SHOTLIST:

1. Pan of creator of Berlin wall cycle trail, Michael Cramer and his friend Guenter Warnecke riding bikes at Potsdamer Platz

2. Tilt down of watch tower

3. Low angle of Cramer and Warnecke climbing up inside the watch tower

4. Wide of building seen from window of watch tower

5. Cramer and Warnecke riding their bikes

6. Tilt down from wall to Cramer and Warnecke visiting Topography of Terror memorial

7. Cramer and Warnecke visiting memorial

8. Close of wall at Topography of Terror memorial

9. SOUNDBITE: (German) Michael Cramer, initiator of the wall bike trail:

"Over there is one of the ministry buildings. It was the former air traffic ministry of the Nazis. There on June 15th 1961, former GDR (German Democratic Republic) leader Walter Ulbricht said, ''Nobody has the intention to built a wall''. But here is the wall."

10. Cramer and Warnecke riding their bikes along wall trail

11. SOUNDBITE: (German) Michael Cramer, initiator of the wall bike trail:

"Peter Fechter was one of the first refugees to be killed. It was especially tragic because his friend made it into West Berlin. Fechter was stuck in barbed wire and was shot. For four hours nobody cared. The Allied forces and Berlin police did not want to, and could not help him and the other side (East) did not care. He finally bled to death."

12. Cramer and Warnecke riding their bikes along the former wall

13. SOUNDBITE: (German) Guenter Warnecke, bike and history enthusiast:

"13th of August 1961 was a Sunday. I was was at a sports ground and someone had a radio there where we heard about the construction of the wall. As a result, I noticed a couple of days later that my fellow students from Teltow, Babelsberg and Potsdam (in the former east) disappeared."

14. Cramer and Warnecke riding along the former patrol road

15. Cramer passing by "East side gallery"

16. Close of bicycle

17. Pan of Cramer and Warnecke arriving at "East Side gallery"

18. Set up of historian at Bernauer Strasse, Guenter Schlusche

19. SOUNDBITE: (German) Guenter Schlusche, Historian:

"The leaders of the GDR were under pressure to act because more and more people were leaving the country, in the time, the months and years, before the wall was built. The GDR leaders didn''t or did not want to see the reason for it. That''s why they decided to built the wall."

20. Wide memorial for victims of the Berlin wall at Bernauer Strasse

21. Photographs of people who died at the wall

22. SOUNDBITE (German) Michael Cramer, initiator of the wall bike trail:

"Only someone who knows the past can face the future. We all want to be able to deal with our future, that''s why we have to know our past. The bicycle is fast enough to see a lot and slow enough to take it all in."

23. Cramer and Warnecke on their bikes

24. Pan of East Side Gallery

STORYLINE:

Fifty years after East German authorities constructed a wall through the heart of Berlin, only at a few pieces remain of the once formidable barrier that divided the city in two.

Although the former wall is one of Berlin''s biggest tourist draws, the attractions relevant to the structure are far-flung and difficult to find.

It is not only foreign visitors who struggle to figure out where the barrier once stood.

A young generation of Berliners has hardly any reminders of their city''s - and nation''s - once defining barrier.

Michael Cramer, a member of the left-leaning Greens party decided it was important to keep parts of the wall visible as a reminder of the city''s turbulent history.

After campaigning for 10 years, he and his party have established the Berlin Wall Trail, a bicycle path to mark the former strip where the wall once stood.

The Berlin Wall Trail traces the course of the former GDR (German Democratic Republic) border fortifications that encircled West Berlin.

For nearly three decades, the former western enclave in the heart of communist Germany was surrounded by the nearly 160-kilometre (99-mile) barrier.

The bike trail starts in the centre of Berlin, at Potsdamer Platz, formerly a no-mans-land between east and west.

The first stop is only a few metres away - one of five former East German watch towers that still stand today.

More then 300 watch towers were built along the former inner-German border and used to prevent people from escaping the former GDR into the west.

From Potsdamer Platz, the trail leads to another place soaked in the history of the former GDR, and the Nazis before them.

At the place where today the Topography of Terror memorial site now stands, the Nazis tortured people during interrogations at the former Gestapo headquarters.

Right behind it is the house of the ministries where history was written several times.

"It was the former air traffic ministry of the Nazis," says Cramer. "There on June 15th 1961, former GDR leader Walter Ulbricht said ''Nobody has the intension to built a wall''. But here is the wall."

More than 230 people died at the Berlin Wall.

The first was Guenter Liftin on August 24th 1961 and the last Chris Gueffroy on February 6th 1989.

Recently erected columns along the bike path with the names of the victims honour those who died.

"Peter Fechter was one of the first refugees to be killed," Cramer says. "It was especially tragic because his friend made it into West Berlin. Fechter was stuck in barbed wire and was shot. For four hours nobody cared. The Allied forces and Berlin police did not want to and could not help him, and the other side (East) did not care. He finally bled to death."

City authorities have laid down an eight-kilometre (five-mile) long, double row of cobblestones through the heart of the city to mark the course of the wall.

The entire wall ran some 40 kilometres (25 miles) through the city.

Since 2001, Guenter Warnecke, a 72-year-old Berliner has regularly ridden along the wall trail.

The former engineer was a student in 1961 and remembers the historic day when suddenly his former classmates who lived in the east were no longer around.

"I was was at a sports ground and someone had a radio there where we heard about the construction of the wall," Warnecke recalls. "As a result, I noticed a couple of days later that my fellow students from Teltow, Babelsberg and Potsdam (in the former east) disappeared."

The bike trail runs along the former patrol road used by customs officers in West Berlin, or along the control road used by GDR border troops for their own patrols.

Sections of historic interest, with traces or remains of the old wall, alternate with stretches of natural beauty.

The last section of the inner wall has become famous all over the world as the "East Side Gallery."

Its pictures, painted by various artists in 1990, were carefully restored to their original brightness in 2009.

In recent years, the efforts to preserve the Berlin Wall, including the bike trail, have made it one of the city''s top tourist attractions.

Germans and foreigners alike flock to see pieces of the former barrier to contemplate the lessons it can bring to future generations.

"Only someone who knows the past can face the future. We all want to be able to deal with our future, that''s why we have to know our past," says Cramer. "The bicycle is fast enough to see a lot and slow enough to take it all in."

Friedrich-Wilhelm Lenz was only a toddler when the wall went up that split his family's 75-hectare farm in two - dividing the cow stall and even a restaurant on the land.

It was 1952, and East German authorities were erecting the wooden barrier that broke up the twin towns of Zicherie in the capitalist West and Boeckwitz in the communist East.

The two had operated as one for centuries - sharing markets, schools and social clubs - and had long been the site of the Lenz family farm.

Years before the collapse of the Berlin Wall - whose 25th anniversary falls Sunday - East Germany had already started sealing off its main frontier with West Germany, spanning nearly 1,400 kilometres (870 miles), dividing communities, friends and even families.

The Lenz family keenly felt the trauma of division.

"My father kept on dreaming of his farm. And he always told me that there is nothing is more enduring then property," recalled Lenz, now 64.

"My father never said 'One day we get our property back' - nobody would have believed it anyway."

The East German authorities seized their property and forced them to relocate to another town on the communist side of the border.

They didn't like it and were able to move to the part of their property that remained in Zicherie in 1960.

But they left Friedrich-Wilhelm's older sister, Anneliese, with an aunt so she could finish high school before rejoining them.

It was a tragic error.

In 1961, East Germany built the Berlin Wall to stem an exodus of its citizens and left the family fractured.

That also turned a still relatively porous divide between East and West into a full-fledged Iron Curtain.

"We were here and my sister was in the East," said Lenz.

"It was brutal and hard for us."

It was only in 1986 - a quarter century after separation - that Anneliese was allowed to rejoin her family in the West.

Meanwhile the residents of Boeckwitz lived as if in a prison.

They needed permission from the Communist authorities to receive visitors, even from other East Germans, or to go out late at night.

They lived in an exclusion zone and were forced to document almost every step they made.

Many people left.

By 1989, only 78 of the previous 120 residents were still living in the town.

Boeckwitz native Willi Schuette was 13 when the town was first divided after World War II.

Schuette and his family also lost their farm in 1952.

The family relocated to a village 25 kilometres (15.5 miles) away from Zicherie in the Western part of Germany.

From here Schuette came to Zicherie as often as he could to observe the situation in his hometown Boeckwitz from behind the wall.

But just looking across the border was life-threatening, he said.

"I was standing in Zicherie at a barrier and wanted to take a picture of him (East German soldiers at window). But he took his rifle and pointed it to me like he wanted to kill me. I was full of fear because at my side in the West were no border guards. I left and wanted to go but when I turned around I saw him leaving. That was the moment I took this picture here," Schuette said.

Following reunification, both the Schuette and the Lenz families got their confiscated property back.

Schuette renovated one of the buildings still standing to create a museum to remind succeeding generations of the difficult years under Communism.

"If we don't preserve something like this then nobody would know about it today," Schuette said.

The photos that Schuette shot - including that of the soldier who pointed his gun at him - are now part of the museum.

The shadow of Germany's divided past lives on in the lives of such communities that straddled the Cold War divide.

Gerhard Borchert, Mayor of the borough of Brome, which contains Zicherie, thinks that though it may take time to overcome the divide, the first steps have already been taken.

"I think that people are getting closer together again. People meet in sport communities and hunting clubs or sing together. A lot of things went back to normal," he said.

Boeckwitz and Zicherie, once a symbol of Germany's division, are now a hopeful sign of its reunification.

AP TELEVISION

Boeckwitz/Zicherie - 3 November 2014

1. Pan to fence where wall used to be

2. Barbed wire on top of the wall

3. Fence where wall used to be

4. Watchtower behind fence

5. Zoom in to watchtower in conservation area

6. Former Boeckwitz resident Friedrich Wilhelm Lenz passing landmark in Zicherie from 1958 reading (German) "Germany can't be divided"

7. Lenz showing the area where his former home was UPSOUND (German) "This was our land, where our farm and farmhouse was. I was born here."

8. Various of model of Lenz's farm

9. SOUNDBITE (German) Friedrich Wilhelm Lenz, former Boeckwitz resident who was forced to flee:

"My father kept on dreaming of his farm. And he always told me that there is nothing which is more enduring than property. My father never said 'One day we get our property back '- nobody would have believed it anyway.'"

10. Street signs reading (German) "Bockwitzer Strasse and Zicherier Strasse"

11. Street in Zicherie

12. SOUNDBITE (German) Friedrich Wilhelm Lenz, former Boeckwitz resident who was forced to flee:

"It became more complicated when the wall was built in 1961. We were here and my sister was in the East because she wanted to finish school and planned to join us afterwards. But all over sudden it wasn't possible anymore. It was brutal and hard for us."

13. Various STILLS showing wide of wall dividing Zicherie and Boeckwitz

14. Former Boeckwitz resident Willi Schuette pointing at photograph

15. STILL of wall dividing Zicherie and Boeckwitz

16. SOUNDBITE (German) Willi Schuette, former Boeckwitz resident:

"I was standing in Zicherie at a barrier and wanted to take a picture of him (East German soldier at window). But he took his rifle and pointed it at me like he wanted to kill me. I was full of fear because at my side in the West there were no border guards. I left and wanted to go but when I turned around I saw him leaving. That was the moment I took this picture here."

17. Tilt down entrance of museum

18. East German Trabant at museum entrance

19. SOUNDBITE (German) Willi Schuette, former Boeckwitz resident:

"If we didn't preserve something like this then nobody would know about it today."

20. Fence and sign where wall used to be

21. Signpost of former inner German border

22. SOUNDBITE (German) Gerhard Borchert, mayor of Brome:

"I think that people are getting closer together again. People meet in sport communities and hunting clubs or sing together. A lot of things went back to normal."

23. Various of fence and barbed wire where wall used to be

SNTV Features

The Olympic Stadium in Berlin has already held its fair share of momentous events, starting with American sprinter Jesse Owens winning four gold medals at the 1936 Olympic Games.

Now after a 242 million Euro facelift, on July 9th a global audience of well over a billion is set to follow the 2006 FIFA World Cup Final live from the stadium on TV.

SUGGESTED VOICEOVER:

After a turbulent history Berlin, the country's largest city, has once again become the capital of a united Germany, the Brandenburg Gate symbolising this re-unification.

The city became the political centre of Brandenburg, Prussia and the German Reich.

After the foundation of the German Reich in 1871, the city progressed quickly to become Germany's largest industrial and cultural centre. The Second World War (1939-1945) triggered by the National Socialists, the Nazis, had a devastating effect on Berlin and led to the destruction of large parts of the city. Subsequent political developments divided the country and its capital: The building of the Wall in 1961 brutally completed this separation.

The Wall did not come down again until 1989, when the people from West and East Berlin were finally reunited.

Berlin is not only the seat of the government and cultural capital, but also Germany's sports city. More than 525,000 male and female athletes are registered in about 1,900 clubs.

Like the city the The Berlin Olympic Stadium has a long and distinguished history. Originally designed by architect Werner March it was built between 1934-36 for the 1936 Olympic Games.

American sprinter Jesse Owens won four gold medals at those games and today, one of the avenues leading to the ground and a VIP lounge bear the great runner's name.

SOUNDBITE:

"Of course this stadium is special because it is old. It is more than 70 years old and if you look at it from the outside it was originally built in 1936. This is because it is protected by landmark protection, it is a monument. So this is part of the impression that you have when you go inside the stadium. From the outside you have a historical building and you get information by our tourist guides or the information points. But when you go inside you have one of the most modern arena in Europe."

SUPERCAPTION: Christoph Meyer, press officer Olympic Stadium

Reconstruction at a cost of 242 million Euro began in the summer of 2000 and was officially re-opened in July 2004.

It has a total capacity of over 74,000, but will be restricted to 66,000 for the World Cup.

The new roof, a vast oval interrupted as before by the listed Marathon Gate, provides a delicate contrast to the robust muscularity of the historic tectonics.

The lightweight cantilever construction is borne by an intricate web of 20 beam supports ranging over the gallery, and 132 steel pillars.

The roof is literally the crowning glory of a harmonious solution incorporating past, present and future.

SOUNDBITE:

"242 million Euro were spent to renovate this stadium and of course Berlin is the capital of Germany. So this is a very good place and a place like Berlin really is a vibrant city to host a final of the world cup. It is the biggest media event in the world and I think the capital is the right place for this."

SUPERCAPTION: Christoph Meyer, press officer Olympic Stadium

This spectacular stadium is due to host six matches during the tournament but the final on July 9th will of course be the biggest. A global audience of well over a billion is set to follow the 2006 FIFA World Cup Final live on TV.

SHOTLIST: Berlin, Germany Recent

1. 00:00 Wide shot of the Brandenburg Gate

2. 00:05 Close up of Brandeburg Gate, pan down to mime artist

3. 00:16 Wide shot of "Straße des 17. Juni" ("road of June 17th") and the "Siegessäule " ("victory Säule")

4. 00:22 Close up of the roof of the Reichstag

5. 00:27 Wide shot of the Reichstag

6 00:33 Close-up of a section of the Berlin Wall

7. 00:38 Wide shot of the Wall

8. 00:44 Wide shot of some historical buildings

9. 00:49 People in a restaurant

10. 00:55 Exterior of the Olympic Stadium, pan from the Olympic rings to stadium

11. 01:04 Closer pan of the outside

12. 01:17 SOUNDBITE: Christoph Meyer, press officer Olympic Stadium

13. 01:52 Pan from roof to pitch and track around the field

14. 02:00 Zoom out from the halfway to wide shot of stands and roof.

15. 02:12 Zoom out from the back of the arena

16. 02:22 Wide shot from the middle stand

17. 02:34 SOUNDBITE: Christoph Meyer, press officer Olympic Stadium

18. 02:53 The Olympic Stadium by night

Keyword-world cup 2006 venue

SHOTLIST

++PLEASE NOTE - AUDIO AS INCOMING ON SHOTS 4 AND 5++

June 7, 2006

1. Wide shot of former Brazilian World Cup champion Pele walking through Pele Station holding football and waving to cameras

2. Round screen showing archive pictures of Pele as a player

3. Pele talking to fans

4. Wide shot of Pele in press conference

5. SOUNDBITE (English): Pele, former Brazilian World Cup champion:

"I think if I have to repeat everything, you know, I will do everything the same. I am very happy with what God has given to me."

6. Screen showing archive pictures of Pele as a player

7. Pan of video wall

8. Top shot of Mini cars with flags on their roofs parked at Berlin fair

9. Close-up of Mini car with German flag on roof, drivers and cars in background

10. SOUNDBITE (German): Kathrin Petersen, spokeswoman of 'Partner Berlin':

"As Berlinizer you can show everybody, to Berliners or their guests, 'We are happy to have you here and to assist you if you need our help'."

11. Drivers standing next to cars waving

12. Various shots of Mini cars driving away

13. Tilt down from Berlin Schoeneberg town hall to arriving 'Mini' cars

14. Cars passing

15. Wide shot of ambassadors near marquee

16. Ambassador of Costa Rica getting into car

17. SOUNDBITE: (English): Esteban Penrod, Ambassador of Costa Rica:

"It feels great because this means integration in the city but for all the people who live here and I'm very glad this initiative is taking place at this moment precisely."

18. Ambassador of Equador holding model of Mini car

19. SOUNDBITE: (English): Horatio Sevilla, Ambassador of Equador:

"Well, I feel proud to be part of this international city, this cosmopolitan city, as Berlin is, and I'm very grateful to the organisers of that event and Ecuador will receive this with great pleasure."

20. Ambassador of Equador driving away in his Mini

21. Wide shot of Reichstag, German Parliament building

22. Close-up of giant poster of Argentinean football player Juan Roman Riquelme, Reichstag building in background

23. Pan of Interior of Adidas arena

24. Row of seats, poster in background shows World Cup trophy and photo of players

Recent

25. Wide shot of Olympiastadium Berlin, giant beach towel printed with England flag is spread on ground

26. People carrying towel

27. Unveiling towel on the stairs under the Olympic fireplace

28. Various of giant towel spread on steps

STORYLINE:

Brazilian football legend Pele visited Berlin on Wednesday to inaugurate an exhibition dedicated to his footballing career, one of several events taking place in the build up to the opening game of World Cup 2006.

The exhibition, PeleStation - the Legend in Action, contains two 40 metre (43 yard) wide projections of images highlighting Pele's remarkable playing career.

PeleStation was opened in a tunnel of a subway station in Berlin.

Pele's popularity cuts across generations and fans came in large numbers to see the Brazilian.

With football fever at a high, Pele turned nostalgic and told the media he was extremely satisfied with the way his career panned out.

PeleStation was designed and created by a Brazilian company with the close cooperation and support of Pele himself.

Meanwhile, the car manufacturer BMW gave 32 Mini cars to the ambassadors of the countries participating in the World Cup, part of the 'Berlinizer' campaign to promote Germany as a friendly host.

The cars will be driven until July 9 by the ambassadors or by people participating in the 'Berlinizer' campaign.

For the ambassadors who live in Berlin, the handover of the cars was a special moment.

The ceremony took pace in the same place that former US President John F Kennedy once said: "Ich bin ein Berliner" (I'm a Berliner).

Marketing company Partner Berlin launched the campaign to encourage Germans to open up to guests and friends.

To become a 'Berlinizer', visitors have to log on to the Internet and answer some questions about Berlin.

Those who answer correctly win a badge marked with "I'm a Berlinizer please ask me for help".

Organisers hope that visitors to the city can approach those wearing the badges to ask for assistance or help.

Also in Berlin, the popular German sports brand Adidas has built a special arena where fans can experience an atmosphere similar to the city's famous Olympia Stadium.

The massive arena, built next to the spectacular Reichstag - the German Parliament building, will have live screenings of all World Cup games.

The English were also getting involved in publicity events in the run up to the tournament.

A British tabloid newspaper arranged for a giant beach towel, emblazoned with England's St. George cross, to be spread across a stand at the

Olympiastadium in Berlin.

The newspaper says the 7,578 square-foot (704-square-metre) towel is the world's largest, though the Guiness Book of World Records is still in the process of verifying this claim.

A team of ten unfurled the towel to send a message of support to the English World Cup squad.

The publicity stunt plays upon a popular British view that stereotypes German tourists as always seeking to reserve sun loungers with their towels before British holidaymakers can reach them.

Keyword-world cup 2006

SHOTLIST:

1. Wide pan of coordination centre of Interior Ministry

2. Medium shot of military official

3. Screens on wall

4. Military officials looking at computer screen

5. Red light on ceiling, pull out to wide of room

6. SOUNDBITE (German) Christian Sachs, Interior Ministry spokesman:

"We Germans do not have to look as far as Warsaw or Basel, we have seen here in Berlin that there are problems, and that is very aggravating. For the World Cup though, we have to say that we expect to have a very secure situation in the stadiums through the personalisation (labelling with names of owners) of tickets."

7. Cutaway coordination centre

8. SOUNDBITE (German) Christian Sachs, Interior Ministry spokesman:

"Video surveillance, fencing, entry control are all segments that must be implemented there. Until now, the signs have been positive that the federal state police forces and communities plan to do so. We expect the fans to react in a certain way, namely to isolate potential violent people, and on the other hand, we have to make sure that there is a way to punish those who want to cause trouble."

9. Low shot of coordination centre

STORYLINE

The German Interior Ministry has expressed confidence that the security measures taken for the World Cup in Germany will prevent scenes of football violence similar to those seen in Warsaw, Basel and Berlin over the weekend.

Interior Ministry spokesman Christian Sachs spoke to AP Television News at the opening of the Interior Ministry's National Information and Coordination Centre (NICC) on Tuesday.

"We expect to have a very secure situation in the stadiums," Sachs said.

The NICC will be operational 24 hours a day, and is designed to facilitate the exchange of security-related information between various organisations and government bodies.

While Sachs showed concern about the escalation of violence in various cities, he said the personalisation, or printing of the rightful owner's name, on tickets would guarantee security.

Sachs appealed to the local authorities to implement security measures suggested by the federal government for the so called "Public Viewing" areas.

The police union has repeatedly expressed concern about some 300 such locations where safety measures are regulated by the local authorities.

Worry surrounding security at the World Cup has grown after scores of police and rioters were injured during clashes between police and violent football fans in Basel and Warsaw over the weekend, and a third league match had to be interrupted after clashes between fans broke out in Berlin.

Sachs also appealed to the football fans themselves: "We expect the fans to react in a certain way, namely to isolate potential violent people."

The joint Korean handball team held a media day in Berlin, Germany on Friday, ahead of the start of the 2019 World Handball Championship.

It's the first time a unified Korean team willtake part in the competition.

Just as at the 2018 Winter Olympic Games, Korea will start with the country abbreviation COR and under the blue flag symbolising a unified Korea.

Four players from the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea will be part of the squad.

Because of the special status and to integrate those players more easily, the International Handball Federation (IHF) has decided to increase the number of players in the unified team from 16 to 20.

The unranked joint Korea team have been drawn in Group A with hosts Germany, Russia, France, Serbia and Brazil.

Korea will play the opening game of the tournament against Germany on January 10th in Berlin.

Horst-Korber-Sportzentrum, Berlin, Germany. 4th January 2019.

++ TRANSLATIONS PROVIDED BY ON-SITE INTERPRETER ++

1. 00:00 Korea team training

2. 00:06 Cho Young-shin, Korea head coach (from South Korea)

3. 00:12 Camera pan left over Korea team training

4. 00:23 Various shots of players from North Korea and South Korea training together (Note for editors: players from North Korea can be identified by their blue shoes with red laces)

5. 00:51 (from left) Sin Myung Chol, Korea assistant coach (from Democratic People's Republic of Korea), Cho Young-shin, Korea head coach (from South Korea), Jung Su Young, Korea captain (from South Korea) and Ri Song Jin, Korea player (from Democratic People’s Republic of Korea), during media talk

6. 00:54 Mid of Sin Myung Chol, Korea assistant coach (from Democratic People's Republic of Korea), and Cho Young-shin, Korea head coach (from South Korea)

7. 00:59 SOUNDBITE (Korean): Cho Young-shin, Korea head coach (from South Korea):

"We have the honour to participate at the world championship in Germany - to play also against Germany - as one team from Korea. A joint team with North Korea. It is the first time in the history of handball that North and South Korea compete together with one team. And all this here in Berlin. The city is a symbol of peace and for German unity. We have been together for two weeks now and trained together. This is a long time and all the players are united in the will to give their best. And we were able to prepare very well. I think that we will give our best in every game and that everyone can look forward to beautiful pictures."

8. 01:51 (from left) Sin Myung Chol, Korea assistant coach (from Democratic People's Republic of Korea), Cho Young-shin, Korea head coach (from South Korea), Ri Song Jin, Korea player (from Democratic People's Republic of Korea) and Jung Su Young, Korea captain (from South Korea), posing for cameras, zoom in

9. 02:02 SOUNDBITE (Korean): Sin Myung Chol, Korea assistant coach (from Democratic People's Republic of Korea):

"We will meet very strong teams, known world wide as very strong teams. Of course there are differences in strength. I can hardly say what the strengths and weaknesses of the respective teams are. But I'm very happy that we have the opportunity to participate here as a united team and give our best in every game."

10. 02:50 Various shots of squad training

11. 03:21 Mid of Jung Su Young, Korea captain (from South Korea) and Ri Song Jin, Korea player (from Democratic People's Republic of Korea)

12. 03:25 SOUNDBITE (Korean): Jung Su Young, Korea captain (from South Korea):

"When we first met the players from North Korea, we felt a little strange. But in the days we spent time together, ate and trained together, we got closer. And now we are very friendly together."

13. Various of team training

14. 04:21 SOUNDBITE (Korean): Ri Song Jin, Korea player (from Democratic People's Republic of Korea):

"When we first met the players from South Korea, we had an unofficial get-to-know-you meeting and it was a little bit strange at the time. But now we've talked a lot and we're very harmonious."

15. 04:50 Wide of team training

16. 04:55 Cho Young-shin, Korea head coach (from South Korea)

17. 05:05 SOUNDBITE (Korean): Cho Young-shin, Korea head coach (from South Korea):

"The World Championship is very important for us. Especially that we can play here in Berlin. Berlin was a divided city. With the fall of the wall, the path of peace was taken here. That's why we want to show by this World Championship as a team that we as Koreans can also go this way and we want to show the world a united team."

18. 05:48 Set up shots of Cho Young-shin, Korea head coach (from South Korea)

19. 05:58 SOUNDBITE (Korean): Cho Young-shin, Korea head coach (from South Korea):

"It was only a short time, but for me it was enough to get an overview of the strengths and weaknesses of the individual players from North Korea. And in consultation with my assistant from North Korea, we are still discussing and setting up a strategy as to when we will actually let which North Korean players play. That depends on what positions each player has and how they can best fit into the team. And here I can say that the Centre Back harmonises incredibly well with the other players. My promise is that one of the North Korean players will be there in every game."

20. 07:07 Tracking shot of Ri Song Jin, Korea player (from Democratic People's Republic of Korea) during training

21. 07:38 SOUNDBITE (Korean): Ri Song Jin, Korea player (from Democratic People's Republic of Korea):

"For us it is the first time to take part at a World Championship. We do of course have expectations with regard to the experiences that we will take with us from here. And as a team, we certainly want to bring home results."

22. 08:02 Various shots of team training

23. 08:33 All players together as training has finished

LEADIN

Royal excitement is building in Berlin as Britain's Prince William and Princess Catherine, with their children George and Charlotte, are set to arrive on Wednesday (19 July).

Children at a social centre in the east of the capital are busy with a special British tradition: making Union Jack bunting to make the Royals feel welcome.

STORYLINE

The children at the "Youth house Bolle," a social centre for children from disadvantaged backgrounds in the east of Berlin, are working hard.

They are printing Union Jack flags and hanging them on strings to make bunting - a very British way to get ready for a party.

Germany does not have its own royal household, but on Wednesday Price William and Princess Catherine - also known as the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge - will visit the centre on their first day in the German capital.

They might even bring their children George and Charlotte with them.

The children at Bolle House have been learning about the United Kingdom to prepare for the visit.

Ten-year-old Dean Vorpahl lets everyone know that he knows the colours of the Union Jack flag.

"We make bands with English flags. We have also bands around our wrists with the English colors: white, red and blue," he says.

Around 100 children, from young school children to teenagers, visit the centre each week.

The district is one of the poorest in the German capital, and most of the children in the centre come from disadvantaged backgrounds.

At the centre they get healthy food, can do their homework and of course play.

But on Wednesday there will be no homework, the children are going to show their flags and enjoy the commotion that comes with a celebrity visit.

"On Wednesday Prince William will come with his Duchess Kate to the youth Club Bolle," says Vorpahl.

"There are going to be a lot of police here. And lots of people doing interviews with cameras."

The children have watched videos from the Royal wedding in 2011.

They have also tried to learn a bit of English.

"Many of them are really excited. It is something big when a real prince comes. It is really great," says Stefanie Milios who works at the centre.

Youth house Bolle was founded in 2010 and is a part of an organisation called "Strassenkinder" which translates to "street children."

It is a place for the children to spend their afternoons after school before returning to their homes.

Youth house Bolle runs on donations, and a royal visit can help with fundraising, says Eckhard Baumann who founded the centre.

"First of all, we are thinking that maybe the children will be motivated to learn a bit of English. If they get to know this country a bit and learn a bit of English then it would be a success," he says

"But of course it would also be really great if the public would notice us a bit."

The Royal Family will arrive in Berlin on Wednesday morning.

Prince William will start the day by holding talks with German Chancellor Angela Merkel.

Then the Duke and Duchess will visit the Memorial for the Murdered Jews of Europe, also known as the Holocaust memorial, in the centre of the capital.

The memorial was built in 2004 and consists of 2711 individual concrete slabs arranged in rows.

The memorial commemorates the millions of Jewish people that were murdered by the National Socialist regime of Adolf Hitler before and during the Second World War.

There are other memorials for other targeted groups in the city, but this one is fully focused on the murdered Jews.

Architect Peter Eisenmann designed the memorial to be open, and without information texts and pictures.

"It is a space for free associations," says Adam Kerpel-Fronius, project leader for 'European sites of remembrance'

"That means that you enter the memorial and you can let the memorial make an impression on you."

The memorial is one of most visited tourist sites in Berlin.

The ground is slanted, so when the visitors reach the centre of the memorial, the surrounding world slowly disappears.

"Many people feel lost in the memorial," says Kerpel-Fronius

"They feel like they can't find a way out. Other people think that because the rows are relatively straight, and you can always see the exits and that life continues outside with the noise of the city, they start thinking about how they are her in 2017 and about what the Holocaust has to do with us now."

The Royal family will also visit Brandenburg Gate on Wednesday.

The 18th-century neoclassical gate is one of the best know landmarks in Germany.

Here Prince William and Princess Catherine will "greet the crowds that will have gathered at the gate," according to a press release by Clarence House.

The royal trip started on July 17 in Poland where the family visited Warsaw, the former Nazi concentration camp Stutthof, and Gdansk.

After the visit to Berlin, the Royal family will visit the German cities of Heidelberg and Hamburg before returning to London on July 21.

Berlin - 17 July 2017

1. Children and staff at the "Youth house Bolle" that Prince William and Princess Catherine will visit on Wednesday

2. Close of British flags on table

3. Various of children and staff making British flag bunting

4. Various of child colouring British flag

5. Dean Vorpahl cutting British flag for bunting

6. SOUNDBITE: (German), Dean Vorpahl, 10-year old:

"We make bands with English flags. We have also bands around our wrists with the English colours: white, red and blue."

7. Vorpahl cutting British flag

8. Various of children making bunting

9. SOUNDBITE: (German), Dean Vorpahl, 10-year old:

"On Wednesday Prince William will come with his Duchess Kate to the youth Club Bolle. There are going to be a lot of police here. And lots of people doing interviews with cameras."

10. Vorpahl and boy holding bunting and British flag

11. Close of Vorpahl and British flag

12. Youth house worker Stefanie Milios putting up bunting

13. SOUNDBITE: (German), Stefanie Milios, Youth worker:

"Many of them are really excited. It is something big when a real prince comes. It is really great"

14. Children playing table football, pan to poster on wall with British flag and photos of Prince William and Princess Catherine

15. Close of poster

16. Children playing table football

17. SOUNDBITE: (German), Eckhard Baumann, founder of "Youth house Bolle":

"First of all, we are thinking that maybe the children will be motivated to learn a bit of English. If they get to know this country a bit and learn a bit of English then it would be a success. But of course, it would also be really great if the public would notice us a bit."

18. Exterior of "Youth house Bolle"

19. British flags in window

20. Various of 'Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe' in central Berlin, that Prince William and Princess Catherine will visit on Wednesday

21. Wide of man walking among concrete slabs in memorial

22. Adam Kerpel-Fronius, project leader for 'European sites of remembrance', walking along concrete slabs

23. SOUNDBITE: (German), Adam Kerpel-Fronius, project leader for 'European sites of remembrance':

"It is a space for free associations. That means that you enter the memorial and you can let the memorial make an impression on you."

24. People walking in memorial

25. Pull focus from slab of concrete to back of boy walking in memorial

26. Various wide of memorial

27. Moving shot inside memorial

28. SOUNDBITE: (German), Adam Kerpel-Fronius, project leader for 'European sites of remembrance':

"Many people feel lost in the memorial. They feel like they can't find a way out. Other people think that because the rows are relatively straight, and you can always see the exits and that life continues outside with the noise of the city, they start thinking about how they are here in 2017 and about what the Holocaust has to do with us now."

29. Wide of Brandenburg Gate that Prince William and Princess Catherine will visit on Wednesday

30. Close of Brandenburg Gate

31. Man playing a street organ in front of Brandenburg Gate

32. Organ grinder taking hat off

33. Wide of German Parliament building, Prince William and Princess Catherine will meet German Chancellor Angela Merkel on Wednesday

34. Close of writing on building reading: (German) "The German Peoples"

35. Close of German flag on Parliament building

LEADIN

Royal excitement is building in Berlin as Britain's Prince William and Princess Catherine, with their children George and Charlotte, are set to arrive on Wednesday (19 July).

Children at a social centre in the east of the capital are busy with a special British tradition: making Union Jack bunting to make the Royals feel welcome.

STORYLINE

The children at the "Youth house Bolle," a social centre for children from disadvantaged backgrounds in the east of Berlin, are working hard.

They are printing Union Jack flags and hanging them on strings to make bunting - a very British way to get ready for a party.

Germany does not have its own royal household, but on Wednesday Price William and Princess Catherine - also known as the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge - will visit the centre on their first day in the German capital.

They might even bring their children George and Charlotte with them.

The children at Bolle House have been learning about the United Kingdom to prepare for the visit.

Ten-year-old Dean Vorpahl lets everyone know that he knows the colours of the Union Jack flag.

"We make bands with English flags. We have also bands around our wrists with the English colors: white, red and blue," he says.

Around 100 children, from young school children to teenagers, visit the centre each week.

The district is one of the poorest in the German capital, and most of the children in the centre come from disadvantaged backgrounds.

At the centre they get healthy food, can do their homework and of course play.

But on Wednesday there will be no homework, the children are going to show their flags and enjoy the commotion that comes with a celebrity visit.

"On Wednesday Prince William will come with his Duchess Kate to the youth Club Bolle," says Vorpahl.

"There are going to be a lot of police here. And lots of people doing interviews with cameras."

The children have watched videos from the Royal wedding in 2011.

They have also tried to learn a bit of English.

"Many of them are really excited. It is something big when a real prince comes. It is really great," says Stefanie Milios who works at the centre.

Youth house Bolle was founded in 2010 and is a part of an organisation called "Strassenkinder" which translates to "street children."

It is a place for the children to spend their afternoons after school before returning to their homes.

Youth house Bolle runs on donations, and a royal visit can help with fundraising, says Eckhard Baumann who founded the centre.

"First of all, we are thinking that maybe the children will be motivated to learn a bit of English. If they get to know this country a bit and learn a bit of English then it would be a success," he says

"But of course it would also be really great if the public would notice us a bit."

The Royal Family will arrive in Berlin on Wednesday morning.

Prince William will start the day by holding talks with German Chancellor Angela Merkel.

Then the Duke and Duchess will visit the Memorial for the Murdered Jews of Europe, also known as the Holocaust memorial, in the centre of the capital.

The memorial was built in 2004 and consists of 2711 individual concrete slabs arranged in rows.

The memorial commemorates the millions of Jewish people that were murdered by the National Socialist regime of Adolf Hitler before and during the Second World War.

There are other memorials for other targeted groups in the city, but this one is fully focused on the murdered Jews.

Architect Peter Eisenmann designed the memorial to be open, and without information texts and pictures.

"It is a space for free associations," says Adam Kerpel-Fronius, project leader for 'European sites of remembrance'

"That means that you enter the memorial and you can let the memorial make an impression on you."

The memorial is one of most visited tourist sites in Berlin.

The ground is slanted, so when the visitors reach the centre of the memorial, the surrounding world slowly disappears.

"Many people feel lost in the memorial," says Kerpel-Fronius

"They feel like they can't find a way out. Other people think that because the rows are relatively straight, and you can always see the exits and that life continues outside with the noise of the city, they start thinking about how they are her in 2017 and about what the Holocaust has to do with us now."

The Royal family will also visit Brandenburg Gate on Wednesday.

The 18th-century neoclassical gate is one of the best know landmarks in Germany.

Here Prince William and Princess Catherine will "greet the crowds that will have gathered at the gate," according to a press release by Clarence House.

The royal trip started on July 17 in Poland where the family visited Warsaw, the former Nazi concentration camp Stutthof, and Gdansk.

After the visit to Berlin, the Royal family will visit the German cities of Heidelberg and Hamburg before returning to London on July 21.

Berlin - 17 July 2017

1. Children and staff at the "Youth house Bolle" that Prince William and Princess Catherine will visit on Wednesday

2. Close of British flags on table

3. Various of children and staff making British flag bunting

4. Various of child colouring British flag

5. Dean Vorpahl cutting British flag for bunting

6. SOUNDBITE: (German), Dean Vorpahl, 10-year old:

"We make bands with English flags. We have also bands around our wrists with the English colours: white, red and blue."

7. Vorpahl cutting British flag

8. Various of children making bunting

9. SOUNDBITE: (German), Dean Vorpahl, 10-year old:

"On Wednesday Prince William will come with his Duchess Kate to the youth Club Bolle. There are going to be a lot of police here. And lots of people doing interviews with cameras."

10. Vorpahl and boy holding bunting and British flag

11. Close of Vorpahl and British flag

12. Youth house worker Stefanie Milios putting up bunting

13. SOUNDBITE: (German), Stefanie Milios, Youth worker:

"Many of them are really excited. It is something big when a real prince comes. It is really great"

14. Children playing table football, pan to poster on wall with British flag and photos of Prince William and Princess Catherine

15. Close of poster

16. Children playing table football

17. SOUNDBITE: (German), Eckhard Baumann, founder of "Youth house Bolle":

"First of all, we are thinking that maybe the children will be motivated to learn a bit of English. If they get to know this country a bit and learn a bit of English then it would be a success. But of course, it would also be really great if the public would notice us a bit."

18. Exterior of "Youth house Bolle"

19. British flags in window

20. Various of 'Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe' in central Berlin, that Prince William and Princess Catherine will visit on Wednesday

21. Wide of man walking among concrete slabs in memorial

22. Adam Kerpel-Fronius, project leader for 'European sites of remembrance', walking along concrete slabs

23. SOUNDBITE: (German), Adam Kerpel-Fronius, project leader for 'European sites of remembrance':

"It is a space for free associations. That means that you enter the memorial and you can let the memorial make an impression on you."

24. People walking in memorial

25. Pull focus from slab of concrete to back of boy walking in memorial

26. Various wide of memorial

27. Moving shot inside memorial

28. SOUNDBITE: (German), Adam Kerpel-Fronius, project leader for 'European sites of remembrance':

"Many people feel lost in the memorial. They feel like they can't find a way out. Other people think that because the rows are relatively straight, and you can always see the exits and that life continues outside with the noise of the city, they start thinking about how they are here in 2017 and about what the Holocaust has to do with us now."

29. Wide of Brandenburg Gate that Prince William and Princess Catherine will visit on Wednesday

30. Close of Brandenburg Gate

31. Man playing a street organ in front of Brandenburg Gate

32. Organ grinder taking hat off

33. Wide of German Parliament building, Prince William and Princess Catherine will meet German Chancellor Angela Merkel on Wednesday

34. Close of writing on building reading: (German) "The German Peoples"

35. Close of German flag on Parliament building

No time code on tape

Universal Newsreel 1964

02:30 US Tests The Giant Saturn Rocket

The United States launched the rocket whose one-and-a-half million pounds of thrust is designed to carry aloft the Apollo capsule bearing a man to the moon within the next few years. The mighty Saturn, 16 stories in heighk is launched from Cape Kennedy and for the first time in the space race the United States has surpassed Russia. The rocket and payload total 562 tons and the 20.000 pound that is put into orbit is, by far, the heaviest space vehicle ever launched successfully.

04:26 First Wheat Shipment To Russia

The first grain to be shipped to the Soviet Union under the $250.000.000 deal negotiated last Fall is loaded in Norfork, Va. Russia has contracted to buy 148.000.000 bushels and her satellites more millions of bushels.

05:00 Hat Styles Bring A Breath Of Spring

Models display the newest fashions in readiness for the Easter Parade.

06:05 Cyprus Crisis: Allies Seek To End Turkish-Greek Feud

The tinderbox that is Cyprus threatens to erupt into a full-scale war. Greek students demonstrate against British and United States proposals that a force of NATO troops help maintain a truce between Greeks and Turks. They demand that the UN take control. The Western powers are leery of a UN force that would give the Russians a voice. Bombings and murders are rife as the island verges on international conflict.

07:23 The Beatles Invade The United States

The quartet of Liverpudlians that has revolutionized the music scene in Britain arrives for their first American tour - and teen-age fans arrive in hordes to greet their idols.

08:26 The Winter Olympics

The Innsbruck games see many of the favorites upset. Canada's 4-man bobsled team gets a surprise win over the Austrians. In the Men's slalom, Austria captures the Gold - but Billy Kidd and Jimmy Heuga take the Silver and Bronze for the U.S. France's champion bows to a "dark horse" from Germany in figure-skating - and 14-year-old Scott Allen from the U.S. wins the hearts of the spectators and takes a Bronze.

10:44 Academy Award Night In Hollywood

Sidney Poitier becomes the fist black to win Best Actor Award. Other Oscars go to Patricia Neal for Best Actress and "Tom Jones" for Best Picture.

12:20 New York City Gets New Sports Stadium

A new stadium, named for William A. Shea, the man who was instrumental in its construction, is dedicated in Flushing Meadow, N.Y. Shea Stadium will be the home of the New York Mets during the baseball season, and its modern design will swing moveable seats into place for the football season when it will house the New York jets.

13:07 Bicycle Races Challenge Europeans

In France and Spain dedicated cyclists compete in gruelling courses - by pedal in France and by motor power in Spain.

14:08 President Forecasts Booming Prosperity

President Lyndon Johnson is predicting a 30 billion dollar profit for American business this year.

14:46 Championship Teams Keeps On Winning

The Boston Celtics prove their dominance in basketball by winning the NBA title for the sixth time in a row. And the Toronto Maple Leafs skate off with ice hockey's Stanley Cup for the third consecutive year.

17:06 NATO Nations Meet In Holland

The 15 nations of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization meet for their Spring session, with Secretary of State Dean Rusk representing the U.S. Problems on the agenda for them to tackle are the stormy situation in Cyprus and President De Gaulle's insistence that French troopsbe placed under French command.

17:58 The Super-Plane Of Tomorrow

The B-70, a 2,000-mile-an-hour bomber that is expected to speed up the production of a new supersonic airliner, is unveiled for the first time. The 6-engine-plane has such a radical design that 1,000 patents have been issued to its builders. It will have a range of 6,000 miles and is scheduled for its test flight this summer.

18:43 Two Movie Greats Together Again

There's a gala party for two favorite stars - Barbara Stanwyck and Robert Taylor - who are being reunited in a new chiller, "The Night Walker".

19:26 New Invention

Aviation pioneer, Major Alexander P. de Seversky, reveals his new invention, the "ionocraft", a flying platform designed to perform many functions sixty miles above the earth.

20:14 Around The World In 56 Days

Miss Joan Merriam lands in California, completing a solo flight around the world which retraced the route taken by Amelia Earhart when she was lost over the Pacific.

21:00 Civil Rights Act Of 1964

Congress passes the most sweeping Civil Rights Bill ever to be written into law. Five hours after the House votes on the measure, President Johnson signs in into law before an audience of legislators and Civil Rights leaders at the White House. He calls it "a turning point in history" and uses a hundred pens to affix his signature. Following tradition the pens are distributed by the President to government leaders and other notables present including the Reverend Martin Luther King, Attorney General Robert Kennedy, Hubert Humphrey and Everett Dirksen.

23:59 Wimbledon Tennis Finals

Roy Emerson of Australia defeats his countryman Fred Stole in the men's singles, winning the crown he has sought for nine years. In the women's singles, Brazil's Maria Bueno, 1959 and 1960 champion, defeats defending title holder Margaret Smith of Australia in a stunning comeback.

25:10 Sports Highlights of 1964

Exciting performances mark the year in sports...At the Olympic Games in Japan, swimmer Don Schollander and sprinter Bob Hayes gain Gold Metals for the U.S....The St.Louis Cardinals shut out the N.Y.Yankees in the final game of the World Series to win their first championship

since 1946...Crack driver A.J. Foyt captures another record in the Indianapolis 500, a race marred by the death of two drivers in an early pile-up...Rated as one of the greatest horses of all time, 7-year-old Kelso winds up his career in style by winning the Washington, D.C. International... The U.S. yacht Constellation defeats the British Sovereign in 4 straight races to retain the America's Cup.

31:00 United States Bolsters Forces In Vietnam

A crisis develops as two American ships, the Maddox and the C. Turner Joy, are attacked without provocation by Communist PT-Boats while patrolling international waters in the Gulf of Tonkin off North Vietnam. The U.S. declares it an unwarranted act of aggression and retaliates by sending war planes from two carriers on 64 sorties against North Vietnamese PT bases, damaging 25 of their boats as well as their oil reserves. U.S. military advisers in South Vietnam already number 21.000; now the forces will be increased still further, along with air support. President Johnson speaks to the nation to announce U.S. action. he reaffirms commitment to the people of South Vietnam while stating "we seek no wider war". Ambassador Adlai Stevenson reports the North Vietnamese attacks to the United Nations and reiterates the U.S. position expressed by the President.

36:37 President Inspects Damage Wrought By Hurricane "Dora"

As one of the worst hurricanes ever to hit southern U.S. blows itself out, the people of Florida and Georgia tally more than $200.000.000 in damages. President Johnson flies down from Washington to make a personal inspection of the devastation from Jacksonville Beach, Florida to San Simon Island, Georgia. He has promised government aid by declaring the affected sections disaster areas.

38:07 Miss America 1965

The annual Atlantic City contest of American beauties picks Miss Arizona, Vonda Kay Van Dyke, as the queen who will reign in the coming year.

39:26 First Legalised United States Sweepstakes

The small town of Salem, New Hampshire goes down in history as the scene of the first legalized sweepstakes in the United States, which raised two-and-a-half million dollars for the New Hampshire educational system.

40:35 November Election Results: Johnson Landslide

President Lyndon Baines Johnson swamps Senator Barry Goldwater to be elected 36th President of the United States. Sixty-eight million people go to the polls to choose the man who will lead them during the next four year. Mr. Johnson receives more than 61 % of the popular vote and 486 electoral votes versus Senator Goldwater's 52. It is an election that has political scientists wondering. Party lines were crossed, some local candidates ran ahead of the national ticket, split tickets were common. For the first time since 1800, Washington, D.C. citizens are permitted to participate in the voting. The Kennedys apparently still have great appeal for the public. Despite being labeled a "carpetbagger" by the opposition, Robert F. Kennedy, who resigned as Attorney General to run in New York, is elected Senator defeating the popular incumbent Kenneth Keating. His brother, Edward "Ted" Kennedy, is re-elected Senator from Massachusetts, retaining the seat once held by John F. Kennedy. But Pierre Salinger, former White House Press Secretary, goes down to defeat at the hand of GOP candidate George Murphy in california.

45:40 Princeton Blanks Howard

Princeton's unbeaten eleven takes on Harvard at the Tiger home ground and wins. 16 to 0, to remain undefeated.

46:40 Japanese Students Riot Over Visit Of U.S.Submarines

Japanese students and leftist organizations turn out 8.000 strong for one of their favorite outdoor sports - a demonstration. This time, on the eve of a new Premier taking office, they clash with the police as they protest the visits of U.lS. nuclear submarines to Japanese bases, fearing it foreshadows nuclear bases in Japan.

47:54 Berlin Wall Opens

Frog-shrouded Berlin is a bright place as the Wall of Shame is opened for visits from both the East and the West. Thousends wait at the barrier in West Berlin, the vanguarad of 120.000 who visit East Berlin in four days reuniting many families who have been separated since the Soviets divided the city in 1961. Meanwhile, the East German Communists have allowed the elderly and the ill into West Germany, but significantly, no able-bodied workers are allowed to enter.

49:52 Holiday Magic

It's December 1964 - time for a holiday special. So "The Look-Again Look" presents next year's fashion trends as predicted by McCall's magazine - and makes the pages spring to life. In full color!

Universal Newsreel 1964

02:30 US Tests The Giant Saturn Rocket

The United States launched the rocket whose one-and-a-half million pounds of thrust is designed to carry aloft the Apollo capsule bearing a man to the moon within the next few years. The mighty Saturn, 16 stories in heighk is launched from Cape Kennedy and for the first time in the space race the United States has surpassed Russia. The rocket and payload total 562 tons and the 20.000 pound that is put into orbit is, by far, the heaviest space vehicle ever launched successfully.

04:26 First Wheat Shipment To Russia

The first grain to be shipped to the Soviet Union under the $250.000.000 deal negotiated last Fall is loaded in Norfork, Va. Russia has contracted to buy 148.000.000 bushels and her satellites more millions of bushels.

05:00 Hat Styles Bring A Breath Of Spring

Models display the newest fashions in readiness for the Easter Parade.

06:05 Cyprus Crisis: Allies Seek To End Turkish-Greek Feud

The tinderbox that is Cyprus threatens to erupt into a full-scale war. Greek students demonstrate against British and United States proposals that a force of NATO troops help maintain a truce between Greeks and Turks. They demand that the UN take control. The Western powers are leery of a UN force that would give the Russians a voice. Bombings and murders are rife as the island verges on international conflict.

07:23 The Beatles Invade The United States

The quartet of Liverpudlians that has revolutionized the music scene in Britain arrives for their first American tour - and teen-age fans arrive in hordes to greet their idols.

08:26 The Winter Olympics

The Innsbruck games see many of the favorites upset. Canada's 4-man bobsled team gets a surprise win over the Austrians. In the Men's slalom, Austria captures the Gold - but Billy Kidd and Jimmy Heuga take the Silver and Bronze for the U.S. France's champion bows to a "dark horse" from Germany in figure-skating - and 14-year-old Scott Allen from the U.S. wins the hearts of the spectators and takes a Bronze.

10:44 Academy Award Night In Hollywood

Sidney Poitier becomes the fist black to win Best Actor Award. Other Oscars go to Patricia Neal for Best Actress and "Tom Jones" for Best Picture.

12:20 New York City Gets New Sports Stadium

A new stadium, named for William A. Shea, the man who was instrumental in its construction, is dedicated in Flushing Meadow, N.Y. Shea Stadium will be the home of the New York Mets during the baseball season, and its modern design will swing moveable seats into place for the football season when it will house the New York jets.

13:07 Bicycle Races Challenge Europeans

In France and Spain dedicated cyclists compete in gruelling courses - by pedal in France and by motor power in Spain.

14:08 President Forecasts Booming Prosperity

President Lyndon Johnson is predicting a 30 billion dollar profit for American business this year.

14:46 Championship Teams Keeps On Winning

The Boston Celtics prove their dominance in basketball by winning the NBA title for the sixth time in a row. And the Toronto Maple Leafs skate off with ice hockey's Stanley Cup for the third consecutive year.

17:06 NATO Nations Meet In Holland

The 15 nations of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization meet for their Spring session, with Secretary of State Dean Rusk representing the U.S. Problems on the agenda for them to tackle are the stormy situation in Cyprus and President De Gaulle's insistence that French troopsbe placed under French command.

17:58 The Super-Plane Of Tomorrow

The B-70, a 2,000-mile-an-hour bomber that is expected to speed up the production of a new supersonic airliner, is unveiled for the first time. The 6-engine-plane has such a radical design that 1,000 patents have been issued to its builders. It will have a range of 6,000 miles and is scheduled for its test flight this summer.

18:43 Two Movie Greats Together Again

There's a gala party for two favorite stars - Barbara Stanwyck and Robert Taylor - who are being reunited in a new chiller, "The Night Walker".

19:26 New Invention

Aviation pioneer, Major Alexander P. de Seversky, reveals his new invention, the "ionocraft", a flying platform designed to perform many functions sixty miles above the earth.

20:14 Around The World In 56 Days

Miss Joan Merriam lands in California, completing a solo flight around the world which retraced the route taken by Amelia Earhart when she was lost over the Pacific.

21:00 Civil Rights Act Of 1964

Congress passes the most sweeping Civil Rights Bill ever to be written into law. Five hours after the House votes on the measure, President Johnson signs in into law before an audience of legislators and Civil Rights leaders at the White House. He calls it "a turning point in history" and uses a hundred pens to affix his signature. Following tradition the pens are distributed by the President to government leaders and other notables present including the Reverend Martin Luther King, Attorney General Robert Kennedy, Hubert Humphrey and Everett Dirksen.

23:59 Wimbledon Tennis Finals

Roy Emerson of Australia defeats his countryman Fred Stole in the men's singles, winning the crown he has sought for nine years. In the women's singles, Brazil's Maria Bueno, 1959 and 1960 champion, defeats defending title holder Margaret Smith of Australia in a stunning comeback.

25:10 Sports Highlights of 1964

Exciting performances mark the year in sports...At the Olympic Games in Japan, swimmer Don Schollander and sprinter Bob Hayes gain Gold Metals for the U.S....The St.Louis Cardinals shut out the N.Y.Yankees in the final game of the World Series to win their first championship

since 1946...Crack driver A.J. Foyt captures another record in the Indianapolis 500, a race marred by the death of two drivers in an early pile-up...Rated as one of the greatest horses of all time, 7-year-old Kelso winds up his career in style by winning the Washington, D.C. International... The U.S. yacht Constellation defeats the British Sovereign in 4 straight races to retain the America's Cup.

31:00 United States Bolsters Forces In Vietnam

A crisis develops as two American ships, the Maddox and the C. Turner Joy, are attacked without provocation by Communist PT-Boats while patrolling international waters in the Gulf of Tonkin off North Vietnam. The U.S. declares it an unwarranted act of aggression and retaliates by sending war planes from two carriers on 64 sorties against North Vietnamese PT bases, damaging 25 of their boats as well as their oil reserves. U.S. military advisers in South Vietnam already number 21.000; now the forces will be increased still further, along with air support. President Johnson speaks to the nation to announce U.S. action. he reaffirms commitment to the people of South Vietnam while stating "we seek no wider war". Ambassador Adlai Stevenson reports the North Vietnamese attacks to the United Nations and reiterates the U.S. position expressed by the President.

36:37 President Inspects Damage Wrought By Hurricane "Dora"

As one of the worst hurricanes ever to hit southern U.S. blows itself out, the people of Florida and Georgia tally more than $200.000.000 in damages. President Johnson flies down from Washington to make a personal inspection of the devastation from Jacksonville Beach, Florida to San Simon Island, Georgia. He has promised government aid by declaring the affected sections disaster areas.

38:07 Miss America 1965

The annual Atlantic City contest of American beauties picks Miss Arizona, Vonda Kay Van Dyke, as the queen who will reign in the coming year.

39:26 First Legalised United States Sweepstakes

The small town of Salem, New Hampshire goes down in history as the scene of the first legalized sweepstakes in the United States, which raised two-and-a-half million dollars for the New Hampshire educational system.

40:35 November Election Results: Johnson Landslide

President Lyndon Baines Johnson swamps Senator Barry Goldwater to be elected 36th President of the United States. Sixty-eight million people go to the polls to choose the man who will lead them during the next four year. Mr. Johnson receives more than 61 % of the popular vote and 486 electoral votes versus Senator Goldwater's 52. It is an election that has political scientists wondering. Party lines were crossed, some local candidates ran ahead of the national ticket, split tickets were common. For the first time since 1800, Washington, D.C. citizens are permitted to participate in the voting. The Kennedys apparently still have great appeal for the public. Despite being labeled a "carpetbagger" by the opposition, Robert F. Kennedy, who resigned as Attorney General to run in New York, is elected Senator defeating the popular incumbent Kenneth Keating. His brother, Edward "Ted" Kennedy, is re-elected Senator from Massachusetts, retaining the seat once held by John F. Kennedy. But Pierre Salinger, former White House Press Secretary, goes down to defeat at the hand of GOP candidate George Murphy in california.

45:40 Princeton Blanks Howard

Princeton's unbeaten eleven takes on Harvard at the Tiger home ground and wins. 16 to 0, to remain undefeated.

46:40 Japanese Students Riot Over Visit Of U.S.Submarines

Japanese students and leftist organizations turn out 8.000 strong for one of their favorite outdoor sports - a demonstration. This time, on the eve of a new Premier taking office, they clash with the police as they protest the visits of U.lS. nuclear submarines to Japanese bases, fearing it foreshadows nuclear bases in Japan.

47:54 Berlin Wall Opens

Frog-shrouded Berlin is a bright place as the Wall of Shame is opened for visits from both the East and the West. Thousends wait at the barrier in West Berlin, the vanguarad of 120.000 who visit East Berlin in four days reuniting many families who have been separated since the Soviets divided the city in 1961. Meanwhile, the East German Communists have allowed the elderly and the ill into West Germany, but significantly, no able-bodied workers are allowed to enter.

49:52 Holiday Magic

It's December 1964 - time for a holiday special. So "The Look-Again Look" presents next year's fashion trends as predicted by McCall's magazine - and makes the pages spring to life. In full color!

1961-1963 A

1961/01/05 U.S. Breaks Relations With Cuba DESCRIPTION:

00:00:00

(1) Castro military parade in Cuba to mark his 2nd anniversary; Ike broke off diplomatic relations; Hagerty speaks

00:01:13

(2) "Threat To Peace. World Watches Crisis In Laos" - fighting intensifies in buffer state Laos, government troops oust rebels (partial newsreel) SOURCE: 200 Universal 34-3 National Archives, College Park MD

1961/01/23 Inauguration. Kennedy Sworn In, New Era Begins DESCRIPTION:

00:02:26

(1) JFK in Oval Office, goes to inauguration, sits with Ike in stand, LBJ sworn in as VP by Sam Rayburn, JFK sworn in by Chief Justice Warren, JFK speaks "let the Word go forth ... torch been passed .. proud of our ancient heritage ... committted today at home and around the world ... to our sister republics south of the border in a new alliance of progress join with them to oppose subversion anywhere in the Americas" - lunch in the Capital - procession to the White House riding in car, watch parade ended by replica of PT boat on float; night inaugural balls with Jackie (complete newsreel) SOURCE: 200 Universal 34-8 National Archives, College Park MD

1961/02/09 NATO War Games. Germany Is Stage For Big Winter Maneuvers DESCRIPTION:

00:08:27

(1) NATO maneuvers and war games in West Germany, helicopters land troops, march in snow, Honest John missile fired; tanks fire; drone target plane drops to ground (partial newsreel) SOURCE: 200 Universal 34-13 National Archives, College Park MD

1961/03/13 Peace Corps. Kennedy Outlines Global Program DESCRIPTION:

00:09:44

(1) American exchange students already overseas helping with construction projects; JFK speaks about the Peace Corps (partial newsreel) SOURCE: 200 Universal 34-22 National Archives, College Park MD

1961/03/20 Kasavubu Hailed. Congo Federation Plan Target Of Controversy DESCRIPTION:

00:12:31

(1) Red China rally in Peking in protest of death of Lumumba in Congo, "giant propaganda shows" against UN (partial newsreel) SOURCE: 200 Universal 34-24 National Archives, College Park MD

1961/03/27 Laos Crisis. Kennedy-Gromyko Voice Peace Hopes DESCRIPTION:

00:13:51

(1) Laos crisis brings Macmillan to meet JFK; Gromyko arrives at White House, pose with JFK, Gromyko speaks to the press in Russian, translated into English, speaks about Laos and policy of neutrality; Gromyko responds in English to reporters questions (partial newsreel) SOURCE: 200 Universal 34-26 National Archives, College Park MD

1961/04/06 Anglo-U.S. Amity. U.S.-British Pledge United Front DESCRIPTION:

00:14:25

(1) At White House, Macmillan meets with JFK; Wise Men pose

00:17:58

(2) Soviet films of rocket test, animals, mice, dogs; capsule parachutes to ground; high altitude test only, not space orbit

00:18:49

(3) Siberia visited by Khrushchev, given sheep, corn

00:19:48

(4) B-47 bomber test of remote control system

00:20:53

(5) Bonx Zoo

00:21:43

(6) Sports - Germany vs Holland women's soccer (complete newsreel) SOURCE: 200 Universal 34-29 National Archives, College Park MD

1961/04/13 Cosmos Pioneer. Soviets Orbit Man In Space DESCRIPTION:

00:23:22

(1) JFK speaks (but no pictures of Gagarin)

00:23:53 (2) Eichmann trial for Holocaust crimes; judges speak indictments as Eichmann listens (partial newsreel) SOURCE: 200 Universal 34-31 National Archives, College Park MD

1961/04/19 First Pictures. Soviets Hail Space hero DESCRIPTION:

00:25:42

(1) Yuri Gagarin arrives at Moscow airport in his first public appearance, greeted by Khrushchev, hugged, then stands on Lenin's tomb

00:26:59

(2) Ike's return to Pennsylvania

00:27:27

(3) "Cuba Invaded. Foes of Castro Open Offensive" - B-26 used by Cuban pilots; landed in Florida; in Cuba, rocket shells shown; Adlai Stevenson in UN denies any aggression; Guatemala training base; Castro in Cuba (partial newsreel) SOURCE: 200 Universal 34-32, National Archives, College Park MD

1961/05/05 Reds Celebrate May Day DESCRIPTION:

00:29:34

(1) May Day parade in Moscow, Yuri Gagarin featured guest, on Kremlin stand with Khrushchev; Castro picture on float in parade (partial newsreel) SOURCE: 200 Universal 34-37 National Archives, College Park MD

1961/05/08 As World Watched. Spaceman Hailed After U.S. Triumph DESCRIPTION:

00:31:16

(1) Alan Shepard flight on Mercury, given medal by JFK at White House, Jackie had to remind him to pin the medal on, parade up Pennsylvania Ave, Shepard as "space pioneer" (partial newsreel) SOURCE: 200 Universal 34-38-1, National Archives, College Park MD

1961/05/11 Russia DESCRIPTION:

00:33:07

(1) Aviation display in Moscow, helicopter carries model of Gagrin spacecraft, new swept-wing bomber, jet fighter with rocket booster (partial newsreel) SOURCE: 200 Universal 34-39, National Archives, College Park MD

1961/08/07 Cosmonaut. Russian Orbits Globe17 Times DESCRIPTION:

00:33:59

(1) Titov returns from orbit, newspaper headlines, stock footage of rocket liftoff, recording equipment picked up Titov's voice, animation of space craft orbiting earth (partial newsreel) SOURCE: 200 Universal 34-64, National Archives, College Park MD

1961/08/31 World Shocked. Reds Threaten H-Bomb Tests DESCRIPTION:

00:35:13

(1) H-bomb explosion from stock footage, Adlai Stevenson speaks from UN, announcement is a "profound shock" and is "a dangerous tack"

00:36:32

(2) News in Brief story on Berlin, showing pictures of US soldiers and tanks and British troops who convoy boy going to school, building Berlin Wall, young couple waves from window (partial newsreel) SOURCE: 200 Universal 34-71, National Archives, College Park MD

1961/10/16 Civil Planes Grounded in Defense Alert DESCRIPTION:

00:38:21

(1) Civil Defense test closed airports for 12 hours, Operation Sky Shield

00:39:21

(2) "News in Brief" - Chiang Kai shek parade with rockets and soldiers, troops form sign of double 10 , in Nationalist China

00:40:12

(3) "France" - Shah of iran visits DeGaulle in France with wife, formal dinner (partial newsreel) SOURCE: 200 Universal 34-84, National Archives, College Park MD

1961/10/19 50 Megatons. U.S. Protests New Red Test DESCRIPTION:

00:41:02

(1) Russian H-bomb test announced by Khrushchev speech at 20th party congress; Dean Rusk speaks from UN that

00:42:35

(2) "Animal Corner" in Siberia (partial newsreel) SOURCE: 200 Universal 34-85, National Archives, College Park MD

1961/11/30 Chimp into space (no title, story begins without beginning) DESCRIPTION:

00:43:01

(1) Enos chimp prepared for space flight, rocket blastoff, capsule recovered, chimp examined in hospital

00:44:44

(2) "News in Brief - New Mexico" - at Carlsbad Caverns where nuclear bomb to be exploded, tunnel for Project Knome as prelim for Project Plowshare in future, "a major step in peaceful atomic use" (partial newsreel) SOURCE: 200 Universal 34-97, National Archives, College Park MD

1962/02/22 Space Triumph! Glenn Flight Thrills World DESCRIPTION:

00:45:49

(1) whole issue on Friendship 7 Mercury space flight of John Glenn; Glenn getting ready, puts on space suit, walks to launch pad, 6 am EST, 10 months after Gagarin, gets into his capsule on top Atlas missile, rocket blastoff, animation of capsule turning around, go for 7 orbits, "actual pictures of Glenn in the capsule" and animations of Glenn's orbit around earth, destroyer Noah lifts capsule aboard, Glenn rests and then lifted aboard helicopter for flight to carrier USS Randolph (complete newsreel) SOURCE: 200 Universal 35-17, National Archives, College Park MD

1962/03/22 Uneasy Peace. Algeria Tense Under Cease-Fire DESCRIPTION:

00:52:01

(1) Algeria rebels have signed peace with France, but right wing army still fighting

00:52:58

(2) Argentina election

00:53:49

(3) Jackie Kennedy rides elephant in India

00:54:21

(4) Russia trying to close access to West Berlin, U.S. army sends tanks on autobahn in Germany

00:55:18

(5) Fashions

00:56:17

(6) Skating world championships (complete newsreel) SOURCE: 200 Universal 35-25, National Archives, College Park MD

1962/07/12 A Day in History. Telstar Brings World Closer DESCRIPTION:

00:58:14

(1) Telstar satellite, 170 lbs, receives signal from Andover Maine, retransmit to Cornwall in Europe, launched on Delta rocket for ATT at cost of $50 million, pictures of ground station (either Maine or Cornwall), 1st TV pictures of dome at Andover transmitted (partial newsreel) SOURCE: 200 Universal 35-57, National Archives, College Park MD

SHOTLIST:

4:3 Anti-apartheid icon and former president Nelson Mandela has died

921113

AP TELEVISION

Qunu, Transkei, South Africa - 25 December 1995

++4:3++

1. Mandela . Close up of his finger pointing at a picture of him as a young man

++MUTE ++

BLACK AND WHITE

South Africa, 1960s - precise dates and locations unknown

++4:3++

2.1964 Rivonia trial of Nelson Mandela and seven ANC members ++please note contains a freeze frame++

Paarl, South Africa - 11 February 1990

++4:3++

3. Mandela raises clenched fist as he walks with Winnie Madikizela-Mandela

4:3 Anti-apartheid icon and former president Nelson Mandela has died

921114

AP TELEVISION

Soweto - 13 February 1990

++4:3++

4. Nelson Mandela singing national anthem with Walter Sisulu - clenched fist

Ulazi - 27 April 1994

++4:3++

5. Mandela putting ballot in box to cheers

Pretoria - 5 May 1994

++4:3++

6. Mid-shot Mandela takes oath of office

Hearse carrying Mandela's casket leaves military hospital en route to Union Buildings

922058

AP TELEVISION

Pretoria - 12 Dec 2013

7. Various of Mandela supporters singing and dancing outside military hospital

AP cover of ANC's farewell ceremony for Mandela; comments from Jesse Jackson

922414

AP TELEVISION

Pretoria - 14 Dec 2013

8. Wide interior of African National Congress (ANC) farewell ceremony for Nelson Mandela (++Audio glitch as incoming++)

9. Officials seated for ceremony including South African President Jacob Zuma, former South African President Thabo Mbeki, American Reverend and civil rights leader Jesse Jackson, Mandela's widow Graca Machel and former wife Winnie Madikizela-Mandela

Cortege carries Nelson Mandela's coffin from airport en route to burial ground

922430

AP TELEVISION

Mthatha - 14 Dec 2013

10. Wide pan as black Mercedes bearing Nelson Mandela's casket drives away from the airport

11. CS Mercedes enters town of Mthatha and crowd cheers loudly

Flame extinguished at Mandela museum, family friend on funeral service

922572

AP TELEVISION

Qunu - 15 Dec 2013

12. eternal flame at Nelson Mandela museum in Qunu being slowly extinguished as Mandela was being buried

13. Wide of funeral tent in distance , buses parked nearby

Mourners leave tributes outside Mandela's Houghton home as nation says farewell

922504

AP TELEVISION

Johannesburg - 15 Dec 2013

14. Pan right of flowers and tributes laid outside former South African President Nelson Mandela's home

15. Mid of women posing with portrait of Mandela

Mandela ceremony interpreter called a 'fake'

922004

AP TELEVISION

Soweto, South Africa - 10 December

16. Wide of FNB stadium interior during Nelson Mandela's memorial service

17. Mid of African National Congress deputy president Cyril Ramaphosa on stage during with sign language interpreter UPSOUND (English): "Former president FW de Klerk, leaders and excellencies of various countries who have come to South Africa, Mrs Graca Machel."

STORYLINE:

Nelson Mandela, who became one of the world's most beloved statesmen and a colossus of the 20th century when he emerged from 27 years in prison to negotiate an end to white minority rule in South Africa, died on Thursday, December 5th 2013. He was 95.

South African President Jacob Zuma made the announcement at a news conference late on December 5th, saying "we've lost our greatest son."

South Africa's first black president spent nearly one-third of his life as a prisoner of apartheid, the system of white racist rule that he described as evil, yet he sought to win over its defeated guardians in a relatively peaceful transition of power that inspired the world.

It was this generosity of spirit that made Mandela a global symbol of sacrifice and reconciliation in a world often jarred by conflict and division.

Mandela's stature as a fighter against white oppression and seeker of peace with his enemies was on a par with that of other men he admired: American civil rights activist Martin Luther King Jr. and Indian independence leader Mohandas K. Gandhi, both of whom were assassinated while actively engaged in their callings.

Mandela's death deprived the world of one of one of the great figures of modern history and set the stage for days of mourning and reflection about a colossus of the 20th century who projected astonishing grace, resolve and good humour.

At times, Mandela embraced his iconic status, appearing before a rapturous crowd in London's Wembley Stadium soon after his 1990 release from jail.

Sometimes, he sought to downplay it, uneasy about the perils of being put on a pedestal. In an unpublished manuscript, written while in prison, Mandela acknowledged that leaders of the anti-apartheid movement dominated the spotlight but said they were "only part of the story," and every activist was "like a brick which makes up our organisation."

He pondered the cost to his family of his dedication to the fight against the racist system of government that jailed him for 27 years and refused him permission to attend the funeral of his mother and of a son who was killed in a car crash.

In court, he described himself as "the loneliest man" during his mid-1990s divorce from Winnie Mandela.

As president, he could not forge lasting solutions to poverty, unemployment and other social ills that still plague today's South Africa, which has struggled to live up to its rosy depiction as the "Rainbow Nation."

He secured near-mythical status in his country and beyond. Last year, the South African central bank released new banknotes showing his face, a robust, smiling image of a man who was meticulous about his appearance and routinely exercised while in prison.

South Africa erected statues of him and named buildings and other places after him. He shared the 1993 Nobel Peace Prize with F. W. de Klerk, the country's last white president.

He was the subject of books, films and songs and a magnet for celebrities. In 2010, Mandela waved to the crowd at the Soccer City stadium at the closing ceremony of the World Cup, whose staging in South Africa allowed the country, and the continent, to shine internationally.

It was the last public appearance for the former president and prisoner, who smiled broadly and was bundled up against the cold.

One of the most memorable of his gestures toward racial harmony was the day in 1995 when he strode onto the field before the Rugby World Cup final in Johannesburg, and then again after the game, when he congratulated the home team for its victory over a tough New Zealand team.

Mandela was wearing South African colours and the overwhelmingly white crowd of 63,000 was on its feet, chanting "Nelson! Nelson! Nelson!"

It was typical of Mandela to march headlong into a bastion of white Afrikanerdom - in this case the temple of South African rugby - and make its followers feel they belonged in the new South Africa.

The moment was portrayed in "Invictus," Clint Eastwood's movie telling the story of South Africa's transformation through the prism of sport.

It was a moment half a century in the making. In the 1950s, Mandela sought universal rights through peaceful means but was sentenced to life imprisonment in 1964 for leading a campaign of sabotage against the government.

The speech he gave during that trial outlined his vision and resolve.

"During my lifetime I have dedicated myself to this struggle of the African people," Mandela said. "I have fought against white domination, and I have fought against black domination.

I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons live together in harmony and with equal opportunities. It is an ideal which I hope to live for and to achieve.

But if needs be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die." He was confined to the harsh Robben Island prison near Cape Town for most

of his time behind bars, then moved to jails on the mainland.

It was forbidden to quote him or publish his photo, yet he and other jailed members of his banned African National Congress were able to smuggle out messages of guidance to the anti-apartheid movement, and in the final stages of his confinement, he negotiated secretly with the apartheid leaders who recognised change was inevitable.

Thousands died, or were tortured or imprisoned in the decades-long struggle against apartheid, which deprived the black majority of the vote, the right to choose where to live and travel, and other basic freedoms.

So when inmate No. 46664 went free after 27 years, walking hand-in-hand with his wife Winnie out of a prison on the South African mainland, people worldwide rejoiced.

Mandela raised his right fist in triumph, and in his autobiography, "Long Walk to Freedom," he would write: "As I finally walked through those gates ... I felt - even at the age of seventy-one - that my life was beginning anew."

Mandela's release, rivaled the fall of the Berlin Wall just a few months earlier as a symbol of humanity's yearning for freedom, and his graying hair, raspy voice and colourful shirts made him a globally known figure.

Life, however, imposed new challenges on Mandela.

South Africa's white rulers had portrayed him as the spearhead of a communist revolution and insisted that black majority rule would usher in bloody chaos.

Thousands died in factional fighting in the runup to democratic elections in 1994, and Mandela accused the government of collusion in the

bloodshed.

But voting day, when long lines of voters waited patiently to cast ballots, passed peacefully, as did Mandela's inauguration as president.

"Never, never and never again shall it be that this beautiful land will again experience the oppression of one by another and suffer the indignity of being the skunk of the world," the new president said. "Let freedom reign. The sun shall never set on so glorious a human achievement! God bless Africa! Thank you."

Mandela also stood hand on heart, saluted by white generals as he sang along to two anthems now one: the apartheid-era Afrikaans "Die Stem," ("The Voice") and the African "Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika" ("Lord Bless Africa").

Since apartheid ended, South Africa has held four parliamentary elections and elected three presidents, always peacefully, setting an example on a continent where democracy is still new and fragile.

However, corruption scandals and other missteps under the ruling African National Congress, the liberation group once led by Mandela, have undercut some of the early promise.

President Jacob Zuma periodically observes that the South African white minority is far wealthier than the black majority, an imbalance that he regards as a vestige of the apartheid system that bestowed most economic benefits on whites.

When Mandela came to power, black South Africans anticipated quick fixes after being denied proper housing, schools and health care under apartheid.

The new government, however, embraced free-market policies to keep white-dominated big business on its side and attract foreign investment.

The policy averted the kind of economic deterioration that occurred in Zimbabwe after independence; South Africa, though, has one of the world's biggest gaps between rich and poor.

Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela was born July 18, 1918, the son of a tribal chief in Transkei, a Xhosa homeland that later became one of the "Bantustans" set up as independent republics by the apartheid regime to cement the separation of whites and blacks.

Mandela's royal upbringing gave him a regal bearing that became his hallmark. Many South Africans of all races would later call him by his clan name, Madiba, as a token of affection and respect.

Growing up at a time when virtually all of Africa was under European colonial rule, Mandela attended Methodist schools before being admitted to the black University of Fort Hare in 1938.

He was expelled two years later for his role in a student strike.

He moved to Johannesburg and worked as a policeman at a gold mine, boxed as an amateur heavyweight and studied law.

His first wife, nurse Evelyn Mase, bore him four children. A daughter died in infancy, a son was killed in a car crash in 1970 and another son died of AIDS in 2005. The couple divorced in 1957 and Evelyn died in 2004.

Mandela began his rise through the anti-apartheid movement in 1944, when he helped form the ANC Youth League.

He organised a campaign in 1952 to encourage defiance of laws that segregated schools, marriage, housing and job opportunities. The government retaliated by barring him from attending gatherings and leaving Johannesburg, the first of many "banning" orders he was to endure.

After a two-day nationwide strike was crushed by police, he and a small group of ANC colleagues decided on military action and Mandela pushed to form the movement's guerrilla wing, Umkhonto we Sizwe, or Spear of the Nation.

He was arrested in 1962 and sentenced to five years' hard labour for leaving the country illegally and inciting blacks to strike.

A year later, police uncovered the ANC's underground headquarters on a farm near Johannesburg and seized documents outlining plans for a guerrilla campaign.

At a time when African colonies were one by one becoming independent states, Mandela and seven co-defendants were sentenced to life in prison.

The ANC's armed wing was later involved in a series of high-profile bombings that killed civilians, and many in the white minority viewed the imprisoned Mandela as a terrorist. The apartheid government, meanwhile, was denounced globally for its campaign of beatings, assassinations and other violent attacks on opponents.

Even in numbing confinement, Mandela sought to flourish.

"Incidentally, you may find that the cell is an ideal place to learn to know yourself, to search realistically and regularly the process of your own mind and feelings," he wrote in 1975 to Winnie Mandela, a prominent activist in her own right who was in a separate jail at that time.

Mandela turned down conditional offers of freedom during his decades in prison. In 1989, P.W. Botha, South Africa's hard-line president, was replaced by de Klerk, who recognised apartheid's end was near. Mandela continued, even in his last weeks in prison, to advocate nationalising banks, mines and monopoly industries - a stance that frightened the white business community.

But talks were already underway, with Mandela being spirited out of prison to meet white government leaders. After his release, he took charge of the ANC, and was elected president in a landslide in South Africa's first all-race election.

Perceived successes during Mandela's tenure include the introduction of a constitution with robust protections for individual rights, and the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, which he established with his fellow Nobelist, Archbishop Desmond Tutu.

It allowed human rights offenders of all races to admit their crimes publicly in return for lenient treatment. Though not regarded as wholly successful, it proved to be a kind of national therapy that would become a model for other countries emerging from prolonged strife.

Despite his saintly image, Mandela was sometimes a harsh critic. When black journalists mildly criticised his government, he painted them as stooges of the whites who owned the media. Some whites with complaints were dismissed as pining for their old privileges.

In the buildup to the Iraq War, Mandela harshly rebuked President George W. Bush. "Why is the United States behaving so arrogantly?" he asked in a speech. "All that (Bush) wants is Iraqi oil."

He suggested Bush and then British Prime Minister Tony Blair were racists, and claimed America, "which has committed unspeakable atrocities in the world," had no moral standing.

Until Bush repealed the order in 2008, Mandela could not visit the U.S. without the secretary of state certifying that he was not a terrorist.

To critics of his closeness to Fidel Castro and Moammar Gadhafi despite human rights violations in the countries they ruled, Mandela explained that he wouldn't forsake supporters of the anti-apartheid struggle.

To the disappointment of many South Africans, he increasingly left the governing to Deputy President Thabo Mbeki, who won the next presidential election and took over when Mandela's term ended in 1999.

"I must step down while there are one or two people who admire me," Mandela joked at the time. When he retired, he said he was going to stand on a street with a sign that said: "Unemployed, no job. New wife and large family to support."

His marriage to Winnie had fallen apart after his release and he married Graca Machel, the widowed, former first lady of neighbouring Mozambique.

With apartheid vanquished, Mandela turned to peacemaking efforts in other parts of Africa and the world and eventually to fighting AIDS, publicly acknowledging that his own son, Makgatho, had died of the disease.

Mandela's final years were marked by frequent hospitalisations as he struggled with respiratory problems that had bothered him since he contracted tuberculosis in prison.

He stayed in his rural home in Qunu in Eastern Cape province, where Hillary Clinton, then U.S. secretary of state, visited him in 2012, but then moved full-time to his home in Johannesburg so he could be close to medical care in Pretoria, the capital.

He is survived by Machel; his daughter Makaziwe by his first marriage, and daughters Zindzi and Zenani by his second.

***

Nelson Mandela's casket was transported on December 12th from the military hospital in Pretoria to the Union Buildings, where it will lie in state for a second day.

Thousands queued on December 11th to pay their last respects to the anti-apartheid icon, who died last December 5th, aged 95.

Huge crowds were also expected to turn out on December 12th to bid farewell to the man many affectionately call by his clan name Madiba.

Mandela's body will also lie in state for a last day on December 13th.

On December 14th, Mandela's body will be flown to Qunu, his childhood home in the Eastern Cape Province.

He will be buried there on December 15th.

***

South Africa's governing political party held a farewell ceremony at an airbase in Pretoria on December 14th for Nelson Mandela before his casket was flown to Mthatha near his rural hometown of Qunu.

In a solemn ceremony broadcast live on South African television, the military handed Mandela's flag-draped coffin over to the African National Congress (ANC) - the liberation movement-turned ruling party that Mandela once headed.

The proceedings included a multi-faith service and speeches from two of Mandela's grandsons who thanked the ANC for honouring him after his death last week at the age of 95.

US civil rights leader Jesse Jackson was seated inside alongside Mandela's widow, Graca Machel, South African president Jacob Zuma and former South African President Thabo Mbeki.

Jackson described it as a "painful celebration" but said Mandela's accomplishments, philosophy and spirit would live on.

Having bid farewell to Mandela while he was lying in state in Pretoria, Jackson said that seeing white people line up for hours to see Mandela's body and cry demonstrated a "healing process in motion."

Jackson was flying to Qunu to attend the funeral. So, too, was ANC Youth League President Mzwandile Masina.

For Masina, the ANC must emulate Mandela and live by his ideals particularly to overcome the hard economic times the country is enduring.

Retired Major General Keith Mokoape is a former Chief of Military of the MK, the ANC's armed military unit that was co-founded by Mandela.

He lived for years in exile in Zambia during the worst of the Apartheid years while fighting to overthrow white rule in South Africa.

Now he is celebrating the life of Mandela saying that the nation is left with a heavy legacy "attempting to fit into his very, very big shoes."

Mandela's flag-draped coffin was accompanied by a military honour guard as it was slowly transferred onto a military plane for transport to the Eastern Cape.

It is expected to arrive at Mthatha on December 14th, greeted by a full military ceremony, before being taken by motorcade to Qunu.

***

Soldiers saluted and crowds cheered loudly as a hearse bearing the body of Nelson Mandela drove from a small airport in the Eastern Cape towards his home village on December 14th.

Crowds lined the streets of Mthatha to view the cortege as it made its way to Qunu where the anti-apartheid icon will be buried on December 15th.

Mandela had longed to spend his final months in his beloved rural village but instead he had spent them in a hospital in Pretoria and then in his home in Johannesburg where he had remained in critical condition, suffering from lung problems and other ailments, until his death on December 5th.

Mandela had been imprisoned for 27 years for opposing racist apartheid and emerged in 1990 to forge a new democratic South Africa by promoting forgiveness and reconciliation.

He became president in 1994 after South Africa's first all-race democratic elections.

***

Bayanda Nyengule, the head of the Nelson Mandela Museum in Qunu, said on December 15th that the sight of Mandela's coffin being lowered into the ground hit him hard.

Nyengule was was one of those who attended the private burial in Qunu, the rural village in eastern South Africa that was Mandela's childhood home.

"I realised that the old man is no more, no more with us," Nyengule said.

As mourners began to leave after the funeral, a friend of the Mandela family who had been present at the service said she was also struck by the sight of the casket being lowered into the earth.

"The whole week, we've been celebrating his life but today after that speech from Kathrada and just watching that coffin going down, being lowered into the ground, was... I don't know, that's when reality sort of hit that he's really gone," said Thato Pekeche.

South African television showed Mandela's casket at the family gravesite, but the broadcast went to a different scene just before the coffin was lowered at the request of the Mandela family.

It was South Africa's final goodbye to the man who reconciled the country in its most volatile period.

Earlier, more than 4,000 gathered for a funeral service in a huge tent at the family compound.

***

Mourners left tributes on December 15th outside the family home of Nelson Mandela in the Houghton neighbourhood of Johannesburg, as the funeral service for the late anti-apartheid leader was being held in his birth village of Qunu, a rural village in the Eastern Cape province.

The burial at a family grave site on the estate in Qunu will end 10 days of mourning ceremonies that included a massive stadium memorial in Johannesburg and three days during which Mandela's body lay in state in the capital, Pretoria.

Outside his Houghton family home, people laid flowers, lit candles and left messages of tribute to honour the anti-apartheid leader.

"We have been through a slight phase of euphoria celebrating Madiba's life," said Adale Gluckman, one mourner outside Mandela's family home, referring to the past days of celebration for Mandela.

"But today is a day for reflection, a day for togetherness, and a day for... well it's a beautiful day so any beautiful thoughts and beautiful memories," Gluckman added.

Mandela's casket arrived at the family compound from the capital on Saturday. It was accompanied by an enormous convoy of police, military and other vehicles.

***

The man who appeared to provide sign language interpretation on stage for Nelson Mandela's memorial service on December 12th was a "fake" according to the Deaf Federation of South Africa.

The unidentified man seen on televisions around the world next to leaders including United States President Barack Obama "didn't sign anything, he just did these funny movements," said Ingrid Parkin, principal of the St. Vincent School for the Deaf in Johannesburg,

She said she received complaints about it from the deaf community from around the world.

Watching Cyril Ramaphosa's speech again on December 11th, Parkin explained what the sign language should have looked like.

According to Parkin the man on stage wasn't a qualified sign language interpreter:

"It's absolutely impossible that he is any kind of interpreter or a language person at all, because he's not even using a language there."

Rumours spread that the interpreter used a different African language while interpreting, but the Deaf Federation of South Africa said that is impossible.

"In South Africa we have many deaf people. And we know that there are many deaf people who maybe use different signs. But there's no sign language for Afrikaans or for Zulu, or Xhosa or for Sotho or Ndebele, when we all come together we use one South African sign language," said the Federation's national director Bruno Druchen.

The man also did sign interpretation at an event last year that was attended by South African President Jacob Zuma, Druchen said.

At that appearance, a deaf person in the audience videotaped the event and gave it to the federation for the deaf, which analysed the video, prepared a report

about it and a submitted a formal complaint to the governing African National Congress (ANC) party, Druchen said.

He said that the ANC never responded and a fresh complaint will now be filed to the ANC about the interpreter.

The allegation was yet another example of bad organisation at the historic memorial service December 10th, which was marred by public transportation breakdowns that hindered mourners from getting to the soccer stadium venue.

In addition a faulty audio system made the remarks of world leaders inaudible for many, and police failed to search the first wave of crowds who rushed inside the stadium after authorities opened the gates just after dawn.

Nelson Mandela, who became one of the world's most beloved statesmen and a colossus of the 20th century when he emerged from 27 years in prison to negotiate an end to white minority rule in South Africa, died on Thursday, 5 December.

He was 95.

South African President Jacob Zuma made the announcement at a news conference late Thursday, saying "we've lost our greatest son."

South Africa's first black president spent nearly one-third of his life as a prisoner of apartheid, the system of white racist rule that he described as evil, yet he sought to win over its defeated guardians in a relatively peaceful transition of power that inspired the world.

It was this generosity of spirit that made Mandela a global symbol of sacrifice and reconciliation in a world often jarred by conflict and division.

Mandela's stature as a fighter against white oppression and seeker of peace with his enemies was on a par with that of other men he admired: American civil rights activist Martin Luther King Jr. and Indian independence leader Mohandas K. Gandhi, both of whom were assassinated while actively engaged in their callings.

Mandela's death deprived the world of one of one of the great figures of modern history and set the stage for days of mourning and reflection about a colossus of the 20th century who projected astonishing grace, resolve and good humour.

At times, Mandela embraced his iconic status, appearing before a rapturous crowd in London's Wembley Stadium soon after his 1990 release from jail.

Sometimes, he sought to downplay it, uneasy about the perils of being put on a pedestal. In an unpublished manuscript, written while in prison, Mandela acknowledged that leaders of the anti-apartheid movement dominated the spotlight but said they were "only part of the story," and every activist was "like a brick which makes up our organisation."

He pondered the cost to his family of his dedication to the fight against the racist system of government that jailed him for 27 years and refused him permission to attend the funeral of his mother and of a son who was killed in a car crash.

In court, he described himself as "the loneliest man" during his mid-1990s divorce from Winnie Mandela.

As president, he could not forge lasting solutions to poverty, unemployment and other social ills that still plague today's South Africa, which has struggled to live up to its rosy depiction as the "Rainbow Nation."

He secured near-mythical status in his country and beyond. Last year, the South African central bank released new banknotes showing his face, a robust, smiling image of a man who was meticulous about his appearance and routinely exercised while in prison.

South Africa erected statues of him and named buildings and other places after him. He shared the 1993 Nobel Peace Prize with F. W. de Klerk, the country's last white president.

He was the subject of books, films and songs and a magnet for celebrities. In 2010, Mandela waved to the crowd at the Soccer City stadium at the closing ceremony of the World Cup, whose staging in South Africa allowed the country, and the continent, to shine internationally.

It was the last public appearance for the former president and prisoner, who smiled broadly and was bundled up against the cold.

One of the most memorable of his gestures toward racial harmony was the day in 1995 when he strode onto the field before the Rugby World Cup final in Johannesburg, and then again after the game, when he congratulated the home team for its victory over a tough New Zealand team.

Mandela was wearing South African colours and the overwhelmingly white crowd of 63,000 was on its feet, chanting "Nelson! Nelson! Nelson!"

It was typical of Mandela to march headlong into a bastion of white Afrikanerdom - in this case the temple of South African rugby - and make its followers feel they belonged in the new South Africa.

The moment was portrayed in "Invictus," Clint Eastwood's movie telling the story of South Africa's transformation through the prism of sport.

It was a moment half a century in the making. In the 1950s, Mandela sought universal rights through peaceful means but was sentenced to life imprisonment in 1964 for leading a campaign of sabotage against the government.

The speech he gave during that trial outlined his vision and resolve.

"During my lifetime I have dedicated myself to this struggle of the African people," Mandela said. "I have fought against white domination, and I have fought against black domination.

I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons live together in harmony and with equal opportunities. It is an ideal which I hope to live for and to achieve.

But if needs be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die." He was confined to the harsh Robben Island prison near Cape Town for most

of his time behind bars, then moved to jails on the mainland.

It was forbidden to quote him or publish his photo, yet he and other jailed members of his banned African National Congress were able to smuggle out messages of guidance to the anti-apartheid movement, and in the final stages of his confinement, he negotiated secretly with the apartheid leaders who recognised change was inevitable.

Thousands died, or were tortured or imprisoned in the decades-long struggle against apartheid, which deprived the black majority of the vote, the right to choose where to live and travel, and other basic freedoms.

So when inmate No. 46664 went free after 27 years, walking hand-in-hand with his wife Winnie out of a prison on the South African mainland, people worldwide rejoiced.

Mandela raised his right fist in triumph, and in his autobiography, "Long Walk to Freedom," he would write: "As I finally walked through those gates ... I felt - even at the age of seventy-one - that my life was beginning anew."

Mandela's release, rivaled the fall of the Berlin Wall just a few months earlier as a symbol of humanity's yearning for freedom, and his graying hair, raspy voice and colourful shirts made him a globally known figure.

Life, however, imposed new challenges on Mandela.

South Africa's white rulers had portrayed him as the spearhead of a communist revolution and insisted that black majority rule would usher in bloody chaos.

Thousands died in factional fighting in the runup to democratic elections in 1994, and Mandela accused the government of collusion in the

bloodshed.

But voting day, when long lines of voters waited patiently to cast ballots, passed peacefully, as did Mandela's inauguration as president.

"Never, never and never again shall it be that this beautiful land will again experience the oppression of one by another and suffer the indignity of being the skunk of the world," the new president said. "Let freedom reign. The sun shall never set on so glorious a human achievement! God bless Africa! Thank you."

Mandela also stood hand on heart, saluted by white generals as he sang along to two anthems now one: the apartheid-era Afrikaans "Die Stem," ("The Voice") and the African "Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika" ("Lord Bless Africa").

Since apartheid ended, South Africa has held four parliamentary elections and elected three presidents, always peacefully, setting an example on a continent where democracy is still new and fragile.

However, corruption scandals and other missteps under the ruling African National Congress, the liberation group once led by Mandela, have undercut some of the early promise.

President Jacob Zuma periodically observes that the South African white minority is far wealthier than the black majority, an imbalance that he regards as a vestige of the apartheid system that bestowed most economic benefits on whites.

When Mandela came to power, black South Africans anticipated quick fixes after being denied proper housing, schools and health care under apartheid.

The new government, however, embraced free-market policies to keep white-dominated big business on its side and attract foreign investment.

The policy averted the kind of economic deterioration that occurred in Zimbabwe after independence; South Africa, though, has one of the world's biggest gaps between rich and poor.

Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela was born July 18, 1918, the son of a tribal chief in Transkei, a Xhosa homeland that later became one of the

"Bantustans" set up as independent republics by the apartheid regime to cement the separation of whites and blacks.

Mandela's royal upbringing gave him a regal bearing that became his hallmark. Many South Africans of all races would later call him by his clan name, Madiba, as a token of affection and respect.

Growing up at a time when virtually all of Africa was under European colonial rule, Mandela attended Methodist schools before being admitted to the black University of Fort Hare in 1938.

He was expelled two years later for his role in a student strike.

He moved to Johannesburg and worked as a policeman at a gold mine, boxed as an amateur heavyweight and studied law.

His first wife, nurse Evelyn Mase, bore him four children. A daughter died in infancy, a son was killed in a car crash in 1970 and another son died of AIDS in 2005. The couple divorced in 1957 and Evelyn died in 2004.

Mandela began his rise through the anti-apartheid movement in 1944, when he helped form the ANC Youth League.

He organised a campaign in 1952 to encourage defiance of laws that segregated schools, marriage, housing and job opportunities. The government retaliated by barring him from attending gatherings and leaving Johannesburg, the first of many "banning" orders he was to endure.

After a two-day nationwide strike was crushed by police, he and a small group of ANC colleagues decided on military action and Mandela pushed to form the movement's guerrilla wing, Umkhonto we Sizwe, or Spear of the Nation.

He was arrested in 1962 and sentenced to five years' hard labour for leaving the country illegally and inciting blacks to strike.

A year later, police uncovered the ANC's underground headquarters on a farm near Johannesburg and seized documents outlining plans for a guerrilla campaign.

At a time when African colonies were one by one becoming independent states, Mandela and seven co-defendants were sentenced to life in prison.

The ANC's armed wing was later involved in a series of high-profile bombings that killed civilians, and many in the white minority viewed the

imprisoned Mandela as a terrorist. The apartheid government, meanwhile, was denounced globally for its campaign of beatings, assassinations and other violent attacks on opponents.

Even in numbing confinement, Mandela sought to flourish.

"Incidentally, you may find that the cell is an ideal place to learn to know yourself, to search realistically and regularly the process of your own mind and feelings," he wrote in 1975 to Winnie Mandela, a prominent activist in her own right who was in a separate jail at that time.

Mandela turned down conditional offers of freedom during his decades in prison. In 1989, P.W. Botha, South Africa's hard-line president, was replaced by de Klerk, who recognised apartheid's end was near. Mandela continued, even in his last weeks in prison, to advocate nationalising banks, mines and monopoly industries - a stance that frightened the white business community.

But talks were already underway, with Mandela being spirited out of prison to meet white government leaders. After his release, he took charge of the ANC, and was elected president in a landslide in South Africa's first all-race election.

Perceived successes during Mandela's tenure include the introduction of a constitution with robust protections for individual rights, and the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, which he established with his fellow Nobelist, Archbishop Desmond Tutu.

It allowed human rights offenders of all races to admit their crimes publicly in return for lenient treatment. Though not regarded as wholly successful, it proved to be a kind of national therapy that would become a model for other countries emerging from prolonged strife.

Despite his saintly image, Mandela was sometimes a harsh critic. When black journalists mildly criticised his government, he painted them as stooges of the whites who owned the media. Some whites with complaints were dismissed as pining for their old privileges.

In the buildup to the Iraq War, Mandela harshly rebuked President George W. Bush. "Why is the United States behaving so arrogantly?" he asked in a speech. "All that (Bush) wants is Iraqi oil."

He suggested Bush and then British Prime Minister Tony Blair were racists, and claimed America, "which has committed unspeakable atrocities in the world," had no moral standing.

Until Bush repealed the order in 2008, Mandela could not visit the U.S. without the secretary of state certifying that he was not a terrorist.

To critics of his closeness to Fidel Castro and Moammar Gadhafi despite human rights violations in the countries they ruled, Mandela explained that he wouldn't forsake supporters of the anti-apartheid struggle.

To the disappointment of many South Africans, he increasingly left the governing to Deputy President Thabo Mbeki, who won the next presidential election and took over when Mandela's term ended in 1999.

"I must step down while there are one or two people who admire me," Mandela joked at the time. When he retired, he said he was going to stand on a street with a sign that said: "Unemployed, no job. New wife and large family to support."

His marriage to Winnie had fallen apart after his release and he married Graca Machel, the widowed, former first lady of neighbouring Mozambique.

With apartheid vanquished, Mandela turned to peacemaking efforts in other parts of Africa and the world and eventually to fighting AIDS, publicly acknowledging that his own son, Makgatho, had died of the disease.

Mandela's final years were marked by frequent hospitalisations as he struggled with respiratory problems that had bothered him since he contracted tuberculosis in prison.

He stayed in his rural home in Qunu in Eastern Cape province, where Hillary Clinton, then U.S. secretary of state, visited him in 2012, but then moved full-time to his home in Johannesburg so he could be close to medical care in Pretoria, the capital.

He is survived by Machel; his daughter Makaziwe by his first marriage, and daughters Zindzi and Zenani by his second.

POOL

London, UK - 29 August 2007

++4:3++

1. Wide of the ceremony of unveiling of Mandela statue in London

2. Close up of Mandela

3. Wide of statue being unveiled in Parliament Square

4. SOUNDBITE (English) Nelson Mandela, former South African president and Nobel laureate:

"When Oliver Tambo (fellow anti-apartheid leader) and I visited Westminster Abbey and Parliament Square in 1962, we half-joked that we hoped that one day a statue of a black person would be erected here." UPSOUND of applause

5. Mandela's wife Graca Machel smiling and clapping

AP TELEVISION

Johannesburg, South Africa - 27 October 2007

++4:3++

6. Mandela wearing the South African Rugby team strip walking in to Nelson Mandela Foundation to meet the Springboks after they won the 2007 Rugby World Cup

7. Cutaway of photographer

8. Close up of Mandela's face

9. Mandela and Jake White, Captain of the Springboks holding the Web Ellis Trophy

10. Various of Mandela with the team holding the trophy

UK POOL

London, UK - 25 June 2008

++4:3++

11. Various of Nelson Mandela and his wife meeting Queen Elizabeth II at Buckingham Palace

UK POOL

London, UK - 26 June 2008

++4:3++

12. Left to right: Chelsea Clinton, British Prime Minister Gordon Brown, former US President Bill Clinton, Sarah Brown (Brown's wife), sitting down: Graca Machel (Mandela's wife), Nelson Mandela ++MUTE++

13. SOUNDBITE: (English) Nelson Mandela, former South African president, Nobel laureate:

"We warned against the invasion of Iraq and observed the terrible suffering in that country. We watch with sadness the continuing tragedy in Darfur. Nearer to home, we have seen the outbreak of violence against fellow Africans in our own country and the tragic failure of leadership in our neighbouring Zimbabwe." (applause)

UK POOL

London, UK - 27 June 2008

++4:3++

14. Wide of crowd at concert held for Nelson Mandela's 90th birthday

15. Will Smith on stage at concert UPSOUND "Ladies and gentlemen, the one the only, the birthday boy, Nelson Mandela"

16. Crowd clapping

17. Mandela walking out on the stage

18. Wide of stage

19. Nelson Mandela approaching podium

20. Woman holding up banner

21. Mandela struggling to get to podium

22. SOUNDBITE (English) Nelson Mandela, former South African president, Nobel laureate:

++contains cutaways of the audience and wide of the stage++

"After nearly 90 years of life, it is time for new hands to lift the burden. It is in your hands now."

23. Various of Mandela waving as people applaud

AGENCY POOL

Qunu, South Africa - 18 July 2008

++4:3++

24. Mid of Mandela's grandchildren giving three birthdays cheers to their grandfather UPSOUND (English) "Hip hip hurray!"

AP TELEVISION

Qunu, South Africa - 19 July 2008

++4:3++

25. Mandela arriving for his Birthday party with ANC President Jacob Zuma and Thabo Mbeki (right)

26. Close up of Mandela looking at Mbeki

27. Wide of Zuma on stage with singers

28. Various of guests raising a toast to Mandela

29. Mandela blowing out birthday candles on a cake

Nelson Mandela, who became one of the world's most beloved statesmen and a colossus of the 20th century when he emerged from 27 years in prison to negotiate an end to white minority rule in South Africa, died on Thursday, 5 December.

He was 95.

South African President Jacob Zuma made the announcement at a news conference late Thursday, saying "we've lost our greatest son."

South Africa's first black president spent nearly one-third of his life as a prisoner of apartheid, the system of white racist rule that he described as evil, yet he sought to win over its defeated guardians in a relatively peaceful transition of power that inspired the world.

It was this generosity of spirit that made Mandela a global symbol of sacrifice and reconciliation in a world often jarred by conflict and division.

Mandela's stature as a fighter against white oppression and seeker of peace with his enemies was on a par with that of other men he admired: American civil rights activist Martin Luther King Jr. and Indian independence leader Mohandas K. Gandhi, both of whom were assassinated while actively engaged in their callings.

Mandela's death deprived the world of one of one of the great figures of modern history and set the stage for days of mourning and reflection about a colossus of the 20th century who projected astonishing grace, resolve and good humour.

At times, Mandela embraced his iconic status, appearing before a rapturous crowd in London's Wembley Stadium soon after his 1990 release from jail.

Sometimes, he sought to downplay it, uneasy about the perils of being put on a pedestal. In an unpublished manuscript, written while in prison, Mandela acknowledged that leaders of the anti-apartheid movement dominated the spotlight but said they were "only part of the story," and every activist was "like a brick which makes up our organisation."

He pondered the cost to his family of his dedication to the fight against the racist system of government that jailed him for 27 years and refused him permission to attend the funeral of his mother and of a son who was killed in a car crash.

In court, he described himself as "the loneliest man" during his mid-1990s divorce from Winnie Mandela.

As president, he could not forge lasting solutions to poverty, unemployment and other social ills that still plague today's South Africa, which has struggled to live up to its rosy depiction as the "Rainbow Nation."

He secured near-mythical status in his country and beyond. Last year, the South African central bank released new banknotes showing his face, a robust, smiling image of a man who was meticulous about his appearance and routinely exercised while in prison.

South Africa erected statues of him and named buildings and other places after him. He shared the 1993 Nobel Peace Prize with F. W. de Klerk, the country's last white president.

He was the subject of books, films and songs and a magnet for celebrities. In 2010, Mandela waved to the crowd at the Soccer City stadium at the closing ceremony of the World Cup, whose staging in South Africa allowed the country, and the continent, to shine internationally.

It was the last public appearance for the former president and prisoner, who smiled broadly and was bundled up against the cold.

One of the most memorable of his gestures toward racial harmony was the day in 1995 when he strode onto the field before the Rugby World Cup final in Johannesburg, and then again after the game, when he congratulated the home team for its victory over a tough New Zealand team.

Mandela was wearing South African colours and the overwhelmingly white crowd of 63,000 was on its feet, chanting "Nelson! Nelson! Nelson!"

It was typical of Mandela to march headlong into a bastion of white Afrikanerdom - in this case the temple of South African rugby - and make its followers feel they belonged in the new South Africa.

The moment was portrayed in "Invictus," Clint Eastwood's movie telling the story of South Africa's transformation through the prism of sport.

It was a moment half a century in the making. In the 1950s, Mandela sought universal rights through peaceful means but was sentenced to life imprisonment in 1964 for leading a campaign of sabotage against the government.

The speech he gave during that trial outlined his vision and resolve.

"During my lifetime I have dedicated myself to this struggle of the African people," Mandela said. "I have fought against white domination, and I have fought against black domination.

I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons live together in harmony and with equal opportunities. It is an ideal which I hope to live for and to achieve.

But if needs be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die." He was confined to the harsh Robben Island prison near Cape Town for most

of his time behind bars, then moved to jails on the mainland.

It was forbidden to quote him or publish his photo, yet he and other jailed members of his banned African National Congress were able to smuggle out messages of guidance to the anti-apartheid movement, and in the final stages of his confinement, he negotiated secretly with the apartheid leaders who recognised change was inevitable.

Thousands died, or were tortured or imprisoned in the decades-long struggle against apartheid, which deprived the black majority of the vote, the right to choose where to live and travel, and other basic freedoms.

So when inmate No. 46664 went free after 27 years, walking hand-in-hand with his wife Winnie out of a prison on the South African mainland, people worldwide rejoiced.

Mandela raised his right fist in triumph, and in his autobiography, "Long Walk to Freedom," he would write: "As I finally walked through those gates ... I felt - even at the age of seventy-one - that my life was beginning anew."

Mandela's release, rivaled the fall of the Berlin Wall just a few months earlier as a symbol of humanity's yearning for freedom, and his graying hair, raspy voice and colourful shirts made him a globally known figure.

Life, however, imposed new challenges on Mandela.

South Africa's white rulers had portrayed him as the spearhead of a communist revolution and insisted that black majority rule would usher in bloody chaos.

Thousands died in factional fighting in the runup to democratic elections in 1994, and Mandela accused the government of collusion in the

bloodshed.

But voting day, when long lines of voters waited patiently to cast ballots, passed peacefully, as did Mandela's inauguration as president.

"Never, never and never again shall it be that this beautiful land will again experience the oppression of one by another and suffer the indignity of being the skunk of the world," the new president said. "Let freedom reign. The sun shall never set on so glorious a human achievement! God bless Africa! Thank you."

Mandela also stood hand on heart, saluted by white generals as he sang along to two anthems now one: the apartheid-era Afrikaans "Die Stem," ("The Voice") and the African "Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika" ("Lord Bless Africa").

Since apartheid ended, South Africa has held four parliamentary elections and elected three presidents, always peacefully, setting an example on a continent where democracy is still new and fragile.

However, corruption scandals and other missteps under the ruling African National Congress, the liberation group once led by Mandela, have undercut some of the early promise.

President Jacob Zuma periodically observes that the South African white minority is far wealthier than the black majority, an imbalance that he regards as a vestige of the apartheid system that bestowed most economic benefits on whites.

When Mandela came to power, black South Africans anticipated quick fixes after being denied proper housing, schools and health care under apartheid.

The new government, however, embraced free-market policies to keep white-dominated big business on its side and attract foreign investment.

The policy averted the kind of economic deterioration that occurred in Zimbabwe after independence; South Africa, though, has one of the world's biggest gaps between rich and poor.

Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela was born July 18, 1918, the son of a tribal chief in Transkei, a Xhosa homeland that later became one of the

"Bantustans" set up as independent republics by the apartheid regime to cement the separation of whites and blacks.

Mandela's royal upbringing gave him a regal bearing that became his hallmark. Many South Africans of all races would later call him by his clan name, Madiba, as a token of affection and respect.

Growing up at a time when virtually all of Africa was under European colonial rule, Mandela attended Methodist schools before being admitted to the black University of Fort Hare in 1938.

He was expelled two years later for his role in a student strike.

He moved to Johannesburg and worked as a policeman at a gold mine, boxed as an amateur heavyweight and studied law.

His first wife, nurse Evelyn Mase, bore him four children. A daughter died in infancy, a son was killed in a car crash in 1970 and another son died of AIDS in 2005. The couple divorced in 1957 and Evelyn died in 2004.

Mandela began his rise through the anti-apartheid movement in 1944, when he helped form the ANC Youth League.

He organised a campaign in 1952 to encourage defiance of laws that segregated schools, marriage, housing and job opportunities. The government retaliated by barring him from attending gatherings and leaving Johannesburg, the first of many "banning" orders he was to endure.

After a two-day nationwide strike was crushed by police, he and a small group of ANC colleagues decided on military action and Mandela pushed to form the movement's guerrilla wing, Umkhonto we Sizwe, or Spear of the Nation.

He was arrested in 1962 and sentenced to five years' hard labour for leaving the country illegally and inciting blacks to strike.

A year later, police uncovered the ANC's underground headquarters on a farm near Johannesburg and seized documents outlining plans for a guerrilla campaign.

At a time when African colonies were one by one becoming independent states, Mandela and seven co-defendants were sentenced to life in prison.

The ANC's armed wing was later involved in a series of high-profile bombings that killed civilians, and many in the white minority viewed the

imprisoned Mandela as a terrorist. The apartheid government, meanwhile, was denounced globally for its campaign of beatings, assassinations and other violent attacks on opponents.

Even in numbing confinement, Mandela sought to flourish.

"Incidentally, you may find that the cell is an ideal place to learn to know yourself, to search realistically and regularly the process of your own mind and feelings," he wrote in 1975 to Winnie Mandela, a prominent activist in her own right who was in a separate jail at that time.

Mandela turned down conditional offers of freedom during his decades in prison. In 1989, P.W. Botha, South Africa's hard-line president, was replaced by de Klerk, who recognised apartheid's end was near. Mandela continued, even in his last weeks in prison, to advocate nationalising banks, mines and monopoly industries - a stance that frightened the white business community.

But talks were already underway, with Mandela being spirited out of prison to meet white government leaders. After his release, he took charge of the ANC, and was elected president in a landslide in South Africa's first all-race election.

Perceived successes during Mandela's tenure include the introduction of a constitution with robust protections for individual rights, and the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, which he established with his fellow Nobelist, Archbishop Desmond Tutu.

It allowed human rights offenders of all races to admit their crimes publicly in return for lenient treatment. Though not regarded as wholly successful, it proved to be a kind of national therapy that would become a model for other countries emerging from prolonged strife.

Despite his saintly image, Mandela was sometimes a harsh critic. When black journalists mildly criticised his government, he painted them as stooges of the whites who owned the media. Some whites with complaints were dismissed as pining for their old privileges.

In the buildup to the Iraq War, Mandela harshly rebuked President George W. Bush. "Why is the United States behaving so arrogantly?" he asked in a speech. "All that (Bush) wants is Iraqi oil."

He suggested Bush and then British Prime Minister Tony Blair were racists, and claimed America, "which has committed unspeakable atrocities in the world," had no moral standing.

Until Bush repealed the order in 2008, Mandela could not visit the U.S. without the secretary of state certifying that he was not a terrorist.

To critics of his closeness to Fidel Castro and Moammar Gadhafi despite human rights violations in the countries they ruled, Mandela explained that he wouldn't forsake supporters of the anti-apartheid struggle.

To the disappointment of many South Africans, he increasingly left the governing to Deputy President Thabo Mbeki, who won the next presidential election and took over when Mandela's term ended in 1999.

"I must step down while there are one or two people who admire me," Mandela joked at the time. When he retired, he said he was going to stand on a street with a sign that said: "Unemployed, no job. New wife and large family to support."

His marriage to Winnie had fallen apart after his release and he married Graca Machel, the widowed, former first lady of neighbouring Mozambique.

With apartheid vanquished, Mandela turned to peacemaking efforts in other parts of Africa and the world and eventually to fighting AIDS, publicly acknowledging that his own son, Makgatho, had died of the disease.

Mandela's final years were marked by frequent hospitalisations as he struggled with respiratory problems that had bothered him since he contracted tuberculosis in prison.

He stayed in his rural home in Qunu in Eastern Cape province, where Hillary Clinton, then U.S. secretary of state, visited him in 2012, but then moved full-time to his home in Johannesburg so he could be close to medical care in Pretoria, the capital.

He is survived by Machel; his daughter Makaziwe by his first marriage, and daughters Zindzi and Zenani by his second.

AP TELEVISION

Qunu, Transkei, South Africa - 25 December 1995

++4:3++

1. Mandela looking at book inside his old childhood home

2. Close up of his finger pointing at a picture of him as a young man

AP TELEVISION

++MUTE ++

BLACK AND WHITE

South Africa, 1960s - precise dates and locations unknown

++4:3++

3.1964 Rivonia trial of Nelson Mandela and seven ANC members ++please note contains a freeze frame++

4. South African President Hendrik Verwoerd ++black and white video++

5. Various of South African President Hendrik Verwoerd

AP TELEVISION

Soweto, South Africa - 1976 (some with commentary)

++4:3++

6. Aerial of smoke rising above Soweto township during street violence

7. Various of Soweto riots with man being shot at

8. Soweto building on fire

9. Various of troops in street

10. Various of soldiers climbing on roof of building and detaining demonstrators

11. Youth throwing brick at car travelling on highway

AP TELEVISION

South Africa, 1977

++4:3++

+BLACK AND WHITE VIDEO++

12. Various of funeral of Activist Stephen Biko

AP TELEVISION - AP CLIENTS ONLY

Location Unknown - November 1980

++4:3++

13. Oliver Tambo, ANC leader in exile, accepts award for international understanding on behalf on Nelson Mandela

14. Cutaway

15. SOUNDBITE (English) Oliver Tambo, ANC leader in exile:

"Nelson Mandela therefore accepts the award with full awareness of its historic message. He accepts it as a supreme challenge to him personally and to the leadership of the ANC and the people of South Africa."

AP TELEVISION

Pretoria, South Africa - May, 1983

++4:3++

16. Various of aftermath of ANC car bomb

AP TELEVISION

South Africa - July 1983

++4:3++

17. SOUNDBITE (English) Winnie Mandela, Nelson Mandela's former wife:

"I know and the people of this country know that Mandela will lead this country to freedom."

AP TELEVISION - AP CLIENTS ONLY

Cape Town, South Africa - 8 August 1985

++4:3++

18. Various of police charging against demonstrators during march on Pollsmoor Prison

AP TELEVISION

South Africa - July 1985

++4:3++

19. Various security forces firing in townships, man hit, people taking cover

20. Wide of President P.W. Botha

21. SOUNDBITE (English), P.W. Botha, former president of South Africa:

"This state of affairs can no longer be tolerated."

AP TELEVISION

South Africa - 1985

++4:3++

22. SOUNDBITE (English) Zinzi Mandela, Nelson Mandela's daughter:

++READING HER FATHER'S RESPONSE TO PRESIDENT BOTHA CONDITIONAL OFFER OF RELEASE+

++Includes Cutaway Archbishop Desmond Tutu listening++

"But, I cannot sell my birthright, nor I am prepared to sell the birthright of the people to be free. I cannot and will not give any undertaking at a time when I and you, the people, are not free. Your freedom and mine cannot be separated. (interrupted by applause of the audience) I will return."

AP TELEVISION

Cape Town, South Africa - 1986

++4:3++

23. Video believed to show Mandela inside Medipark Clinic

AP TELEVISION

London, UK - 17 August 1988

++4:3++

24. Various of anti-apartheid march in Hyde Park

25. Archbishop Desmond Tutu and UK President of Anti-Apartheid Movement Reverend Trevor Huddleston embracing on stage

26. SOUNDBITE: (English) Archbishop Desmond Tutu:

"South Africa needs Nelson Mandela. The world needs Nelson Mandela."

AP TELEVISION

Johannesburg, South Africa - 10 February 1990

++4:3++

27. Reverend Jesse Jackson and Allan Boesak dancing leading the crowds after Mandela's release is announced

AP TELEVISION

Paarl, South Africa - 11 February 1990

++4:3++

28. Wide shot entrance to Victor Verster Prison with people waiting

29. Wide shot cars leaving prison

30. Mandela raises clenched fist as he walks with Winnie Madikizela-Mandela

AP TELEVISION

Cape Town, South Africa - 11 February 1990

++4:3++

31. Various of Mandela on balcony with supporters, Walter Sisulu chants to crowd, and introduces Mandela to crowd

32. Mandela chants to crowd UPSOUND: "Amandtha, Amandtha, Africa..."

33. Crowd cheering

34. SOUNDBITE: (English) Nelson Mandela:

"Comrades and fellow South Africans I greet you all in the name of peace, democracy and freedom for all. I stand here before you not as a prophet, but as a humble servant of you, the people. Your tireless and heroic sacrifices have made it possible for me to be here today. "

35. Crowd cheering

Dari/Natsound

It's ten years to the day (Monday 15th February) since the last soldier from the Soviet Union left Afghanistan.

The Soviet withdrawal ended a decade of war that killed more than a (m) million Afghans and 15-thousand Soviet troops.

Afghanistan was left bitterly divided and its story in the past ten years has been one of continued fighting as groups still compete for control.

The hardline Taliban now controls 90 percent of the nation but much of the rest of the world will not recognise its rule.

Soviet troops handing over to Afghan soldiers in 1989.

A Soviet-backed coup in December 1979 ousted the leftist Afghan government.

But ten years later the Soviets pulled out.

Many Afghans believe it was their defeat of the Soviet army that pushed the Soviet Union toward its downfall.

And within 10 months of the withdrawal from Afghanistan, the Berlin Wall came crashing down, Soviet satellite states started breaking away and the Soviet Union began to unravel.

But the fighting hasn't stopped in Afghanistan.

February 15 marks the tenth anniversary of the withdrawal and many question the results of the Afghan's bloody struggle against the Soviets and grumble over their choice of

leaders today.

In the northern town of Faizabad, the President's bodyguard waits outside his office.

Inside, President Burhanuddin Rabbani cuts a lonely figure.

He's still recognised by most of the world as the Afghan President, but he's forced to live in northern Afghanistan because he was ousted from the capital Kabul nearly two and a half years ago by the Taliban.

Taliban fighters espouse a severe brand of Islam that has made women prisoners in their own country, locked inside their homes, forbidden from working and going to school.

Music is illegal, murderers are executed in public, and thieves have their limbs amputated.

Rabbani's ousted government only controls about 10 percent of the country.

He has been President for most of the 10 years since the Soviet withdrawal and he says his hopes for an end to the fighting soon faded after the Russians left.

SOUNDBITE: (Dari)

"After the withdrawal of the Red Army from Afghanistan as a result of the struggles by the Afghan nation, we, all the people of Afghanistan, and me personally, were hoping to have peace and security established in the country and that we would have an opportunity to embark on the rehabilitation and reconstruction of the country. But what was imposed on the country as a result of intrigues and plots from abroad, which led to conflicts and fighting here and there, was very irritating for me and the entire nation."

SUPERCAPTION: Professor Burhanuddin Rabbani, President of Afghanistan

For most of the decade since the Russians left, Professor Rabbani has been at the centre of attempts to get the country's different groups to agree on a form of government.

All efforts have failed and the emergence of the Taliban at the end of 1994 has further complicated an already intractable problem.

The result has been more fighting - these troops are on their way to Taloqan, the closest town to the front line with the Taliban in the north.

It's the centre for anti-Taliban military activity and headquarters to its military commander, Ahmad Shah Massoud.

He was one of the key figures instrumental in ousting the Soviet forces and he developed a legendary reputation as a military strategist.

His reputation is drawing a new generation of fighters to join him against his new enemy, the Taliban.

He remembers the Soviet withdrawal with only a small sense of victory.

SOUNDBITE: (Dari)

"But on the other hand we were worried because the Russians had left Afghanistan but the remnants of the the Russians, the regime of Dr Najibullah, was still in Afghanistan. And the Russians were leaving Afghanistan at a time when we had not reached any logical and fundamental solution, therefore we knew that war in Afghanistan would continue and this was a matter of regret."

SUPERCAPTION: Ahmad Shah Massoud, Anti-Taliban military commander

The front lines are quiet at the moment and Massoud's soldiers play volleyball in their down-time.

Their commander believes there will never be a military solution to the Afghan problem.

SOUNDBITE: (Dari)

"Our present aim is to liberate all the lost areas and to force the Taliban to sit at the negotiating table and accept the fact that the Afghan nation should be given the right to take part in deciding their destiny. And that it should be the nation that decides its destiny."

SUPERCAPTION: Ahmad Shah Massoud, Anti-Taliban military commander

The bridge just outside Taloqan is laden with people returning to their villages near the front line after market day.

This is as far as the Taliban got on their last attempt to take the town.

These people don't know what the next day will bring -- the situation is always unstable.

It's been this way for 20 years and noone sees it changing.

Faizabad and Taloqan, Afghanistan, 2-10 February 1999

Kabul, Afghanistan February 1989

1. Afghan and soviet soldiers chatting

2. Helicopter taking off

Faizabad, Afghanistan February 2-10 1999

3. Various of soldiers outside President Rabbani's office

4. Various of President Rabbani giving an interview inside

5. SOUNDBITE: (Dari) Professor Burhanuddin Rabbani, President of Afghanistan

6. Rabbani leaving office under armed escort

Taloqan, Afghanistan February 2-10 1999

7. Views of mountains through window of helicopter

8. Soldier holding gun in helicopter

9. Helicopter landing at Taloqan

10. Close up of rotor

11. Soldiers getting out of helicopter

12. Close up of opposition soldier on radio

13. Various of soldiers outside building

14. SOUNDBITE: (Dari) Ahmad Shah Massoud, Anti-Taliban military commander

15. Various of Massoud's soldiers playing volleyball

16. SOUNDBITE: (Dari) Ahmad Shah Massoud, Anti-Taliban military commander

17. Wide shot of two women in burkhas

18. Man riding donkey outside Taloqan

19. People on bridge outside Taloqan

STORYLINE:

Reaction from Germany head coach Joachim Low and DFB (German Football Association) President Reinhard Grindel after the country was chosen as hosts of Euro 2024 ahead of Turkey at the UEFA's headquarters in Nyon, Switzerland on Thursday (27th September).

SCRIPTING INFORMATION:

Germany won the right to host football's 2024 European Championship on Thursday, beating Turkey following a politically charged campaign.

Germany, which hosted the 2006 World Cup, was the long-time favourite and won the UEFA executive committee vote 12-4. There was one abstention.

Three months after FIFA members picked a North American bid over Morocco to host the 2026 World Cup, UEFA also opted for a more proven and profitable option.

Unlike FIFA, UEFA does not publish who the voters picked.

Turkey is now a four-time losing candidate after failed bids to host Euro 2008, 2012 and 2016.

This was the first time UEFA built human rights assessments into the process.

UEFA relies on its signature national-team competition to help fund 55 member federations.

Revenue from the first 24-team Euro, hosted in 2016 by France, was almost 2 billion euros ($2.35 billion).

UEFA  received 850 million euros ($1 billion) in profit.

Germany should have about 400,000 more tickets to sell than the Euro 2016 organisers - they also had 300,000 more seats than Turkey's bid.

The UEFA voters were given confidential revenue projectio