

VS Hostages (UN military observers)

Adriatic Sea

Loading missiles on plane

CU plane with USS Roosevelt on the side

Naples, Italy

Nato pictures of air raid on monitor

Second air strike on monitor

Washington D.C., USA

US President Bill Clinton SOT: "About an hour ago I spoke

with Secretary Christopher in Dayton, Ohio. He informed

me that the Presidents of Bosnia, Serbia and Croatia have

reached a peace agreement to end the war in Bosnia."

10:28:06 Belarus - First Free Elections

Minsk, Belarus

Exterior of polling station

Citizens casting their votes

The present Belarussian emblem

Interior polling station

Speaker of the Parliament, Micheslav Grib casting his vote

President of Belarus, Alezander Lukashenko signing the

voters list.

Lukashenko exiting voting booth and casting his vote

10:28:35 Denmark - World Development Conference

Copenhagen, Denmark

Aircraft on tarmac

UN Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali shaking hands

with officials

French President Francois Mitterrand speaking

Delegates listening to German Chancellor Helmut Kohl speaking

Chinese representative on podium

South African President Nelson Mandela SOT "The dimensions and

the effects of poverty are all too familiar: hunger,

unemployment, homelessness, disintegration of the social

fabric."

10:29:12 France - Presidential Elections

Paris, France

Woman entering polling station

Queue of voters in polling station

Premier Edouard Balladur voting

CU Conservative Paris mayor Jacques Chirac walking through

crowds chanting "We are going to win" (in French)

CU of Chirac speaking to his supporters

CU of InfoMatin newspaper with headline "Jospin - the

surprise" tilt up to La Tribune with headline saying the

social crisis at the heart of the second round.

Balladur, French SOT: "Please quiet down.....for weeks I

have fought for my convictions....but I don't want to

see what happened in 1986 and 1988 and in the second

round I will vote for Jacques Chirac."

LS Elysee Palace

WS Chirac walking on red carpet

Chirac meets Former President Francois Mitterrand outside

Elysee Palce

Chirac signs for handover

CU Signed book

Chirac and Mitterrand farewell outside Elysee Palace

10:30:05 France - Metro Bomb

Paris, France

WS aftermath scene

Rescuer holding up intravenous drip

Bandaged, injured victim stretchered up steps

Station sign, pb and pan across to damaged carriage

Newspaper headlines

10:30:27 Italy - Elections

Rome, Italy

Prime Minister Lamberto Dini through doors and walking to

podium

Ceremonial guard

Dini speaking from podium

10:30:55 Italy - Mafia Trial

Caltanissetta, Sicily

Heavily-armed police patrolling outside courthouse

Salvatore Riina entering cage

CU Judge

CU Riina in courtroom cage

MS judges on bench

Riina gesticulating behind glass screen and saying he

wanted to be able to consult with his lawyer

10:31:19 Germany - Artist Christo Wraps The Reichstag

Berlin, Germany

WS of Reichstag all wrapped up

Crowd - man wearing t-shirt "Wrapped Reichstag 1971-95"

Christo and wife, Jeanne-Claude, at press conference

GVs of Reichstag

10:31:42 Chechnya - Summary Of Events

Grozny, Chechnya

WS Presidential palace under fire

Russian tank passes presidential palace watched by Chechen

fighter

(Night) LS burning tank

Khasavyurt, Chechnya

CU Yeltsin on TV screen making speech

Moscow, Russia

Woman carrying poster that reads "Return our Sons from

Chechnya"

Alexander Rutskoi speaking to crowd

Alma-Ata, Kazakhstan

Boris Yeltsin and Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev

greeting each other and walking into building

WS flags in corridor

Grozny, Chechnya

Woman looking anxious

LS plume of smoke over fields

SOT Chechen commander, Aslan Maskhadov, saying that the war

hasn't ended just because Grozny has fallen

Line of bodies laid out on ground

WS damaged "Grozny" town sign and scrubland

Chechen fighter sheltering in corner of building

VS Houses being demolished

Russian troops behind APC

Soldiers on tank

Soldiers running

Budennovsk, Russia

Shattered windows of police headquarters building

Hospital facade

Soldier on ground with telescopic sight

CU hospital facade with white flags

Woman with white flag followed by a woman and child

10:33:46 Turkey - Riots Against Discrimination

Ankara, Turkey

Riot police confronting massive crowd

WS water cannon firing into crowd

Zakho region, Northern Iraq

Turkish soldiers marching up hill

Tank driver and tank reversing

Turkish soldier looking through field glasses

Atrush Refugee Camp, Northern Iraq

Turkish soldiers body-searching Kurdish men

Zakho region, Northern Iraq

CU of bullets and ammunition on ground

10:34:29 Belgium - Spanish/Canadian Fishing Dispute

Brussels, Belgium

Canadian and EU flags in front of Canadian Embassy

EU spokesman for Fishing, Marco Zattarrin, at press

conference

Pull-out from date on EU document accusing Canadians of

violating agreements to full page of document.

Jacques Roy, Canadian ambassador and EU negotiator Pierre

Luigi Giola signing agreement Emma Bonino, EU fisheries

commissioner looks on

Exchange of documents

Delegates shake hands

10:35:11 Russia - Gas Pipeline Explosion

Ukhta, Russia

Flames engulf tree

Sun hidden behind dark pall of smoke

Flames

CU Severed pipeline belching flames

Billowing smoke

Workers welding pipes

Tilt down from charred trees to WS of devastation

10:35:47 Russia - Earthquake

Neftegorsk, Russia

Rescue workers on ruins of collapsed building

Grieving woman

AV Pan of town

Ground-level pan of destruction

Woman survivor helped out of rubble

10:36:14 VE Day Celebrations / VJ Day Celebrations

Moscow, Russia

WS Red Square

Veterans marching

Bill Clinton, Boris Yeltsin and Chinese President Jiang

Zemin looking up

London, England

Queen Elizabeth in St Pauls Cathedral

Overhead view: Queen heads procession inside St Pauls

Aerial view of Buckingham Palace with crowds outside gates

Queen Mother, Queen and Princess Margaret walking onto

balcony of the palace

Flypast of the red arrows

Royal family listening to music

WS Main stage in Horseguards Parade

O/H outside Buckingham Palace

Stage

Veterans seated

Lancaster bomber drops poppies

10:37:14 Russia - Yeltsin Drunk And Playful

Moscow, Russia

Yeltsin entering door

Aide steers him in right direction (because he is drunk)

Line of journalists waiting for him

Introduced to line of journalists

Shakes hands with journalist

Walking across room

Playfully touches seated woman

Tries to touch second woman

Seated at table with journalists, gesticulating

PEOPLE & ANIMALS

10:38:12 Australia - Police Help Ducks

Adelaide, South Australia

Vs Ducks being escorted by police to safety (b)

10:38:41 The Beatles - Work Together Again

London, UK

Ringo Starr SOT: "Brought back a lot of good memories, and it

also gave me the chance to hang out with Paul and George

again."

Press conference for the Beatles Anthology

George Harrison SOT: "Yeah, it was fun because enough time

had gone between 1969 and now."

Int Record shop in America (a)

Beatles Anthology CD in rack (a)

Paul McCartney SOT: "It's just amazing to me because I'm

still here and it's me looking at that story......it's a

question of 'is that me..is that us...god, we were so

young."

10:39:27 Dogs - Moscow Show

Moscow, Russia

Vs of Dogs on show

10:39:50 Mike Tyson - Released From Jail

Indiana, USA

Tyson emerging, but shielded by larger man holding out his

coat, Tyson seen getting into car (a)

Interior of mosque through window (a)

Tyson (in white cap) and promoter Don King and others leaving

mosque (a)

Tyson at press conference SOT: "there has been a lot of

speculation about my plans. They are: I will fight again."

Tyson, King and Boston fighter Peter McNeeley - King SOT

"Everybody be waiting for you."

10:40:22 Crocodile - Attacks Handler In Australia

Townsville, Australia

Keepers attempting to put noose around crocodile.

Crocodile "Hot Lips" being led away by handlers with rope

attached to its mouth.

CU crocodile, followed by rapid zoom-out as crocodile breaks

free of noose and grabs keeper Charlie Finn's hand,

twisting around with keeper still attached.

Injured keeper being carried away on the shoulder of

colleague.

10:40:46 Princess Diana

Paris, France

Diana out of car and greeted by officials

Diana with Jacques Chirac

Tokyo, Japan

Diana speaking from Podium

Diana picking up child

Argentina

Diana with Argentine President, Carlos Menem

10:41:25 The Cyberia Cafe - Internet With Coffee

London, UK

Window of Cyberia cafe

Cafe Counter

Man sitting at computer

People sitting at computers

Ava Pasco (manager) SOT: "You can buy things on it, you can

sell - like record companies are using to sell records -

it's actually quite functional in everyday terms."

AMERICAS

10:42:08 USA - Republicans Take Over House

Washington D.C., USA

CU flag pull out to LS Capitol Hill

WS Congress

Newly-elected speaker Newt Gingrich SOT: "You can't believe

in the good samaritan and explain that as long as

business is making money we can walk by a fellow American

who is hurt and not do something."

Newt meeting senetors to applause

US President Bill Clinton welcome speech

10:42:50 USA - O.J.Simpson Trial

Los Angeles, California, USA

O.J. Simpson in court (a)

Judge Lance Itoh (a)

Deputy district attorney Christopher Darden begins opening

statement (a)

O.J. listening (a)

O.J. Simpson and lawyer Johnnie Cochran stand and face jury

(a)

Verdict announced read by Mrs Robertson SOT (a)

Nicole Simpson's sister crying in father's arms (a)

Crowd outside courthouse celebrating (a)

10:44:08 USA - The Million Man March

Washington, USA

CU clenched fist in air (a)

O/H LS of crowd (a)

Crowd

Black speaker SOT: "We pray, as black men give us strength

to put down our guns and to pick up our babies." (a)

Vox pop - Man saying it is the most exciting day of his life

(a)

CU one in a million badge on jacket (a)

LS crowds gathered in area before White House (a)

10:44:40 Record World Leader Gathering For UN 50th Anniverary

United Nations, New York City, USA

VS of World Leaders

10:45:36 USA - John Major Visit

Washington DC, USA

CU British Prime Minister, John Major

Major with members of Senate Foreign Relations Committee

seated at table

Newt Gingrich and John Major seated on sofa

Major's limousine arrives at White House

Photocall with Bill Clinton and Major at White House

10:45:59 USA - Auction Of French Impressionists

New York, USA

CU Van Gogh's "Jeune Homme a la Casquette."

Christie's auctioneer taking bids

CU price board at $12 million

10:46:11 USA - Russian Space Shuttle For Sale

New York City, USA

VS reporter with feet on table reading the New York Times (a)

Advertisment for Russian Space Shuttle for sale (a)

Still photos of shuttle for sale (a)

Russia

VS Shuttle flying (a)

Shuttle taking off (a)

Shuttle on launchpad (a)

Shuttle landing piggyback on plane (a)

(Sound over shuttle pics)

VS reporter calling number in advertisement, asking if the

seller put the ad in the paper? (a)

Seller's representative saying that he did place the ad

Reporter saying it sounds incredible (a)

Seller saying that the important thing to realise is that

it's real, it's got all its working parts (a)

Reporter SOT: "What if it's broken?" (a)

Seller's rep saying that the customer would want to kick the

tyres and check it thoroughly. (a)

10:46:51 USA - Heatwave And Forest Fires

Unidentified Location

VS beach scenes (a)

New York City, USA

Electronic sign saying "102 degrees farenheit" (a)

Ambulance driving through street (a)

SOT Dr Stephen Lynn, St Lukes-Roosevelt Hospital: "We've

seen heat exhaustion, nausea, vomiting, change in mental

status, and unfortunately deadly heat stroke." (a)

Chicago, USA

Corpses being taken by medical workers to refrigerated

trucks used as makeshift morgues (a)

Sun in sky (a)

VS Ice (a)

Spraying herself with water-spraycan fan (a)

Boston, USA

MS two women cooling feet in water (a)

Idaho, USA

Lightning bolts hitting parched land (a)

Oregon, USA

VS forest on fire (a)

California, USA

AV smoke rising from mountainous area (a)

AV flames (a)

10:47:35 Space - Mir-Atlantis: Americans And Russians Join In Space

Space

Astronaut opening hatch

Cosmonaut reaching down and greeting astronaut

Cosmonauts and Astronauts posing for photographic session

Pan around cabin as astronauts and cosmonauts put on

headsets

Woman astronaut doing rolls in the air

WS Mir with earth moving behind it

10:48:17 USA - Launch Of Windows '95

New York, USA

Computer Screen with Windows '95 logo

Microsoft flag flying

Labels being put on Microsoft boxes

Placing CD-Rom in player

Bill Gates, head of Microsoft SOT saying it is a major

milestone for the industry

Computer disks on production line

Man looking at computer

Screen

10:48:43 USA - Pope Visit

New Jersey, USA

Pope at airport meeting Clintons (a)

Pope in Popemobile (a)

VS inside Newark Sacred heart cathedral (a)

Clintons seated in church (a)

New York, USA

Pan around United Nations building

UN Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali and Pope shake

hands (f)

Interior United Nations Chamber (f)

Pope through delegates to applause (f)

10:49:10 Brazil - Rio Carnival

Rio de Janiero, Brazil

Fireworks

VS of parade

10:49:41 USA - Oklahoma Bomb

Oklahoma City, USA

Wreckage of federal building, smoke and dust

Shocked and injured survivors led away

Rubble

Washington DC, USA

US President Bill Clinton SOT: "...the US will not tolerate

being intimidated by evil cowards."

Oklahoma City, USA

VS of rescue workers

Perry, Oklahoma, USA

Timothy McVeigh leaving courthouse surrounded by FBI agents

to bus

10:50:26 Peru - Elections

Lima, Peru

Candidate Raoul Diez Canseco carried on people's shoulders

Ex-President Fernando Beliunde, with Canseco in front of

flag

CU Canesco at microphone

Pamplona Alta, Peru

Candidate Ezrqueal Atavesi (Frepip), at rally of his

religious party offering fish to followers

Lima, Peru

Susie Diaz, a stripper, rolling along in pick-up truck

President Alberto Fujimori placing finger in ink

Fujimori waving to crowd

Javier Perez de Cuellar waving ballot paper and voting

Fujimori supporters celebrating in the streets

Fujimori waves to jubilant supporters

10:50:57 USA - Pizza Thief Lands Life Imprisonment

California, USA

WS of court room.

CU Pizza Thief, Jerry Dewayne Williams

Prosecuting Attorney Speaking

CU judge

10:51:35 Haiti - Election

Port-au-Prince, Haiti

UN Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali arriving at

airport being greeted by Prime Minister Smarck Michele

US President Clinton, Haitian President Jean Bertrand Aristide

and Boutros-Ghali watching ceremony

UN flag handed over and raised

GVs Haitians outside polling station that opened late

Votes into boxes

Ballot sheet

Aristide wiping brow

Aristide voting

10:52:19 Canada - G7 Summit

Halifax, Canada

US President Bill Clinton jogging

British Foreign Secretary Douglas Hurd arrives

Franch President Jacques Chirac arriving

German Chancellor Helmut Kohl arriving

Bill Clinton arriving and greeted by Canadian leader, Jean

Chretien

CU UK Prime Minister John Major

WS Conference table surrounded by world leaders

10:52:38 Cuba - Elections

Santiago, Cuba

Fidel Castro out of voting booth and greets children

CU Castro speaking

10:52:58 Caribbean Hurricanes

Saint Martin

AV damaged buildings (a)

VS Damaged Houses (a)

Puerto Rico

Flooded Streets (a)

AV Flattened shanty town (a)

AV Overturned planes (a)

AV wrecked homes (a)

AV building with the roof torn off (a)

10:53:25 Susan Smith - Murders Children

Union, South Carolina

Susan Smith out of car (a)

Still of children (a)

Gravestone (a)

Smith SOT: "I would like to say to whoever has my children

that they please bring them home to us where they belong

(a)

Home video of children (a)

Home video of Smith and children (a)

10:54:04 Canada - Quebec Secession

Montreal, Canada

High shot federalist supporters waving flags

People arriving for rally

AV rally

LS Crowd

Canadian Prime Minister Jean Chretien speaking at rally

Separatist Bloc Quebecois leader Lucien Bouchard arriving for

his rally, walking down steps with cane

Separatist Quebec Premier Jacques Parizeau placing vote in

box

Federalist leader Daniel Johnson placing vote in box, leaves

followed by press

Anti-separatist crowd cheering

Skinhead with Quebecois flag

Line of riot police

10:55:21 End

** LOGO IN VISION - PROBABLY CH2 ISRAEL PICTURES

AP TECHNOLOGY SCRIPT FOR 24/07/2006

COLORADO LAB RECREATES EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING

SOURCE: AP TELEVISION NEWS

RESTRICTIONS: TECHNOLOGY CLIENTS ONLY

LENGTH: 04:36

SHOTLIST:

1. "Gothic" town sign

2. Researchers looking at animals through binoculars

3. SOUNDBITE: (English) Dan Blumstein, UCLA Ecology professor:

"The Rocky Mountain Biological lab is one of these places where people come and come and come for years and years and years and in terms of creating long-term data sets it is really unprecedented to have such a collection, and a diverse collection, of long term data sets."

4. Wide of Gothic

5. Close-up solar panels

6. Laboratory, on the mountainside

7. Mid cabin

8. SOUNDBITE: (English) Billy Barr, Gothic resident since May 1972:

"I didn't think much of it and then over the years you know suddenly there was twenty, thirty years of animal emergences or returns, coordinated with snow pack and snowfall amounts and so on. And some of the researchers here took that information and started to use it in a more biological manner."

9. Wide view of town and research centres

10. Various views researchers collecting insects

11. Close-up flags showing where plants are being studied

12. Wide view of heaters set up over the field

13. Mid view researcher John Harte inspecting experiment

14. Close-up heater

15. SOUNDBITE: (English) John Harte, Professor of Environmental Science, University of California, Berkley:

"The idea, as you can see, these heaters was to warm an outdoor ecosystem - a real ecosystem - with electric heaters that would provide a low level of heat roughly comparable to what we expect the climate to look like around the year 2050."

16. Various views heater, plants and Harte

17. SOUNDBITE: (English) John Harte, Professor of Environmental Science, University of California, Berkley:

"More than the temperature effect directly, or the drop in the moisture effect, the earlier snow melt has increased the length of the growing season and somewhat paradoxically that has caused a reduction in the total amount of plant production in the heated plots compared to the controls."

18. Mid view of heater, mountain in background

19. SOUNDBITE: (English) John Harte, Professor of Environmental Science, University of California, Berkley:

"It has also given an advantage to certain species that do well under early snow melt conditions and one of those species is the sagebrush which you can see behind me."

20. Mid view of heater experiment

21. SOUNDBITE: (English) John Harte, Professor of Environmental Science, University of California, Berkley:

"Certainly the Alps, the Andes, the Himalaya, the Sierra in California - all of these mountain ranges are almost certainly going to be experiencing the same kinds of transitions that we are projecting from this experiment."

22. Experiment heaters

23. SOUNDBITE: (English) John Harte, Professor of Environmental Science, University of California, Berkley:

"And it occurred to me that we might be seeing, as a result of climate change, a major extinction episode like the one that occurred 65 million years ago at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary - because if you look, you know if you think about global warming you are talking about a four or five degree temperature change - but that is not that different from the temperature difference between the depths of the last ice age and the present."

24. Wide and close-up flowers on river bank

LEAD IN :

Much of Europe and North America is in the grip of a heatwave this week. with temperatures reaching over 100 degrees fahrenheit (38 degrees celsius) in California and similar temperatures in the UK's capital London.

With global warming a concern across the world, scientists based high in Colorado's Rocky Mountain range, are using electric heaters to raise the temperature still further to test nature's response to what meteorologists predict may be average temperatures by the middle of this century.

STORYLINE:

Nestled in a secluded part of Colorado's Rocky Mountain range is the former mining town of Gothic.

Its now home to a number of long range environmental studies that have dramatically demonstrated the effects of climate change.

Ten miles (16 kilometres) north of the nearest town of Crested Butte, is the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory (R-M-B-L).

Founded in 1928, R-M-B-L has, for the past seventy eight years, hosted scientists from around the world as they perform high attitude experiments

R-M-B-L is one of North America's leading field stations offering students and residents the opportunity to research and study biological sciences.

Amongst the scientific community, the Rocky Mountain labs are one of only a few in North America that offer a long term view of the environment and the mountain's local ecosystem.

R-M-B-L owns 245 acres (0.9 kilometres square) and more than 50 buildings, including research laboratories, offices, cabins, a library, dormitories, a dining hall, classrooms and visitor centre.

The main lab is surrounded by National Forest and Wilderness which is available to scientists and students for research and experiments.

The R-M-B-L field campus is surrounded by wildflower meadows, waterfalls, mountainside forests and a variety of elevations that make it possible for researchers to study various ecosystems.

Scientists are studying changes in birds, bird disease, flowers, and other species of animals and plants to measure effects of climate change on the local ecosystem.

UCLA Ecology professor, Dan Blumstein, describes the experiments as providing an "unprecedented" collection of basic information that is key to long term studies.

Accountant Billy Barr moved to Gothic as a year-round resident in 1972.

He says a lack of local experiments in the once ghost town of Gothic led him to record everything from the snow fall, snow pack and thaw ,emergence of birds, animals and wildflowers.

In his continuing observations and experiments, Barr found that in his thirty one years on the mountain local temperatures had increased.

Barr passed this information onto the biological researchers.

He believes increasing temperatures have affected animal species, plant life and insects in the valley.

To study the phenomenon of global warming, John Harte, a professor of environmental science at the University of California-Berkley intentionally created hot zones in the valley around Gothic.

He placed electric radiant heaters above selected plots to heat the ground one to three degrees Fahrenheit to simulate global warming.

The heaters are left on day and night, summer and winter.

Professor Harte has found that the heaters have warmed up the soil temperature by four degrees, making the soil dryer and melting the snow an estimated three weeks earlier than unheated areas.

In the heated plots, local flora and wildflowers have suffered and the drought-resistant sagebrush has thrived.

Professor Harte describes this as a major change in the local environment and he believes this would be replicated in mountain ranges around the world as the climate heats up.

With just a four or five degree Fahrenheit temperature (minus 15 degrees centigrade) change Professor Harte believes the globe could be facing another mass extinction event - similar to the one that occurred at the boundary of the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods which is believed to have wiped out 85 per cent of all species living on Earth.

As vital as the research being done at the Rocky Mountain Laboratory is to environmental science - development in the nearby areas is also forcing the R-M-B-L scientists to grapple with issues of encroaching human development and land conservation.

The battle is on to preserve the area for its natural beauty as well as its irreplaceable scientific value.

AP TELEVISION NEWS

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LEAD IN:

New research in the Indian Ocean shows how two heatwaves between 2015 and 2017 have killed off as much as 70 percent of the coral reefs in the region.

Corals take about a decade to recover from events like this, but UK zoologists suggest global warming means these events could become more frequent.

STORY-LINE:

A kaleidoscope of life and colour set in the crystal clear waters of the Seychelles in the Indian Ocean.

Coral reefs cover less than one percent of the world's ocean beds, yet they are home to a quarter of all marine life on the planet.

However between 2015 and 2016 record temperatures in the southern hemisphere exposed corals around the world to bleaching.

According to many scientific reports it was caused by El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) weather system.

This is an occasional shift in the ocean-atmosphere system in the tropical Pacific. It affects weather around the world.

During the back to back heatwaves scuba diving researchers from ZSL (Zoological Society of London) closely examined the waters ten metres deep off the Chagos archipelago (British Indian Ocean Territory) near the Seychelles archipelago.

The team was focussed on the hard corals which the 2015 heatwave depleted by 60 percent.

Other corals were also affected, 86 percent of the Acropora was killed, previously it had been the most abundant species.

ZSL's Dr Catherine Head has been part of a team which has been investigating the corals over the past seven years.

She says she saw extensive bleaching which showed the corals were under stress.

"Corals take on this white appearance and that's as a result of corals basically expelling their zooxanthellae which are single celled algae which they live in symbiosis with, and these algae provide the corals with a lot of their energy budget. So when they expel these algae they're able to survive for a period of time, but it depends how long the temperatures stay high and how high they go," says Head.

She says there was particular concern about the staghorn coral:

"The staghorn corals for instance which are known to be more weedy species were highly impacted. So 86 percent of the Staghorn corals were actually affected by these heat waves, whereas some of the more robust corals were less affected," she says.

According to Head the hard corals are like the vital infrastructure of an environment, upon which other species are able to live and thrive.

Head says: "So hard corals are really the foundations of the reefs. They're what build the reefs themselves because they lay down a calcium carbonate skeleton and that actually forms the physical structure of the reef and allows many other creatures to inhabit them, provides them with homes and a food source."

Over the two heatwaves the ZSL researchers found seventy percent of the hard coral structures had been killed.

The findings are reflected in studies carried out by other researchers earlier this year.

Leo Barret is the Project Leader for Marine Conservation Society in the neighbouring Seychelles archipelago (MCSS).

He says: "We lost up to 50 percent of all corals, now three years ago in 2016. This is mainly the branching corals, so we're talking about acropora, for example."

Barret and his colleagues are establishing two several coral nurseries with the aim of rearing stronger corals.

Corals are very important habitats, they support a vast number of other species, some according to Head rely on particular corals to survive:

"The different species of fish that you see for instance would reduce because some fish species are reliant on just one particular coral. We have species of butterfly fish for instance which are corallivours, they eat certain corals, so certain species of coral. So some of these species are likely to die out or at least become locally very rare. So we will see a reduction in the diversity of the fish and the invertebrates which live on the reefs and perhaps also a reduction in the structural complexity of the reef. So some corals contribute more to the calcium carbonate structure than others. And that's what causes this really complex, really interesting, integral structure. So we could see a reduction in that as well."

Scientists are concerned the heatwaves are increasing in regularity as well as becoming more severe.

Head says: "So if these heatwaves become more frequent as they are predicted to do, then the reefs simply won't have a chance to recover. So there are predictions which say perhaps reefs may go functionally extinct by about 2050 should the (carbon) emissions continue as they are at the moment, but really it depends how much we can reduce our carbon emissions as per the Paris Climate Change Agreement to keep sea surface temperatures below 2 degrees."

The areas around the Chagos are becoming protected, development surrounding the area is restricted as it is on other coral reefs across the world.

But scientists like Head say this alone is not enough and cutting carbon emissions is key.

Archive : Cerf Island, Seychelles - 20 February 2019

1. Various underwater shots of coral reef off coast of Cerf Island

2. Wide of beach

3. Close of crab crawling on sand

London, UK - 11 July 2019

4. Various of ZSL researcher Dr. Catherine Head looking at coral exhibit in the aquarium of London Zoo

5. SOUNDBITE: (English) Dr. Catherine Head, researcher, ZSL (Zoological Society of London)

"Corals take on this white appearance and that's as a result of corals basically expelling their zooxanthellae which are single celled algae which they live in symbiosis with, and these algae provide the corals with a lot of their energy budget. So when they expel these algae they're able to survive for a period of time, but it depends how long the temperatures stay high and how high they go."

6. Various of staghorn coral and fish in aquarium tank in London Zoo

7. SOUNDBITE: (English) Dr. Catherine Head, researcher, ZSL (Zoological Society of London)

"The staghorn corals for instance which are known to be more weedy species were highly impacted. So 86 percent of the Staghorn corals were actually affected by these heat waves, whereas some of the more robust corals were less affected."

Archive : Cerf Island, Seychelles - 20 February 2019

8. Various underwater shot of Indian Ocean coral reef

London, UK - 11 July 2019

9. SOUNDBITE: (English) Dr. Catherine Head, researcher, ZSL (Zoological Society of London)

"So hard corals are really the foundations of the reefs. They're what build the reefs themselves because they lay down a calcium carbonate skeleton and that actually forms the physical structure of the reef and allows many other creatures to inhabit them, provides them with homes and a food source."

Archive : Cerf Island, Seychelles - 20 February 2019

10. Pan right of Leo Barret, Project Leader, Marine Conservation Society Seychelles (MCSS), entering water

11. Close of Barret in water

12. SOUNDBITE (English) Leo Barret, Project Leader, Marine Conservation Society Seychelles (MCSS):

"We lost up to 50 percent of all corals, now three years ago in 2016. This is mainly the branching corals, so we're talking about acropora, for example."

13. Various of diver cleaning coral nursery

London, UK - 11 July 2019

14. SOUNDBITE: (English) Dr. Catherine Head, researcher, ZSL (Zoological Society of London)

"The different species of fish that you see for instance would reduce because some fish species are reliant on just one particular coral. We have species of butterfly fish for instance which are corallivours, they eat certain corals, so certain species of coral. So some of these species are likely to die out or at least become locally very rare. So we will see a reduction in the diversity of the fish and the invertebrates which live on the reefs and perhaps also a reduction in the structural complexity of the reef. So some corals contribute more to the calcium carbonate structure than others. And that's what causes this really complex, really interesting, integral structure. So we could see a reduction in that as well."

Archive :Cerf Island, Seychelles - 20 February 2019

15. Various underwater shots of coral reef off coast of Cerf Island

London, UK - 11 July 2019

16. SOUNDBITE: (English) Dr. Catherine Head, researcher, ZSL (Zoological Society of London)

"So if these heatwaves become more frequent as they are predicted to do, then the reefs simply won't have a chance to recover. So there are predictions which say perhaps reefs may go functionally extinct by about 2050 should the (carbon) emissions continue as they are at the moment, but really it depends how much we can reduce our carbon emissions as per the Paris Climate Change Agreement to keep sea surface temperatures below 2 degrees."

Archive :Mahe, Seychelles - 20 February 2019

17. Various underwater shots of coral reef off coast of Cerf Island

18. Wide of sunset on beach

19. Close of waves on beach

LEAD IN:

An international report by doctors says children across the world are growing up in a warmer world that will hit them with more and different health problems than their parents experienced in their lifetimes.

The annual climate change health study says global warming is already harming public health and is set to increase diarrhoeal and mosquito borne diseases such as dengue fever and malaria as well as air pollution.

STORY-LINE:

Wildfires like this in California and Australia are not just causing the destruction of forests.

They're killing food crops and the pollution from them is damaging public health.

Extremes of weather, not just in the tropical climes, but across the world is leaving the generation of children born today at greater risk of disease and malnutrition than we have experienced according to Countdown, the annual climate change health study published in the Lancet medical journal.

According to the report a child born today is likely to see the earth warm to 4 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels by the time it reaches its 71st birthday.

The report is based on researchers at 35 academic institutions around the world tracking changes in our climate.

They say based on current trends, extreme weather events will increase, food security risks will rise and the air will get dirtier leading to greater sickness.

Countdown's Executive Director Dr. Nick Watts says: "They will see what a four degree world looks like and in terms of the health impact of climate change this is anything from malnutrition, from diarrhoeal diseases, which particularly affects children six months or younger. The spread of vector borne disease like Dengue, like malaria, the spread of Vibrio and that particularly again, it's children under the age of five that are the most vulnerable. But as they age, they will have to contend with floods, with extreme weather events. The post-traumatic stress disorder that comes from that, the challenge of trying to raise a family, trying to manage a household when the environment is shifting from underneath you."

Taking the example of a baby born today, the report concludes that by the time the child has reached adolescence pollution will become a much greater threat.

It says fine particulate air pollution contributed to 20,500 premature deaths in the UK in 2016 and it says nine of the top 10 years where conditions were most ripe for dengue fever transmission have occurred since 2000.

Those diseases hit children harder, the report says and children, the elderly, the poor and the sick are most vulnerable with extreme heat affecting respiratory function and causing kidney problems.

"And then into old age people age 65 years and over older are particularly vulnerable to the extremes of heat and that's something that we know that the United Kingdom is going to be facing," says Watts.

The report also warns of a growing prevalence of mosquito and tick borne diseases.

"We are seeing the Asian tiger mosquito move up because climate suitability is shifting. It's moving up from Turkey, coming across Europe, that tiger mosquito carries dengue fever. It carries chikungunya, when it's there, it carries yellow fever. If you're in South America, that tiger mosquito can carry Zika virus as well. But it's not just about vectors. It's not just about mosquitoes. It can also be about algal blooms and so we know that for the United Kingdom and for Europe, they are among the most susceptible to the spread of Vibrio and Vibrio is a bacteria that causes diarrhoeal disease and wound infection. We've seen a 31 percent increase in the climate suitability for the transition of Vibrio since we started tracking," says Watts.

It's not just the obvious health impacts that will become a greater risk for the generation of youngsters living today, Watts says the report warns of what he calls "surreptious effects" that we think about, such as the mental health impacts of climate change, the impacts from mass migration and violent conflict that can arise as a result of that as well as concerns about food and water security.

"At the global level, we think it comes close to wiping out, if we continue down sort of current current trajectory, it comes close to wiping out the last fifty years of gains that we have seen in public health all around the world. It's not any one impact of climate change that we're worried about. We're not worried about just heatwave and what that does to heart disease or kidney disease. We're not worried about just malnutrition. We're worried about what happens to a community, to a population, to a child born today when they are hit again and again and again by, from multiple different angles and how that has a lifelong impact the whole way through," says Watts.

The report casts a gloomy pall over the future, but the report argues it is not inevitable because our ability to change our consumption and environmental impact is not due to technical limitations, but the political will.

The authors of the Countdown report are hoping to influence the UN Climate Conference (COP25) next month. It's calling for the health impact of climate change to be at head of that agenda.

ASSOCIATED PRESS

Santa Paula, California - 1 November 2019

1. Various fire rages on a hillside in the foothills above Santa Paula

2. Fire fighters call attention to the helicopters looking for them on the ground

3. Firefighter speaking with  pilot to dump water on the flare up

4. Helicopter dumps water on fire

AUSTRALIA POOL – NO ACCESS AUSTRALIA

Sydney, Australia – 12 November 2019

5. Aerial of plane dropping pink flame retardant

6. Aerial of helicopter dropping water on fire

ASSOCIATED PRESS

Riverside, California, US - 31 October 2019

7. Smoke coming from trees and plants

ASSOCIATED PRESS

Karachi, Pakistan - 11 August 2019

8. Various of flooded roads and vehicles, motorcycles breaking down as rain continues to fall

ASSOCIATED PRESS

Somis, California – 2 November 2019

9. Various of fire damaged avocado crop

SKY - NO ACCESS UK MAINSTREAM BROADCASTERS/AL JAZEERA/BLOOMBERG. IF YOU ARE A FOREIGN NEWS CHANNEL DISTRIBUTED IN THE UK AND IRELAND ON SKY'S DIGITAL SATELLITE PLATFORM AND WANT TO USE THIS CONTENT, PLEASE CONTACT THE CUSTOMER LIAISON DESK AT: customervideosupport@ap.org

London, UK - 13 November 2019

10. SOUNDBITE (English) Dr. Nick Watts, Executive Director Countdown Report, Lancet

"They will see what a four degree world looks like and in terms of the health impact of climate change this is anything from malnutrition, from diarrhoeal diseases, which particularly affects children six months or younger. The spread of vector borne disease like Dengue, like malaria, the spread of Vibrio and that particularly again, it's children under the age of five that are the most vulnerable. But as they age, they will have to contend with floods, with extreme weather events. The post-traumatic stress disorder that comes from that, the challenge of trying to raise a family, trying to manage a household when the environment is shifting from underneath you."

ASSOCIATED PRESS

Rome, Italy - 26 July 2019

11. Mid of woman dousing her head in a fountain

12. Tourists with umbrellas to protect them from the sun

13. Various of fan being used to spray water over outdoor restaurant

ASSOCIATED PRESS

London, UK  - 25 July 2019

14. Various of women queuing for outdoor swimming pool

15. Various of community helper assisting elderly woman at her home

16. Mid of elderly woman eating lunch

SKY - NO ACCESS UK MAINSTREAM BROADCASTERS/AL JAZEERA/BLOOMBERG. IF YOU ARE A FOREIGN NEWS CHANNEL DISTRIBUTED IN THE UK AND IRELAND ON SKY'S DIGITAL SATELLITE PLATFORM AND WANT TO USE THIS CONTENT, PLEASE CONTACT THE CUSTOMER LIAISON DESK AT: customervideosupport@ap.org

London, UK - 13 November 2019

17. SOUNDBITE (English) Dr. Nick Watts, Executive Director Countdown Report, Lancet

"And then into old age people age 65 years and over older are particularly vulnerable to the extremes of heat and that's something that we know that the United Kingdom is going to be facing."

CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL (CDC) VNR

Fort Collins, Colorado, US - Undated

++MUTE AT SOURCE++

18. Various of ticks

19. Researcher looking at microscope at CDC lab

ASSOCIATED PRESS

Kisumu, Kenya - 24 April 2018

20. Close of mosquitoes in canister

21. Various of researchers looking and checking various canisters

ASSOCIATED PRESS

Rawalpindi, Pakistan - 24 September 2019

22. Various of special ward for Dengue patients who are lying on beds under mosquito nets

SKY - NO ACCESS UK MAINSTREAM BROADCASTERS/AL JAZEERA/BLOOMBERG. IF YOU ARE A FOREIGN NEWS CHANNEL DISTRIBUTED IN THE UK AND IRELAND ON SKY'S DIGITAL SATELLITE PLATFORM AND WANT TO USE THIS CONTENT, PLEASE CONTACT THE CUSTOMER LIAISON DESK AT: customervideosupport@ap.org

London, UK - 13 November 2019

23. SOUNDBITE (English) Dr. Nick Watts, Executive Director Countdown Report, Lancet

"We are seeing the Asian tiger mosquito move up because climate suitability is shifting. It's moving up from Turkey, coming across Europe, that tiger mosquito carries Dengue fever. It carries chikungunya, when it's there, it carries yellow fever. If you're in South America, that tiger mosquito can carry Zika virus as well. But it's not just about vectors. It's not just about mosquitoes. It can also be about algal blooms and so we know that for the United Kingdom and for Europe, they are among the most susceptible to the spread of Vibrio and Vibrio is a bacteria that causes diarrhoeal disease and wound infection. We've seen a 31 percent increase in the climate suitability for the transition of Vibrio since we started tracking."

ASSOCIATED PRESS

Port-au-Prince, Haiti - 8 November 2010

24. Various of patients with suspected Vibrio

SKY - NO ACCESS UK MAINSTREAM BROADCASTERS/AL JAZEERA/BLOOMBERG. IF YOU ARE A FOREIGN NEWS CHANNEL DISTRIBUTED IN THE UK AND IRELAND ON SKY'S DIGITAL SATELLITE PLATFORM AND WANT TO USE THIS CONTENT, PLEASE CONTACT THE CUSTOMER LIAISON DESK AT: customervideosupport@ap.org

London, UK - 13 November 2019

25. SOUNDBITE (English) Dr. Nick Watts, Executive Director Countdown Report, Lancet

"At the global level, we think it comes close to wiping out, if we continue down sort of current current trajectory, it comes close to wiping out the last fifty years of gains that we have seen in public health all around the world. It's not any one impact of climate change that we're worried about. We're not worried about just heatwave and what that does to heart disease or kidney disease. We're not worried about just malnutrition. We're worried about what happens to a community, to a population, to a child born today when they are hit again and again and again by, from multiple different angles and how that has a lifelong impact the whole way through."

ASSOCIATED PRESS

Kisumu, Kenya - 24 April 2018

26. Various of doctors in hospital examining child who is comforted by their mother

27. Close of EEG monitor on child's finger

LEAD IN:

An international report by doctors says children across the world are growing up in a warmer world that will hit them with more and different health problems than their parents experienced in their lifetimes.

The annual climate change health study says global warming is already harming public health and is set to increase diarrhoeal and mosquito borne diseases such as dengue fever and malaria as well as air pollution.

STORY-LINE

Wildfires like this in California and Australia are not just causing the destruction of forests.

They're killing food crops and the pollution from them is damaging public health.

Extremes of weather, not just in the tropical climes, but across the world is leaving the generation of children born today at greater risk of disease and malnutrition than we have experienced according to Countdown, the annual climate change health study published in the Lancet medical journal.

According to the report a child born today is likely to see the earth warm to 4 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels by the time it reaches its 71st birthday.

The report is based on researchers at 35 academic institutions around the world tracking changes in our climate.

They say based on current trends, extreme weather events will increase, food security risks will rise and the air will get dirtier leading to greater sickness.

Countdown's Executive Director Dr. Nick Watts says: "They will see what a four degree world looks like and in terms of the health impact of climate change this is anything from malnutrition, from diarrhoeal diseases, which particularly affects children six months or younger. The spread of vector borne disease like Dengue, like malaria, the spread of Vibrio and that particularly again, it's children under the age of five that are the most vulnerable. But as they age, they will have to contend with floods, with extreme weather events. The post-traumatic stress disorder that comes from that, the challenge of trying to raise a family, trying to manage a household when the environment is shifting from underneath you."

Taking the example of a baby born today, the report concludes that by the time the child has reached adolescence pollution will become a much greater threat.

It says fine particulate air pollution contributed to 20,500 premature deaths in the UK in 2016 and it says nine of the top 10 years where conditions were most ripe for dengue fever transmission have occurred since 2000.

Those diseases hit children harder, the report says and children, the elderly, the poor and the sick are most vulnerable with extreme heat affecting respiratory function and causing kidney problems.

"And then into old age people age 65 years and over older are particularly vulnerable to the extremes of heat and that's something that we know that the United Kingdom is going to be facing," says Watts.

The report also warns of a growing prevalence of mosquito and tick borne diseases.

"We are seeing the Asian tiger mosquito move up because climate suitability is shifting. It's moving up from Turkey, coming across Europe, that tiger mosquito carries dengue fever. It carries chikungunya, when it's there, it carries yellow fever. If you're in South America, that tiger mosquito can carry Zika virus as well. But it's not just about vectors. It's not just about mosquitoes. It can also be about algal blooms and so we know that for the United Kingdom and for Europe, they are among the most susceptible to the spread of Vibrio and Vibrio is a bacteria that causes diarrhoeal disease and wound infection. We've seen a 31 percent increase in the climate suitability for the transition of Vibrio since we started tracking," says Watts.

It's not just the obvious health impacts that will become a greater risk for the generation of youngsters living today, Watts says the report warns of what he calls "surreptious effects" that we think about, such as the mental health impacts of climate change, the impacts from mass migration and violent conflict that can arise as a result of that as well as concerns about food and water security.

"At the global level, we think it comes close to wiping out, if we continue down sort of current current trajectory, it comes close to wiping out the last fifty years of gains that we have seen in public health all around the world. It's not any one impact of climate change that we're worried about. We're not worried about just heatwave and what that does to heart disease or kidney disease. We're not worried about just malnutrition. We're worried about what happens to a community, to a population, to a child born today when they are hit again and again and again by, from multiple different angles and how that has a lifelong impact the whole way through," says Watts.

The report casts a gloomy pall over the future, but the report argues it is not inevitable because our ability to change our consumption and environmental impact is not due to technical limitations, but the political will.

The authors of the Countdown report are hoping to influence the UN Climate Conference (COP25) next month. It's calling for the health impact of climate change to be at head of that agenda.

ASSOCIATED PRESS

Santa Paula, California - 1 November 2019

1. Various fire rages on a hillside in the foothills above Santa Paula

2. Fire fighters call attention to the helicopters looking for them on the ground

3. Firefighter speaking with  pilot to dump water on the flare up

4. Helicopter dumps water on fire

AUSTRALIA POOL – NO ACCESS AUSTRALIA

Sydney, Australia – 12 November 2019

5. Aerial of plane dropping pink flame retardant

6. Aerial of helicopter dropping water on fire

ASSOCIATED PRESS

Riverside, California, US - 31 October 2019

7. Smoke coming from trees and plants

ASSOCIATED PRESS

Karachi, Pakistan - 11 August 2019

8. Various of flooded roads and vehicles, motorcycles breaking down as rain continues to fall

ASSOCIATED PRESS

Somis, California – 2 November 2019

9. Various of fire damaged avocado crop

SKY - NO ACCESS UK MAINSTREAM BROADCASTERS/AL JAZEERA/BLOOMBERG. IF YOU ARE A FOREIGN NEWS CHANNEL DISTRIBUTED IN THE UK AND IRELAND ON SKY'S DIGITAL SATELLITE PLATFORM AND WANT TO USE THIS CONTENT, PLEASE CONTACT THE CUSTOMER LIAISON DESK AT: customervideosupport@ap.org

London, UK - 13 November 2019

10. SOUNDBITE (English) Dr. Nick Watts, Executive Director Countdown Report, Lancet

"They will see what a four degree world looks like and in terms of the health impact of climate change this is anything from malnutrition, from diarrhoeal diseases, which particularly affects children six months or younger. The spread of vector borne disease like Dengue, like malaria, the spread of Vibrio and that particularly again, it's children under the age of five that are the most vulnerable. But as they age, they will have to contend with floods, with extreme weather events. The post-traumatic stress disorder that comes from that, the challenge of trying to raise a family, trying to manage a household when the environment is shifting from underneath you."

ASSOCIATED PRESS

Rome, Italy - 26 July 2019

11. Mid of woman dousing her head in a fountain

12. Tourists with umbrellas to protect them from the sun

13. Various of fan being used to spray water over outdoor restaurant

ASSOCIATED PRESS

London, UK  - 25 July 2019

14. Various of women queuing for outdoor swimming pool

15. Various of community helper assisting elderly woman at her home

16. Mid of elderly woman eating lunch

SKY - NO ACCESS UK MAINSTREAM BROADCASTERS/AL JAZEERA/BLOOMBERG. IF YOU ARE A FOREIGN NEWS CHANNEL DISTRIBUTED IN THE UK AND IRELAND ON SKY'S DIGITAL SATELLITE PLATFORM AND WANT TO USE THIS CONTENT, PLEASE CONTACT THE CUSTOMER LIAISON DESK AT: customervideosupport@ap.org

London, UK - 13 November 2019

17. SOUNDBITE (English) Dr. Nick Watts, Executive Director Countdown Report, Lancet

"And then into old age people age 65 years and over older are particularly vulnerable to the extremes of heat and that's something that we know that the United Kingdom is going to be facing."

CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL (CDC) VNR

Fort Collins, Colorado, US - Undated

++MUTE AT SOURCE++

18. Various of ticks

19. Researcher looking at microscope at CDC lab

ASSOCIATED PRESS

Kisumu, Kenya - 24 April 2018

20. Close of mosquitoes in canister

21. Various of researchers looking and checking various canisters

ASSOCIATED PRESS

Rawalpindi, Pakistan - 24 September 2019

22. Various of special ward for Dengue patients who are lying on beds under mosquito nets

SKY - NO ACCESS UK MAINSTREAM BROADCASTERS/AL JAZEERA/BLOOMBERG. IF YOU ARE A FOREIGN NEWS CHANNEL DISTRIBUTED IN THE UK AND IRELAND ON SKY'S DIGITAL SATELLITE PLATFORM AND WANT TO USE THIS CONTENT, PLEASE CONTACT THE CUSTOMER LIAISON DESK AT: customervideosupport@ap.org

London, UK - 13 November 2019

23. SOUNDBITE (English) Dr. Nick Watts, Executive Director Countdown Report, Lancet

"We are seeing the Asian tiger mosquito move up because climate suitability is shifting. It's moving up from Turkey, coming across Europe, that tiger mosquito carries Dengue fever. It carries chikungunya, when it's there, it carries yellow fever. If you're in South America, that tiger mosquito can carry Zika virus as well. But it's not just about vectors. It's not just about mosquitoes. It can also be about algal blooms and so we know that for the United Kingdom and for Europe, they are among the most susceptible to the spread of Vibrio and Vibrio is a bacteria that causes diarrhoeal disease and wound infection. We've seen a 31 percent increase in the climate suitability for the transition of Vibrio since we started tracking."

ASSOCIATED PRESS

Port-au-Prince, Haiti - 8 November 2010

24. Various of patients with suspected Vibrio

SKY - NO ACCESS UK MAINSTREAM BROADCASTERS/AL JAZEERA/BLOOMBERG. IF YOU ARE A FOREIGN NEWS CHANNEL DISTRIBUTED IN THE UK AND IRELAND ON SKY'S DIGITAL SATELLITE PLATFORM AND WANT TO USE THIS CONTENT, PLEASE CONTACT THE CUSTOMER LIAISON DESK AT: customervideosupport@ap.org

London, UK - 13 November 2019

25. SOUNDBITE (English) Dr. Nick Watts, Executive Director Countdown Report, Lancet

"At the global level, we think it comes close to wiping out, if we continue down sort of current current trajectory, it comes close to wiping out the last fifty years of gains that we have seen in public health all around the world. It's not any one impact of climate change that we're worried about. We're not worried about just heatwave and what that does to heart disease or kidney disease. We're not worried about just malnutrition. We're worried about what happens to a community, to a population, to a child born today when they are hit again and again and again by, from multiple different angles and how that has a lifelong impact the whole way through."

ASSOCIATED PRESS

Kisumu, Kenya - 24 April 2018

26. Various of doctors in hospital examining child who is comforted by their mother

27. Close of EEG monitor on child's finger

LEADIN:

From water-starved Iraqi marshlands to Munich beer halls, you'll find people on - or soon to be - the frontlines of climate change.

STORYLINE:

Water is running out in the Mesopotamian Marshes in southern Iraq.

The water level at the UNESCO Heritage site dropped by almost 50 percent between April and July 2018, according to environmentalists.

It's down to a shortage of water coming from neighbouring countries and overuse by agriculture.

With the water drying up, the people who live in these areas - the marsh Arabs - are under pressure - they have fewer opportunities to feed and water the buffalo that are the cornerstone of their existence.

"Our life is dependent on the marshes," says buffalo herder, Mohammed Ghan.  

"Now there is less water, it is drying up. We have sold the livestock. They need water, the marshes. Now they sell a ton (of water) for 14, sometimes ten (thousand dinars). So it's not very good."

Water salinity increased to 4,500 parts per million, putting it into the category where it's no longer safe to drink, Nature Iraq says.

This puts more pressure on herders as buffalo cannot drink salty water.

Many herders now have to bring in tanked water from elsewhere, as the water in the canals has become undrinkable and would kill the buffalo. Animal feed also has to be brought in.

Environmentalists blame the problems on a number of changes - one is the building of dams in Turkey and Iran that has reduced the overall amount of water in the Tigris and the Euphrates, Iraq's two main rivers and the ultimate sources of the marshes.

Another is overuse by farmers, particularly those who plant water-intensive produce like rice.

Use of water upstream from the marshes in places like Najaf and Babel reduces the amount reaching the marshes.

Climate change is another reason - droughts have become more frequent in the past 15 years, leading to more evaporation.

The marshes of southern Iraq used to be the biggest wetlands in western Eurasia, but much of them were drained by successive Iraqi governments from the 1950s onwards.

Since 2016, they've been listed as a UNESCO Heritage Site.

The river island of Majuli in India's north-eastern Assam state is facing an existential crisis.

Encircled by the mighty Brahmaputra river, the island has been losing landmass, its banks eroded by recurring floods that render thousands homeless every year.

The island is one of the country's most vulnerable bio-diversity spots to be impacted by the increasingly erratic rain and monsoon patterns, forcing people to adapt to new cycles of flooding.

Part of the erosion is natural as the flowing river breaches the sandy soil, but also deposits silt sediments.

70-year-old ferry operator Betharam has been witness to Majuli's plight over many decades, seeing the Brahmaputra river change course frequently and undercutting the non-cohesive soil.

Those living close to the edge of the river say part of the island is swallowed by the flood water every year, destroying their habitat and forcing people to move to the interiors and to higher ground.

Water levels have risen and many villages have been washed away, locals say.

"Brahmaputra has already (eroded) taken a lot, at least two to three kilometres since 1970. At least three kilometres have been taken away," says Betharam.

The state government has taken many steps to stop the erosion, including building embankments and other porcupine-shaped structures to reduce the intensity of the flowing water and to allow more sediment deposition.

But local residents of Majuli say these measures do not offer an effective and long-lasting solution to prevent water from breaching the embankments.

Coastal mangroves in southern Cambodia are important fish breeding grounds, supporting the livelihoods of thousands of people.

As the Trapeang Sangke estuary empties into the Gulf of Thailand, mangrove forests gradually recede to form a perfect natural frontier.

As well as combating erosion, mangroves are vital breeding grounds for many species of fish and other marine life, helping support the livelihoods of hundreds of local fishing families.  

Dotted along this 25-kilometre coastal strip, at least six large-scale developments are planned, including a golf course, a polo club, yacht clubs and at least two large-scale beach resorts.

While benefiting the well-connected, locals worry that the developments will place a kind of decadent barrier between themselves and the bay they depend upon.

"We've already lost a lot of resources," says fisherman, Mith Sen.

"Wide areas of mangroves were already chopped down, so we catch less crabs, less prawns, less fish.

"It was even worse before we started our organisation, it's a bit better now, but it's not the same as before they chopped the mangroves."          

In an effort to try to preserve what remains of the mangroves, locals set up non-profit Kampot Mangrove Forest seven years ago.  

The group has planted more than 200,000 mangroves by hosting environmentally-minded travellers and students.

They sprout and nurture mangrove saplings and replant them where the forest meets the sea.

Elsewhere it's a kaleidoscope of life and colour in the crystal-clear waters of the Seychelles in the Indian Ocean.

Coral reefs cover less than one percent of the world's ocean beds, yet they are home to a quarter of all marine life on the planet.

The shallow waters of Mahe island in the Indian Ocean, are teeming with surgeonfish, parrotfish, Moorish idol fish and many more.

The coral provides shelter and habitat for an enormous range of creatures, from tiny invertebrates, to shrimps, crabs, lobsters, octopus and eels as well as fish.

More than 500 million people across the world depend on the diverse ecosystems of reefs for food and services.

The reefs, made up of ancient coral and sand sediment deposited over thousands of years, act as a protective barrier for coastlines, they cut down up to 97 percent of wave energy reaching our shores.  

But in an era of increasing industrialisation, unprecedented atmospheric pollution and rising global temperatures, the fragile coral reef ecosystem is at risk of the effects of climate change.

In the Seychelles, conservationists have taken to growing coral in on shore nurseries, in an attempt to replace reefs desecrated by bleaching and global warming.   

Heading to a bar for a quiet beer is something enjoyed in many countries across the world.

But an international study this year predicted beer might one day be in short supply due to the impacts of climate change.

Researchers from the UK, China, Mexico and the US looked into a number of climate scenarios and predicted that severe drought and heatwaves will impact the amount of barely being grown.

The impacts won't just be felt in China, but across the world. Globally, beer consumption is predicted to fall by 16 percent on average.  

In the United States, the world's second biggest consumer, it could be a 20 percent drop and up to 32 percent in Argentina.

In some parts of the world, the price of beer could also double as demand outstrips supply.

Beer is the most popular alcoholic drink in the world by volume consumed, according to lead UK author and study coordinator Dabo Guan from the University of East Anglia.

"So, beer plays quite a bit of a social tool, you know entertainment, for the stability as well, and the future climate change would seriously reduce the barley production and therefore the beer production would decline, therefore our consumption for beer would be compromised," says Guan.

The beer sector accounts for around 17 percent of global barley production.

Researchers looked at the impact of extreme climate events, including heatwaves, on barley yields in 24 world regions.

Their findings suggest supply will fall due to drought and heat.

Much of Europe was hit with extreme temperatures and low rainfall this summer, affecting various crops.

The study, published in Nature Plants on 15 October 2018 was supported by the UK Economic and Social Research Council, Natural Environment Research Council, the British Academy and the Philip Leverhulme Prize.

Nasiriya, Iraq - 28 July 2018

1. Wide of boat in dry marshland

2. SOUNDBITE (Arabic) Mohammed Ghan, Buffalo Herder:

"Our life is dependent on the marshes. Now there is less water, it is drying up. We have sold the livestock. They need water, the marshes. Now they sell a ton (of water) for 14, sometimes ten (thousand dinars). So it's not very good."

3. Wide of boats bringing animal feed

Nasiriya, Iraq - 26 July 2018

4. Various of buffalo in water

5. Wide of buffalo herder pumping tanked water

6. Mid of buffalo drinking

Majuli, India - 7 August 2018

7. Pan left from ferry to eroded river bank

8. SOUNDBITE (Assamese) Betharam, Ferry Operator:

"Brahmaputra has already (eroded) taken a lot, at least two to three kilometres since 1970. At least three kilometres have been taken away."

9. Wide of eroded river bank

10. Wide of bamboo structures on river bank to stop erosion

11. Various of water eroding river banks

Trapeang Sangke estuary, Kampot Province, Cambodia - 5 September 2018

12. Aerial shot of coastline

13. Tracking shot of passing mangroves

14. Tilt up of mangroves planted in water

15. Various of mangroves

16. Wide of woman and man onl boat

17. SOUNDBITE (Khmer) Mith Sen, Fisherman:

"We've already lost a lot of resources. Wide areas of mangroves were already chopped down, so we catch less crabs, less prawns, less fish. It was even worse before we started our organisation, it's a bit better now, but it's not the same as before they chopped the mangroves."          

18. Wide of women and children fishing

19. Mid of fish on shore

20. Mid of crab

Beau Vallon, Mahe Island, Seychelles - 23 February 2018

21. Various of colourful fish swimming and feeding around coral reef    

Off Curieuse Island, Seychelles - 20 February 2018

22. Various of fish swimming over sea floor covered in white coral skeletons

Munich, Germany - 22 September 2018

23. Various of beer being served at Oktoberfest, people drinking

London, UK - 14 October 2018

24. SOUNDBITE (English) Dabo Guan, Research Coordinator and Lead UK Author, Professor of Climate Change Economics, University of East Anglia:

"So, beer plays quite a bit of a social tool, you know entertainment, for the stability as well, and the future climate change would seriously reduce the barley production and therefore the beer production would decline, therefore our consumption for beer would be compromised."

Yavuzlar, Kilis Province, Turkey - 24 May 2018

25. Various of barley farmer driving combine harvester

LEADIN:

From water-starved Iraqi marshlands to Munich beer halls, you'll find people on - or soon to be - the frontlines of climate change.

STORYLINE:

Water is running out in the Mesopotamian Marshes in southern Iraq.

The water level at the UNESCO Heritage site dropped by almost 50 percent between April and July 2018, according to environmentalists.

It's down to a shortage of water coming from neighbouring countries and overuse by agriculture.

With the water drying up, the people who live in these areas - the marsh Arabs - are under pressure - they have fewer opportunities to feed and water the buffalo that are the cornerstone of their existence.

"Our life is dependent on the marshes," says buffalo herder, Mohammed Ghan.  

"Now there is less water, it is drying up. We have sold the livestock. They need water, the marshes. Now they sell a ton (of water) for 14, sometimes ten (thousand dinars). So it's not very good."

Water salinity increased to 4,500 parts per million, putting it into the category where it's no longer safe to drink, Nature Iraq says.

This puts more pressure on herders as buffalo cannot drink salty water.

Many herders now have to bring in tanked water from elsewhere, as the water in the canals has become undrinkable and would kill the buffalo. Animal feed also has to be brought in.

Environmentalists blame the problems on a number of changes - one is the building of dams in Turkey and Iran that has reduced the overall amount of water in the Tigris and the Euphrates, Iraq's two main rivers and the ultimate sources of the marshes.

Another is overuse by farmers, particularly those who plant water-intensive produce like rice.

Use of water upstream from the marshes in places like Najaf and Babel reduces the amount reaching the marshes.

Climate change is another reason - droughts have become more frequent in the past 15 years, leading to more evaporation.

The marshes of southern Iraq used to be the biggest wetlands in western Eurasia, but much of them were drained by successive Iraqi governments from the 1950s onwards.

Since 2016, they've been listed as a UNESCO Heritage Site.

The river island of Majuli in India's north-eastern Assam state is facing an existential crisis.

Encircled by the mighty Brahmaputra river, the island has been losing landmass, its banks eroded by recurring floods that render thousands homeless every year.

The island is one of the country's most vulnerable bio-diversity spots to be impacted by the increasingly erratic rain and monsoon patterns, forcing people to adapt to new cycles of flooding.

Part of the erosion is natural as the flowing river breaches the sandy soil, but also deposits silt sediments.

70-year-old ferry operator Betharam has been witness to Majuli's plight over many decades, seeing the Brahmaputra river change course frequently and undercutting the non-cohesive soil.

Those living close to the edge of the river say part of the island is swallowed by the flood water every year, destroying their habitat and forcing people to move to the interiors and to higher ground.

Water levels have risen and many villages have been washed away, locals say.

"Brahmaputra has already (eroded) taken a lot, at least two to three kilometres since 1970. At least three kilometres have been taken away," says Betharam.

The state government has taken many steps to stop the erosion, including building embankments and other porcupine-shaped structures to reduce the intensity of the flowing water and to allow more sediment deposition.

But local residents of Majuli say these measures do not offer an effective and long-lasting solution to prevent water from breaching the embankments.

Coastal mangroves in southern Cambodia are important fish breeding grounds, supporting the livelihoods of thousands of people.

As the Trapeang Sangke estuary empties into the Gulf of Thailand, mangrove forests gradually recede to form a perfect natural frontier.

As well as combating erosion, mangroves are vital breeding grounds for many species of fish and other marine life, helping support the livelihoods of hundreds of local fishing families.  

Dotted along this 25-kilometre coastal strip, at least six large-scale developments are planned, including a golf course, a polo club, yacht clubs and at least two large-scale beach resorts.

While benefiting the well-connected, locals worry that the developments will place a kind of decadent barrier between themselves and the bay they depend upon.

"We've already lost a lot of resources," says fisherman, Mith Sen.

"Wide areas of mangroves were already chopped down, so we catch less crabs, less prawns, less fish.

"It was even worse before we started our organisation, it's a bit better now, but it's not the same as before they chopped the mangroves."          

In an effort to try to preserve what remains of the mangroves, locals set up non-profit Kampot Mangrove Forest seven years ago.  

The group has planted more than 200,000 mangroves by hosting environmentally-minded travellers and students.

They sprout and nurture mangrove saplings and replant them where the forest meets the sea.

Elsewhere it's a kaleidoscope of life and colour in the crystal-clear waters of the Seychelles in the Indian Ocean.

Coral reefs cover less than one percent of the world's ocean beds, yet they are home to a quarter of all marine life on the planet.

The shallow waters of Mahe island in the Indian Ocean, are teeming with surgeonfish, parrotfish, Moorish idol fish and many more.

The coral provides shelter and habitat for an enormous range of creatures, from tiny invertebrates, to shrimps, crabs, lobsters, octopus and eels as well as fish.

More than 500 million people across the world depend on the diverse ecosystems of reefs for food and services.

The reefs, made up of ancient coral and sand sediment deposited over thousands of years, act as a protective barrier for coastlines, they cut down up to 97 percent of wave energy reaching our shores.  

But in an era of increasing industrialisation, unprecedented atmospheric pollution and rising global temperatures, the fragile coral reef ecosystem is at risk of the effects of climate change.

In the Seychelles, conservationists have taken to growing coral in on shore nurseries, in an attempt to replace reefs desecrated by bleaching and global warming.   

Heading to a bar for a quiet beer is something enjoyed in many countries across the world.

But an international study this year predicted beer might one day be in short supply due to the impacts of climate change.

Researchers from the UK, China, Mexico and the US looked into a number of climate scenarios and predicted that severe drought and heatwaves will impact the amount of barely being grown.

The impacts won't just be felt in China, but across the world. Globally, beer consumption is predicted to fall by 16 percent on average.  

In the United States, the world's second biggest consumer, it could be a 20 percent drop and up to 32 percent in Argentina.

In some parts of the world, the price of beer could also double as demand outstrips supply.

Beer is the most popular alcoholic drink in the world by volume consumed, according to lead UK author and study coordinator Dabo Guan from the University of East Anglia.

"So, beer plays quite a bit of a social tool, you know entertainment, for the stability as well, and the future climate change would seriously reduce the barley production and therefore the beer production would decline, therefore our consumption for beer would be compromised," says Guan.

The beer sector accounts for around 17 percent of global barley production.

Researchers looked at the impact of extreme climate events, including heatwaves, on barley yields in 24 world regions.

Their findings suggest supply will fall due to drought and heat.

Much of Europe was hit with extreme temperatures and low rainfall this summer, affecting various crops.

The study, published in Nature Plants on 15 October 2018 was supported by the UK Economic and Social Research Council, Natural Environment Research Council, the British Academy and the Philip Leverhulme Prize.

Nasiriya, Iraq - 28 July 2018

1. Wide of boat in dry marshland

2. SOUNDBITE (Arabic) Mohammed Ghan, Buffalo Herder:

"Our life is dependent on the marshes. Now there is less water, it is drying up. We have sold the livestock. They need water, the marshes. Now they sell a ton (of water) for 14, sometimes ten (thousand dinars). So it's not very good."

3. Wide of boats bringing animal feed

Nasiriya, Iraq - 26 July 2018

4. Various of buffalo in water

5. Wide of buffalo herder pumping tanked water

6. Mid of buffalo drinking

Majuli, India - 7 August 2018

7. Pan left from ferry to eroded river bank

8. SOUNDBITE (Assamese) Betharam, Ferry Operator:

"Brahmaputra has already (eroded) taken a lot, at least two to three kilometres since 1970. At least three kilometres have been taken away."

9. Wide of eroded river bank

10. Wide of bamboo structures on river bank to stop erosion

11. Various of water eroding river banks

Trapeang Sangke estuary, Kampot Province, Cambodia - 5 September 2018

12. Aerial shot of coastline

13. Tracking shot of passing mangroves

14. Tilt up of mangroves planted in water

15. Various of mangroves

16. Wide of woman and man onl boat

17. SOUNDBITE (Khmer) Mith Sen, Fisherman:

"We've already lost a lot of resources. Wide areas of mangroves were already chopped down, so we catch less crabs, less prawns, less fish. It was even worse before we started our organisation, it's a bit better now, but it's not the same as before they chopped the mangroves."

18. Wide of women and children fishing

19. Mid of fish on shore

20. Mid of crab

Beau Vallon, Mahe Island, Seychelles - 23 February 2018

21. Various of colourful fish swimming and feeding around coral reef

Off Curieuse Island, Seychelles - 20 February 2018

22. Various of fish swimming over sea floor covered in white coral skeletons

Munich, Germany - 22 September 2018

23. Various of beer being served at Oktoberfest, people drinking

London, UK - 14 October 2018

24. SOUNDBITE (English) Dabo Guan, Research Coordinator and Lead UK Author, Professor of Climate Change Economics, University of East Anglia:

"So, beer plays quite a bit of a social tool, you know entertainment, for the stability as well, and the future climate change would seriously reduce the barley production and therefore the beer production would decline, therefore our consumption for beer would be compromised."

Yavuzlar, Kilis Province, Turkey - 24 May 2018

25. Various of barley farmer driving combine harvester

++FIRST RUN NOV 29, 2018++

WORLD ENVIRONMENT FRONTLINEREVIEW

SOURCE: ASSOCIATED PRESS

RESTRICTIONS: AP CLIENTS ONLY

LENGTH: 4:53

SHOTLIST:

ASSOCIATED PRESS

Nasiriya, Iraq - 28 July 2018

1. Wide of boat in dry marshland

2. SOUNDBITE (Arabic) Mohammed Ghan, Buffalo Herder:

"Our life is dependent on the marshes. Now there is less water, it is drying up. We have sold the livestock. They need water, the marshes. Now they sell a ton (of water) for 14, sometimes ten (thousand dinars). So it's not very good."

3. Wide of boats bringing animal feed

ASSOCIATED PRESS

Nasiriya, Iraq - 26 July 2018

4. Various of buffalo in water

5. Wide of buffalo herder pumping tanked water

6. Mid of buffalo drinking

ASSOCIATED PRESS

Majuli, India - 7 August 2018

7. Pan left from ferry to eroded river bank

8. SOUNDBITE (Assamese) Betharam, Ferry Operator:

"Brahmaputra has already (eroded) taken a lot, at least two to three kilometres since 1970. At least three kilometres have been taken away."

9. Wide of eroded river bank

10. Wide of bamboo structures on river bank to stop erosion

11. Various of water eroding river banks

ASSOCIATED PRESS

Trapeang Sangke estuary, Kampot Province, Cambodia - 5 September 2018

12. Aerial shot of coastline

13. Tracking shot of passing mangroves

14. Tilt up of mangroves planted in water

15. Various of mangroves

16. Wide of woman and man onl boat

17. SOUNDBITE (Khmer) Mith Sen, Fisherman:

"We've already lost a lot of resources. Wide areas of mangroves were already chopped down, so we catch less crabs, less prawns, less fish. It was even worse before we started our organisation, it's a bit better now, but it's not the same as before they chopped the mangroves."          

18. Wide of women and children fishing

19. Mid of fish on shore

20. Mid of crab

ASSOCIATED PRESS

Beau Vallon, Mahe Island, Seychelles - 23 February 2018

21. Various of colourful fish swimming and feeding around coral reef    

ASSOCIATED PRESS

Off Curieuse Island, Seychelles - 20 February 2018

22. Various of fish swimming over sea floor covered in white coral skeletons

ASSOCIATED PRESS

Munich, Germany - 22 September 2018

23. Various of beer being served at Oktoberfest, people drinking

ASSOCIATED PRESS

London, UK - 14 October 2018

24. SOUNDBITE (English) Dabo Guan, Research Coordinator and Lead UK Author, Professor of Climate Change Economics, University of East Anglia:

"So, beer plays quite a bit of a social tool, you know entertainment, for the stability as well, and the future climate change would seriously reduce the barley production and therefore the beer production would decline, therefore our consumption for beer would be compromised."

ASSOCIATED PRESS

Yavuzlar, Kilis Province, Turkey - 24 May 2018

25. Various of barley farmer driving combine harvester

LEADIN:

From water-starved Iraqi marshlands to Munich beer halls, you'll find people on - or soon to be - the frontlines of climate change.

STORYLINE:

Water is running out in the Mesopotamian Marshes in southern Iraq.

The water level at the UNESCO Heritage site dropped by almost 50 percent between April and July 2018, according to environmentalists.

It's down to a shortage of water coming from neighbouring countries and overuse by agriculture.

With the water drying up, the people who live in these areas - the marsh Arabs - are under pressure - they have fewer opportunities to feed and water the buffalo that are the cornerstone of their existence.

"Our life is dependent on the marshes," says buffalo herder, Mohammed Ghan.  

"Now there is less water, it is drying up. We have sold the livestock. They need water, the marshes. Now they sell a ton (of water) for 14, sometimes ten (thousand dinars). So it's not very good."

Water salinity increased to 4,500 parts per million, putting it into the category where it's no longer safe to drink, Nature Iraq says.

This puts more pressure on herders as buffalo cannot drink salty water.

Many herders now have to bring in tanked water from elsewhere, as the water in the canals has become undrinkable and would kill the buffalo. Animal feed also has to be brought in.

Environmentalists blame the problems on a number of changes - one is the building of dams in Turkey and Iran that has reduced the overall amount of water in the Tigris and the Euphrates, Iraq's two main rivers and the ultimate sources of the marshes.

Another is overuse by farmers, particularly those who plant water-intensive produce like rice.

Use of water upstream from the marshes in places like Najaf and Babel reduces the amount reaching the marshes.

Climate change is another reason - droughts have become more frequent in the past 15 years, leading to more evaporation.

The marshes of southern Iraq used to be the biggest wetlands in western Eurasia, but much of them were drained by successive Iraqi governments from the 1950s onwards.

Since 2016, they've been listed as a UNESCO Heritage Site.

The river island of Majuli in India's north-eastern Assam state is facing an existential crisis.

Encircled by the mighty Brahmaputra river, the island has been losing landmass, its banks eroded by recurring floods that render thousands homeless every year.

The island is one of the country's most vulnerable bio-diversity spots to be impacted by the increasingly erratic rain and monsoon patterns, forcing people to adapt to new cycles of flooding.

Part of the erosion is natural as the flowing river breaches the sandy soil, but also deposits silt sediments.

70-year-old ferry operator Betharam has been witness to Majuli's plight over many decades, seeing the Brahmaputra river change course frequently and undercutting the non-cohesive soil.

Those living close to the edge of the river say part of the island is swallowed by the flood water every year, destroying their habitat and forcing people to move to the interiors and to higher ground.

Water levels have risen and many villages have been washed away, locals say.

"Brahmaputra has already (eroded) taken a lot, at least two to three kilometres since 1970. At least three kilometres have been taken away," says Betharam.

The state government has taken many steps to stop the erosion, including building embankments and other porcupine-shaped structures to reduce the intensity of the flowing water and to allow more sediment deposition.

But local residents of Majuli say these measures do not offer an effective and long-lasting solution to prevent water from breaching the embankments.

Coastal mangroves in southern Cambodia are important fish breeding grounds, supporting the livelihoods of thousands of people.

As the Trapeang Sangke estuary empties into the Gulf of Thailand, mangrove forests gradually recede to form a perfect natural frontier.

As well as combating erosion, mangroves are vital breeding grounds for many species of fish and other marine life, helping support the livelihoods of hundreds of local fishing families.  

Dotted along this 25-kilometre coastal strip, at least six large-scale developments are planned, including a golf course, a polo club, yacht clubs and at least two large-scale beach resorts.

While benefiting the well-connected, locals worry that the developments will place a kind of decadent barrier between themselves and the bay they depend upon.

"We've already lost a lot of resources," says fisherman, Mith Sen.

"Wide areas of mangroves were already chopped down, so we catch less crabs, less prawns, less fish.

"It was even worse before we started our organisation, it's a bit better now, but it's not the same as before they chopped the mangroves."          

In an effort to try to preserve what remains of the mangroves, locals set up non-profit Kampot Mangrove Forest seven years ago.  

The group has planted more than 200,000 mangroves by hosting environmentally-minded travellers and students.

They sprout and nurture mangrove saplings and replant them where the forest meets the sea.

Elsewhere it's a kaleidoscope of life and colour in the crystal-clear waters of the Seychelles in the Indian Ocean.

Coral reefs cover less than one percent of the world's ocean beds, yet they are home to a quarter of all marine life on the planet.

The shallow waters of Mahe island in the Indian Ocean, are teeming with surgeonfish, parrotfish, Moorish idol fish and many more.

The coral provides shelter and habitat for an enormous range of creatures, from tiny invertebrates, to shrimps, crabs, lobsters, octopus and eels as well as fish.

More than 500 million people across the world depend on the diverse ecosystems of reefs for food and services.

The reefs, made up of ancient coral and sand sediment deposited over thousands of years, act as a protective barrier for coastlines, they cut down up to 97 percent of wave energy reaching our shores.  

But in an era of increasing industrialisation, unprecedented atmospheric pollution and rising global temperatures, the fragile coral reef ecosystem is at risk of the effects of climate change.