Protesters gathered outside the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Madrid on Thursday, calling on Japan to stop supporting the use of coal, domestically and internationally.

One protester donned an oversized mask meant to represent Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, while another held up a sign reading, "Japan: stop coal finance".

Officials at this year's U.N. climate talks are hoping to achieve a breakthrough in long-running efforts to agree on rules for a global carbon trading system.

Economists say establishing an international market for carbon could unlock billions of dollars' worth of investments as countries and companies seek the most cost-effective way to cut emissions.

But the issue, known in the parlance of climate diplomacy as 'Article 6,' has defied agreement for years.

"There are some fundamental differences between parties that remain and it's going to be a lot of work to try to resolve those issues," said Kelly Levin, Senior Associate with the global climate program at World Resources Institute.

"This is really a COP that is dedicated largely to Article 6," she said, adding that a year of technical work and political pressure "will certainly aid the negotiations".   

With pressure growing from governments to resolve the deadlock, environmental campaigners say the two-week meeting in Madrid might finally result in a deal, after agreements were reached last year on almost all other parts of the rulebook governing the 2015 Paris climate accord.

Madrid - 5 December 2019

1. Protester wearing mask representing Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, another holding sign reading (English): "Japan: stop coal finance"  

2. Protesters holding up banners

3. Protesters wearing large mask representing Abe

4. Protester holding bucket with text on it reading (English): "Coal"

5. Protesters and people dressed as fictional video game character Pikachu chanting, UPSOUND: "Sayonara (goodbye) coal"

6. Various of protester holding sign reading (English): "No coal Japan"

7. SOUNDBITE (English) no name given, protester:

"We don't want Japanese government to use coal anymore, because they said they're going to keep investing in coal and we don't want that to happen."

8. People protesting

9. Protester wearing Abe mask handing out coal from bucket  

10. Close of Abe mask

11. Protester saying UPSOUND (English): "Japan has been funding subsidies to expand coal in Asia"

12. Various of protesters chanting

Madrid - 4 December 2019

13. People walking past logo of COP25 Climate Change Conference inside venue

14. Various of Senior Associate with the global climate program of the World Resources Institute Kelly Levin

15. SOUNDBITE (English) Kelly Levin, Senior Associate with the global climate program at World Resources Institute:

"(On new Article 6 draft) we have altogether seven pages of text removed from Article 6.2 and Article 6.4 which are main elements of the text, so it's very streamlined, And there are really bright lines between options and it's much easier to understand, so that countries can choose. But there are some fundamental differences between parties that remain and it's going to be a lot of work to try to resolve those issues."

16. Conference venue

17. Text on wall reading (English): "Climate solutions for the future we want"

18. People in conference venue

19. SOUNDBITE (English) Kelly Levin, Senior Associate with the global climate program at World Resources Institute:

"A few things have changed since Katowice (COP24 in 2018), and the first is that this is really a COP that is dedicated largely to Article 6. There are some very critical issues as well, but in Katowice we had to put together the whole rulebook, so a lot of diverse action that was happening that was garnering a lot of attention. Second is that we've had a whole year of intense technical work and political pressure that will certainly aid the negotiations. And lastly, we have a lot of heads of delegations and eventually will be ministers next week who are paying attention to these issues in a new way that they haven't."

20. Participants talking in conference hall

21. COP25 Climate Change Conference logo

Activists of all ages and from all corners of the planet turned out in Madrid to tell political leaders and negotiators at a global summit in the Spanish capital that they need to take real action against climate change.

The march was led by dozens of representatives of Latin America's indigenous peoples, a deference by the local environmentalists after anti-government protests in Chile, the original host of the summit, led to a sudden move of the talks to Europe for the third year in a row.

Celebrity climate activist Greta Thunberg declared from a stage "the hope is not within the walls of the COP25, the hope is out here with you."

"The current world leaders are betraying us, and we will not let that happen anymore, we will not let them get away with it anymore," Thunberg said.

A crowd of thousands responded, chanting, "Greta! Greta!"

"We say 'enough now'! And change is coming, whether you like it or not," Thunberg added.

Organisers claimed 500,000 people turned out for the march, but authorities in Madrid put the number at 15,000 without an immediate explanation for the disparity in the count.

The Swedish teen was followed on her first day in Madrid by a swarm of cameras and reporters, as well as curious members of the public wanting to film her on their smartphones, from the very first step she took out of an overnight train from Lisbon.

Madrid – 6 December 2019

++NIGHT SHOTS++

1. Swedish climate activist Greta Thunberg walking onto stage

2. SOUNDBITE (English) Greta Thunberg, climate activist:

"The hope is not within the walls of the COP25, the hope is out here with you."

3. Greta Thunberg standing on stage in front of cheering crowd

4. SOUNDBITE (English) Greta Thunberg, climate activist:

"The current world leaders are betraying us, and we will not let that happen anymore, we will not let them get away with it anymore. We say 'enough now'! And change is coming, whether you like it or not."

5. Cheering crowd

6. SOUNDBITE (English) Greta Thunberg, climate activist:

"And we need to continue, we need to keep the momentum going, and we need to lend our voices to the people of the global South and to indigenous people, who are suffering the most from the climate and environmental emergency."

7. Thunberg leaving

8. SOUNDBITE (Spanish) Javier Bardem, Spanish actor:

"Politicians must live up to this moment. From - forgive me, this is very personal - from that stupid Trump (US President Donald Trump) who leaves global agreements to - forgive me, this is also very personal - to that stupid Almeida (Mayor of Madrid José Luis Martínez-Almeida) who wants to reverse Madrid Central and allow polluting vehicles to circulate through the capital."

9. Various of indigenous activists from South America protesting on stage

This year's international meeting on tackling climate change was meant to be a walk in the park compared to previous instalments.

Countries had planned to put the finishing touches to the rules governing the 2015 Paris accord, ironing out a few wrinkles left over from last December and setting the scene for a major review of their efforts next year.

But then Brazil pulled its offer of hosting the talks and stand-in Chile, rattled by anti-government protests, cancelled five weeks before the meeting.

President Donald Trump served formal notice that the United States was quitting the Paris accord, delivering a symbolic blow to one of his predecessor's signature achievements.

Scientists didn't have any good news either.

Study after study published in recent months has underscored the rapid pace of global warming and the urgent need to cut emissions of greenhouse gases that are causing it.

Against that backdrop, the December 2-13 meeting in Madrid has gained fresh urgency.

Organizers expect around 25,000 visitors, including heads of state, scientists, seasoned negotiators and activists to attend the two-week meeting.

The main items on the agenda include finalizing rules on global carbon markets and agreeing how poor countries should be compensated for destruction largely caused by emissions from rich nations.

Proposals to create a worldwide market for emissions permits have been around for decades.

The idea is that putting a price on carbon dioxide, the main greenhouse gas, and gradually reducing the available permits will encourage countries and companies to cut their emissions, such as by shifting to renewable energy sources.

Scientists and activists say the time to act is now, if the world wants to meet the goal set in Paris of keeping global warming well below 2 degrees Celsius (3.6 Fahrenheit), ideally 1.5C by the end of the century.

Madrid - 27 November 2019

1. Various of sign of COP25 Climate Change Conference - Chile Madrid 2019 outside conference venue

2. Spanish flag waving

3. Entrance of COP25 conference venue 'Feria de Madrid'

4. People walking past COP25 sign inside conference venue

5. COP25 logo on wall inside conference venue

Berlin - 5 November 2019

6. Johan Rockström, co-director of Germany's Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, speaking with colleague

7. SOUNDBITE (English) Johan Rockström, co-director of Germany's Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research:

"We are having a larger risk than we previously predicted, so global warming is going faster, climate impacts are occurring earlier, and that we are approaching potentially irreversible thresholds earlier than we previously thought."

Abaco - 5 September 2019

++MUTE++

8. Drone footage of people walking through the piles of debris from demolished buildings left by Hurricane Dorian

Busovaca - 14 May 2019

9. River Lasva rushing past houses in flooded area

10. Flooded house

Santiago - 23 August 2019

11. Dried land after severe drought

12. Dead cow on dried land

Berlin - 5 November 2019

13. SOUNDBITE (English) Johan Rockström, co-director of Germany's Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research:

"We're talking of a change that has to occur at a pace which exceeds the industrial revolution that took us here, so we are talking of another revolution in terms of decarbonising the world economy, and you know, that is not sinking in yet."

Beijing - 6 January 2017

14. Cars driving down road in smog

15. People walking along wearing masks

16. Skyline showing city shrouded in smog

Berlin - 5 November 2019

17. SOUNDBITE (English) Jessica Strefler, researcher at Germany's Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Transformation Pathways Department:

"We have waited so long with really ambitious climate protection that we need a combination of all the options that we have. We need mitigation, we need renewable energies, we need bio-energy, but we also need, for the last bit of emissions that we cannot avoid, we also need carbon removal."

Madrid - 27 November 2019

18. Sign of COP25 Climate Change Conference - Chile Madrid 2019 at entrance of conference venue

19. Participants in front of information sign inside conference venue

20. Tents outside conference venue entrance, reading (Spanish) "Welcome"

Rondonia State - 23 August 2019

21. Aerials of white smoke rising from burning Amazon forest

22. Various aerials of burned area and charred trees

Near Vila Nova Samuel - 26 August 2019

23. Firefighters walking with equipment to contain Amazon fire

24. Amazon forest burning

Geneva - 26 November 2019

25. SOUNDBITE (English) Inger Andersen, Executive Director, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP):

"There's a young girl who said that the house in on fire, and we should treat it as such. It's time to think about the house being on fire, and so yes, we absolutely need action, and action needs to be taken now. This is not something we can postpone."

Denver – 11 October 2019

26. Activists putting up banner that reads (English) "climate strike" at climate rally with Greta Thunberg

27. SOUNDBITE (English) Greta Thunberg, environmental activist:

"How dare they pretend that they are doing enough, when the politics needed are still nowhere in sight."

28. Activists with poster showing photograph of Greta Thunberg with the famous quote (English) "How dare you?"

Geneva - 26 November 2019

29. UN flag waving

30. SOUNDBITE (English) John Christensen, Director, UNEP-Danish Technology Institute Partnership:

"The IPCC, the UN climate panel, last year put out a 1.5 degree report that described the difference in terms of impacts from 1.5 up to 2, and they are really scary. And if you go beyond that, I mean, there's already been reports about a 4 degree world, and that's really something you don't want to live in. I mean, you have complete cities being flooded, you have coral reefs, eco-systems completely being destroyed. That's something, it's really hard to describe, because you don't even know what the tipping points are, I mean, if something really dramatic happens and so on. It's a place you don't want to go."

Venice - 17 November 2019

31. Various of flooding in Venice

Helheim Glacier - 14 August 2019

32. Drone footage of helicopter on the ice field of shrinking Helheim Glacier

33. Students sitting on the top of the mountain, Helheim Glacier in the background

34. Time lapse of sunset over Helheim Glacier ++MUTE++

Climate activist Greta Thunberg said Friday that hope in tackling climate change is not "within the walls of the COP25" but with the public.

The Swedish teen was in Madrid, where United Nations-sponsored talks on climate change are underway, to join fellow young climate activists, representatives of Latin America's indigenous peoples, and thousands of other protesters.

"We are in the middle of a climate and ecological emergency and we need to start treat this crisis like a crisis and we need to step out of our comfort zones," she said, addressing crowds.

Thunberg was speaking after having taken part in a huge evening protest march through central Madrid.

The 16-year-old was followed by a swarm of cameras and reporters , as well as curious members of the public wanting to film her on their smartphones, from the very first step she took out of an overnight train from Lisbon.

Organizers claimed 500,000 people turned out for the Madrid march.

Authorities gave no immediate estimate.

++QUALITY AS INCOMING++

++SOUNDBITES SEPARATED BY BLACK FRAMES++

Madrid - 6 December 2019

1. Wide of stage

2. Greta Thunberg greeting audience UPSOUND (Spanish) "Hello, Madrid! How are you? I'm very happy to be here."

++BLACK FRAMES++

3. SOUNDBITE (English) Greta Thunberg, climate activist:

"We are in the middle of a climate and ecological emergency and we need to start treat this crisis like a crisis and we need to step out of our comfort zones. And that is what we are doing right now - we are stepping out of our comfort zones, telling the people in power that they must take the responsibility and protect future and present generations."

++BLACK FRAMES++

4. SOUNDBITE (English) Greta Thunberg, climate activist:

"And I can tell you the hope is not within the walls of the COP25, the hope is out here, with you."

++BLACK FRAMES++

5. SOUNDBITE (English) Greta Thunberg, climate activist:

"And we will not let that happen anymore, we will not let them get away with it anymore. We say enough now and change is coming, whether you like it or not. Because we have no other choice. Thank-you."

6. Various of Thunberg on stage

Swedish teen Greta Thunberg joined fellow young climate activists, representatives of Latin America's indigenous peoples, and thousands of other protesters in a climate march on the streets of Madrid on Friday.

Thunberg was in Madrid, where United Nations-sponsored talks on climate change are underway.

She said that calls for real action against climate change are still being “ignored" by political leaders despite their continuous praise of the global environmental youth movement she helped create.

Amid an overwhelming level of attention from cameras and other protesters she left the march shortly after it began, getting in a red car that she's been using to move around the city.

During the Dec. 2-13 talks, nearly 200 countries are meant to streamline the rules on global carbon markets and agree on how poor countries should be compensated for destruction largely caused by emissions from rich nations.

An official directly involved in the negotiations said that despite a few setbacks, the technical negotiations were progressing, although many issues were being left for ministerial-level meetings in the summit's second and final week.

The official, who asked to remain anonymous given the sensitivity of the discussions, added that a political declaration on greater “ambition" - a buzzword at the summit - was shaping to be “difficult to achieve.”

Madrid - 6 December 2019

++NIGHT SHOTS++

1. Various top shots of thousands of protesters marching in Madrid near Cibeles Fountain

2. Teen climate activist Greta Thunberg in street surrounded by supporters

3. Thunberg getting into car

4. Various of climate march

5. Various of representatives of Latin America's indigenous peoples during march

6. Man burning effigy

7. Wide of protest

Climate activist Greta Thunberg left Lisbon on Thursday for Madrid on her way to the United Nations COP25 conference.

The Swedish teenager arrived in Lisbon on Tuesday, after spending three weeks crossing the Atlantic on a catamaran.

Thunberg hopes her choice of transport proves it is possible to live a sustainable life.

At COP25, officials from almost 200 countries are meeting in Madrid for UN climate talks.

The European Union's new executive Commission is expected to present its long-term plan for tackling global warming - dubbed the European Green Deal - next week.

However the European Union said on Wednesday that it will likely miss its target for reducing greenhouse gases by 2030, dealing a blow to the bloc’s efforts to be a leader in the fight against climate change.

Thunberg wants senior officials gathered in Madrid to "finally understand the urgency" of climate change and cooperate internationally.

Lisbon - 5 December 2019

1. Climate activist Greta Thunberg boards train bound for Madrid

2. Thunberg onboard the train, shot through window

3. Train leaving station

Climate activist Greta Thunberg left Lisbon on Thursday for Madrid on her way to the United Nations COP25 conference.

The Swedish teenager arrived in Lisbon on Tuesday, after spending three weeks crossing the Atlantic on a catamaran.

Thunberg hopes her choice of transport proves it is possible to live a sustainable life.

At COP25, officials from almost 200 countries are meeting in Madrid for UN climate talks.

The European Union's new executive Commission is expected to present its long-term plan for tackling global warming - dubbed the European Green Deal - next week.

However the European Union said on Wednesday that it will likely miss its target for reducing greenhouse gases by 2030, dealing a blow to the bloc’s efforts to be a leader in the fight against climate change.

Thunberg wants senior officials gathered in Madrid to "finally understand the urgency" of climate change and cooperate internationally.

Lisbon - 5 December 2019

1. Climate activist Greta Thunberg boards train bound for Madrid

2. Thunberg onboard the train, shot through window

3. Train leaving station

Demonstrators in the conference centre in Madrid where delegates are taking part in the COP25 climate talks continued their protest outside on Wednesday.

The climate talks in Madrid entered choppier waters Wednesday with ministers struggling to agree on rules for a global carbon market and possible ways to compensate vulnerable countries for disasters caused by global warming.

World leaders agreed in Paris four years ago to keep global warming below 2 degrees Celsius (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit), ideally no more than 1.5 C (2.7 F) by the end of the century. Scientists say countries will miss both of those goals by a wide margin unless drastic steps are taken to begin cutting greenhouse gas emissions next year.

Saying that the message doesn't seem to be getting through to governments, more than 100 activists led by representatives of indigenous peoples from Latin and North America made their way to the talks' venue, briefly blocking the entrance to a plenary meeting where UN Secretary General António Guterres was to speak.

UN security personnel talked to the activists, who agreed to take their unauthorised protest outdoors.

The protest group included indigenous people from several continents, who held hands and demanded climate justice through slogans and songs.

"Right now our voice will continue to be heard. We refuse to be intimidated," said activist Rita Lyke of environmental rights group Friends of the Earth Nigeria as protesters cheered her on.

++PLEASE NOTE UPDATES STORYLINE TO SAY PROTESTERS WERE ASKED TO MOVE OUTSIDE++

Madrid - 11 December 2019

1. Various of protesters making their way outside

2. SOUNDBITE (English) Rita Lyke, Friends of the Earth Nigeria: ++SOUNDBITE INCLUDES CHANTING FROM PROTESTERS++

"Right now our voice will continue to be heard. We refuse to be intimidated. We refuse to be coerced. Our rights will continue to be protected. And our voice will continue to be heard. What do we want? Climate justice. When do we want it? Now."

3. Protesters chanting

4. SOUNDBITE (English) Rita Lyke, Friends of the Earth Nigeria:

"People are dying every day for scenes they did not commit. And we are here to say: No more corruption without cause. We want the people's voice to be heard. We want a climate solution. We don't want a carbon market, we want people for solution. And that's why we're calling on the government and on COP to listen to the voice of the people. To stop shrinking different civil society spaces around the world."

5. Protesters chanting

Spanish police on Monday removed an eight-year-old climate activist from a lamp post outside the COP25 summit in Madrid, after she climbed it in a bid to spread awareness about global warming.

Eight-year-old Zozo warned in her message that "we are running out of time" to keep the planet's temperature from rising by 1.5 degrees Celsius.

"The longer our politicians are wasting time with nonsense people will keep dying and losing their homes," Zozo told media after being taken down from the lamp post.

Police left Zozo hanging for around half an hour before climbing up to meet her and cutting the ropes she was hanging from to bring her down.

Zozo carried out a similar protest at a march against climate change in Madrid last Friday that was attended by thousands of others.

Madrid - 9 December 2019

1. Various of eight-year-old climate activist Zozo (no last name provided) hanging from a lamp post at COP25 venue main entrance

2. Fireman using ladder to remove her, cutting rope

3. Girl on street lamp

4. SOUNDBITE (German) Zozo (no last name given), 8-year-old climate activist:

"We are running out of time. We still have eight years left to stay below 1.5 degrees (Celsius). And the longer our politicians are wasting time with nonsense people will keep dying and losing their homes."

5. Zozo being applauded

6. Various of Zozo and her mother

7. Police talking to mother

Activists from the international group Extinction Rebellion held a protest on Tuesday at Cibeles Fountain in Madrid.

They jumped into the fountain while others threw them life jackets.

They chanted: "What Do We Want? Climate Justice."

The group members also held up a banner in Russian that read: "Climate Crisis. To speak the truth. To take action immediately."

Others who were dressed in red robes with their faces whitened to symbolise the human species' peril danced briefly before police moved in to end the protest.

The Tuesday morning protest coincided with the second day of the UN COP25 climate change conference taking place in Madrid.

Madrid - 3 December 2019

1. Various of activists protesting around Cibeles Fountain

2. Activists chanting, UPSOUND (English) "What do we want? Climate justice"

3. Various of police forcing activists to leave fountain

4. Activists holding banner reading, (Russian) "Climate crisis: To speak the truth, to take action immediately."

World leaders were arriving on Monday for the start of a two-week international climate conference in Madrid that seeks to step up efforts to stop global warming.

The UN is warning that the efforts so far are insufficient to overcome the “point of no return” in climate change.

The summit, which moved to the Spanish capital after Chile had to pull out amid anti-government protests, aims to put the finishing touches to the rules governing the 2015 Paris accord.

That involves creating a functioning international emissions-trading system and compensating poor countries for losses they suffer from rising sea levels and other consequences of climate change.

CORRECTION: CLIENTS PLEASE NOTE SHOT 3 HAS BEEN AMENDED TO 'SPANISH ENVIRONMENT MINISTER TERESA RODRIGUEZ ARRIVING'. IT DOES NOT SHOW CANADIAN DEPUTY PM CHRYSTIA FREELAND, AS PREVIOUSLY WRITTEN++

Madrid - 2 December 2019

1. Dutch Prime Minister Mark Rutte arriving for COP25 climate conference

2. New European Council President Charles Michel arriving

3. Spanish Environment Minister Teresa Rodriguez arriving

4. New European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen arriving

5. Austrian President Alexander Van der Bellen arriving

6. Bangladesh Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina arriving

Marathon international climate talks ended Sunday with major polluters resisting calls to ramp up efforts to keep global warming at bay and negotiators postponing the regulation of global carbon markets until next year.

Those failures came even after organizers added two more days to the 12 days of scheduled talks in Madrid.

In the end, delegates from almost 200 nations endorsed a declaration to help poor countries that are suffering the effects of climate change, although they didn't allocate any new funds to do so.

The final declaration called on the “urgent need” to cut planet-heating greenhouse gases in line with the goals of the landmark 2015 Paris climate change accord.

That fell far short of promising to enhance countries' pledges to cut planet-heating greenhouse gases next year, which developing countries and environmentalists had lobbied the delegates to achieve.

Madrid - 15 December 2019

1. Various of the COP25 venue, delegates

2. SOUNDBITE (English) Ola Elvestuen, Environment Minister of Norway:

"This ended better than it looked like just a few days ago. But now we have to move forward. We have to increase our ambitions and we have to move at the speed that is necessary in this grave situation that the world is in."

3. Various of the venue, delegates

4. SOUNDBITE (German) Karsten Sach, Chief Negotiator of Germany:

"In the end this is a compromise we can live with. We managed to make some progress - especially the clear request for all states to come up with reworked climate contributions next year. We certainly would have imagined a lot more like an agreement on market mechanisms and also a bit more ambition. The European Union has provided a good template and the most vulnerable countries have clearly requested that. But altogether we live by the consensus principle and this didn't allow for more. With regards to that we have to think about how we can achieve in the implementation phase that those who are standing on the brakes can't dictate the speed anymore."

5. Various of the venue, delegates

6. Environment Minister of Spain, Teresa Rivera

SOUNDBITE (English) Teresa Rivera, Environment Minister of Spain:

"All these things of course are below of what we would have liked in terms of increasing ambition at the level that is demanded in the streets. We knew that that was not part of the official agenda because in our calendar, in our agenda according to what it is agreed in the UN context and the deadlines in the Paris Agreement – that was not the case for this year. But we were expecting to have the push at the level we need."

7. Cutaway of venue

Thousands took to the streets of Madrid on Friday as part of a second wave of worldwide protests demanding swift action on climate change.

The protests were inspired by Swedish teenager Greta Thunberg, who spoke to world leaders this week at a United Nations summit in New York.

One of the protesters, 37-year-old protester Manuel Gomez urged everyone to take more responsibility in combating climate change.

Another protester 17-year-old David Carnero highlighted the rising sea level, warning that the world will face "an existential problem."

Other countries in the world, including cities across Europe, India, New Zealand and Canada, saw fresh protests Friday, a week after hundreds of thousands rallied worldwide ahead of the UN General Assembly.

Madrid – 27 September 2019

1. Various climate change protesters marching

2. Purple banner reading (Spanish) "This system kills"

3. Various of climate march

4. SOUNDBITE (Spanish) Manuel Gomez, 37-year-old protester:

"I think that each one of us should be more responsible and not hand all the responsibility to the banks and and businesses of the world because they will adapt to how we are consuming (products)."

5. Close of signs reading (English) "People rise like water" and "There is not planet B for Generation Z"

6. SOUNDBITE (Spanish) David Carnero, 17-year-old protester:

"The sea level is going to rise and we are going to have an existential problem. If there is already this happening with refugees from Syria, who have had to leave their homes. I don't know what's going to happen when the sea level rises."

7. Globe on fire float among protesters

8. Protesters marching

An alliance of American states, cities, academic institutions and companies opened its own pavillion at the UN-sponsored climate talks in Madrid, aiming to show that despite the federal administration's decision to pull the US out of the Paris accord, many Americans remain committed to the treaty's goal of curbing global warming.

Over 3,800 organisations and corporations representing 70% of US economic output have joined the coalition, organisers claim, amounting to roughly half of the country's emissions.

The US Climate Action Center is hosting Mandela Barnes, the lieutenant governor of Wisconsin; Pat Brown, the chief executive of non-meat burger company Impossible Foods; Bill Peduto, the mayor of Pittsburgh; and others.

The venue is funded by Bloomberg Philanthropies, a charitable organisation founded by billionaire businessman and former New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg, who is now seeking the Democratic nomination to run in the 2020 US presidential election.

Madrid – 6 December 2019

1. Elan Strait speaking at opening of US Climate Action Center

2. Logo of US Climate Action Center

3. Strait speaking

4. Audience

5. Writing on wall reading "climate solutions for the future we want"

6. Strait speaking to journalist at conference

7. SOUNDBITE (English) Elan Strait, "We Are Still In" leader:

"This year is maybe the most important year because the (US) president (Donald Trump), just a few weeks ago, began the formal process of withdrawing the United States from Paris, and so it's never been more important to show the rest of the world that that doesn't reflect the views of most Americans and it doesn't reflect the views of the private sector, of local governments, of individuals across the country."

8. Participants passing pavilion of US Climate Action Center

9.SOUNDBITE (English) Elan Strait, "We Are Still In" leader:

"Over the coming week, what a lot of countries are doing here is trying to assess for themselves: can they increase their own level of effort under the agreement. They've been asked to revise their targets by the end of next year, and a lot of them are thinking 'how can I do more, when the United States isn't doing anything?' The most important thing for this week is to show other countries that the US is doing something, there is action going on in the United States, and so they should feel enabled to increase their own level of effort and not view that as a barrier."

10. Participants talking at pavilion

11. SOUNDBITE (English) Elan Strait, "We Are Still In" leader:

"I hope that there's a positive outcome on article 6, the negotiations on carbon markets, and the reason is that if you look at what the private sector in the United States wants, they want to participate in carbon markets, they want to be part of the solution, and what they need is clarity on the rules for the international system of how to participate."

12. Pavilion of US Climate Action Center

13. Business cards of US Climate Action Center

14. Particpants talking at pavilion

15. Various of pavilion

RESTRICTION SUMMARY: AP CLIENTS ONLY

SHOTLIST:

AP TELEVISION - AP CLIENTS ONLY

Madrid - 29 November 2015

1. Climate change demonstrators holding banner reading (Spanish) "Facing climate change: let's change the model!"

2. Wide of demonstrators

3. Mid shot demonstrators' banners, including green heart that reads: (English) "We don't have a Planet B"

4. Demonstrators on the move

5. Close of banner reading (Spanish) "I am marching for my children and my grandchildren"

6. SOUNDBITE (Spanish) Incarnacion Florin, climate change demonstrator:

"Well, to be honest we don't expect much (from the politicians), that's why we are here, because if you leave them to accomplish something, they won't do anything. It's clear to us that there comes a time when we have to take charge. There are lots of people who think coming onto the streets is pointless, but we have to do something. It must make a difference."

7. Demonstrators marching

8. SOUNDBITE (Spanish) Raul (no surname given), climate change demonstrator:

"Protesting, no, that is not really the right word. What we are doing is reclaiming our right to have renewable energy in order to save the planet, which is suffering. Therefore what we are doing is making people realise, making politicians realise (that climate change is a real issue), because they are in fact capable of doing something."

9. Crowd marching

10. Mid of demonstrators

STORYLINE

Thousands of protesters marched through the streets of Madrid on Sunday, ahead of the upcoming UN conference on climate change in Paris.

Organised by more than 400 Spanish organisations and NGOs, the march is one of a series of events being held around the world to demand political action on environmental issues.

France will host the climate summit, known as COP21, in Paris from 30 November to 11 December.

It is widely expected to result in a global, binding agreement on addressing climate change.

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SHOTLIST:

1. Bush and Aznar arriving

2. Bush and Aznar going up to podium

3. Mid shot of President Bush and Spanish Prime Minister Jose Maria Aznar,

4. SOUNDBITE: (English) US President George W. Bush:

"The ABM Treaty is a relic of the past. It prevents freedom loving people from exploring the future and that's why we've got to lay it aside. And that's why we've got to have the framework - the discussions necessary - to explain to our friends and allies as well as Russia, that our intent is to make the world more peaceful. Not more dangerous. Our intent is to bring more stability into the world. And freedom loving people must recognise the true threats that face democracies in the 21st century. The days of the Cold War have ended. And so must the Cold War mentality as far as I'm concerned. President Aznar had a lot of interesting points of view. He had a lot of very good questions to ask. One of them was your question. How do we know if it will work? And the only way to know if it will work will be for the United States to spend the dollars and have the capacity to do research and development on this very important issue."

5. Cut to journalist

6. SOUNDBITE: (English) US President George W. Bush:

"This is an appropriate question after I've had a chance to visit with all the leaders in Europe. I come to the conference believing that every leader is sincere about their desire to clean the world and so are we. We have a different approach. But we have the same goals. As I said earlier, I believe the Kyoto treaty is a flawed treaty. I think that it has set unscientific goals and it didn't include developing countries. On the other hand I want to reiterate today and I will do so throughout the week, that we are committed to reducing greenhouse gasses in the United States."

7. Cut away of press

8. SOUNDBITE: (English) US President George W. Bush:

"Our joint statement addresses a renewed commitment to the NATO alliance and a readiness to respond to any new threats. The statement also underscores our share of support for a new round of global trade negotiations this year. The United States and Spain have worked closely together to promote freedom, prosperity and stability both in the Americas and in South East Europe. We appreciate Spain's contribution towards peace in the Balkans."

9. Cutaway

10. SOUNDBITE: (English) US President George W. Bush:

"Democracies debate issues. Democracies represent the will of the people. The death penalty is the will of the people in the United States. There are some people who don't agree with the death penalty in our country. And it's not an easy subject for any of us. But the majority of the people - and our laws reflect the majority of the people - believe that if the death penalty is certain, just and fair, it'll deter crime."

11. Wide of Bush and Aznar

12. Journalist asking question

13. SOUNDBITE: (English) US President George W. Bush:

"We plan to keep the embargo on Cuba and will do so until Fidel Castro frees prisoners, has free elections, embraces freedom. I believe strongly that's the right policy for the United States."

14. Wide of Bush and Aznar

15. SOUNDBITE: (Spanish) Spanish Prime Minister Jose Maria Aznar:

"We agree on one fundamental thing in terms of Latin America. The conditions are right for more prosperity to come to the region of South and Central America in the 21st century. Therefore there should be the establishment of democratic systems which are more solid. And we should strongly push for more prosperity in these countries which will mean more stability, more wealth, more prosperity for the region. Which would be important for us and for the world stability."

16. Bush and Aznar embrace and leave podium

STORYLINE:

U-S President George W. Bush opened his first European trip on the defensive Tuesday, arguing his case for a missile defence shield and at odds with allies on global warming and capital punishment.

The niceties of his tour of Madrid's Zarzuela Palace and its wooded animal preserve quickly segued to the diplomatic business of soothing European allies on issues Bush is likely to confront several times over as he crisscrosses Europe on this five-day, five-nation swing.

Bush was still huddling with Spanish Prime Minister Jose Maria Aznar at Aznar's whitewashed ranch house south of Madrid when European Union environment ministers sent word from Brussels, Belgium, rejecting Bush's latest climate-change initiative as short on action and urging Bush to back the Kyoto treaty on global warming.

At a joint news conference with Aznar, Bush was unyielding.

He called the 1997 Kyoto agreement flawed, "unrealistic" and not based on sound science.

Bush, who has pledged to research technological solutions to slow greenhouse gas emissions without harm to the American economy, said of meeting on Thursday with his critics in the EU:

"I come to the conference believing that every leader is sincere about his desire to clean the world and so are we. We have a different approach, but we have the same goals."

Bush and Aznar took a limited number of reporters' questions but were spared no ticklishness when it came to topics.

One day after the United States executed Oklahoma City bomber Timothy McVeigh, a Spanish reporter asked if Bush's European counterparts might be able to change Bush's mind on the death penalty, which he favors but most Europeans passionately oppose.

"Democracies debate issues. Democracies represent the will of the people. The death penalty is the will of the people in the United States," Bush replied.

Aznar then noted his own personal opposition to capital punishment, which Spain has abolished.

Bush was also pressed to explain his pursuit of a missile defense shield despite opposition among allies who fear he will trigger a new arms race.

Sounding as much animated as agitated, Bush ran through his arguments several times.

"Our intent is to bring stability into the world," he said.

In a joint statement, Bush and Aznar agreed on a need for a "comprehensive security strategy that encompasses both offensive and defensive deterrent systems."

The two leaders also reaffirmed their commitment to free trade and NATO expansion.

The Spanish Prime Minister said Bush's visit had cemented U.S.-Spanish ties.

But he also said the two remained divided on some issues, an apparent reference to Bush's rejection of the Kyoto global warming treaty, plans to build a missile defence system and policy on Cuba.

President Bush announced his administration plan to keep the embargo on Cuba.

He added that it will do so "until Fidel Castro frees prisoners, has free elections, embraces freedom."

SHOTLIST:

1. Bush and Aznar arriving

2. Bush and Aznar going up to podium

3. Mid shot of US President Bush and Spanish Prime Minister Jose Maria Aznar

4. SOUNDBITE: (English) US President George W. Bush:

"The ABM Treaty is a relic of the past. It prevents freedom loving people from exploring the future and that's why we've got to lay it aside. And that's why we've got to have the framework - the discussions necessary - to explain to our friends and allies as well as Russia, that our intent is to make the world more peaceful. Not more dangerous. Our intent is to bring more stability into the world. And freedom loving people must recognise the true threats that face democracies in the 21st century. The days of the Cold War have ended. And so must the cold war mentality as far as I'm concerned. And I belive we're going to make great progress on this issue. I truly do. I realise it's going to require a lot of consultation. But I'm willing to listen. President Aznar had a lot of interesting points of view. He had a lot of very good questions to ask. One of them was your question. How do we know if it will work? And the only way to know if it will work will be for the United States to spend the dollars and have the capacity to do research and development on this very important issue."

5. Cut to journalist

6. SOUNDBITE: (English) US President George W. Bush

"This is an appropriate question, after I've had a chance to visit with all the leaders in Europe. I come to the conference believing that every leader is sincere about their desire to clean the world and so are we. We have a different approach. But we have the same goals. As I said earlier, I believe the Kyoto treaty is a flawed treaty. I think that its set unscientific goals and it didn't include developing countries. On the other hand I want to reiterate today and I will do so throughout the week, that we are committed to reducing greenhouse gasses in the United States. I had the opportunity to explain to the President that our nation faces an energy crisis and it's a serious issue. We've got incredible trading opportunities between our nations and between the United States and the EU. In order for us to be active traders, our nations' economy must recover. We've taken some steps toward that. We have sound monitory policy. We've got a new fiscal stimulus package. But we also must address energy.

7. Cut away of journalists

8. SOUNDBITE: (English) US President George W. Bush:

"Our joint statement addresses a renewed commitment to the NATO alliance and a readiness to respond to any new threats. The statement also underscores our share of support for a new round of global trade negotiations this year. The United States and Spain have worked closely together to promote freedom, prosperity and stability both in the Americas and in South East Europe. We appreciate Spain's contribution towards peace in the Balkans.

9. Cutaway

10. SOUNDBITE: (English) US President George W. Bush:

"Democracies debate issues. Democracies represent the will of the people. The death penalty is the will of the people in the United States. There are some people who don't agree with the death penalty in our country. And it's not an easy subject for any of us. But the majority of the people - and our laws reflect the majority of the people - believe that if the death penalty is certain, just and fair, it'll deter crime."

11. Bush and Aznar embrace and leave podium

STORYLINE:

A day after the execution of Oklahoma City bomber Timothy McVeigh, U.S. President George W. Bush confronted passionate European opposition to capital punishment and asserted, "The death penalty is the will of the people in the United States."

A majority of Americans believe that it deters crime, Bush argued on Tuesday as he opened his maiden European tour in Spain.

At a joint news conference with Spanish Prime Minister Jose Maria Aznar, Bush immediately faced trans-Atlantic differences over the death penalty, global warming and his administration's plan to develop a missile defence shield.

Aznar noted that Spain has abolished the death penalty and that he personally was opposed to capital punishment.

Bush was largely on the defensive as European allies rejected his stand on global warming and opposed his plans for a missile defense system. "I look forward to making my case," Bush said.

Bush and Aznar took reporters' questions after private meetings at the Spaniard's whitewashed ranch house south of Madrid.

Bush, who is scheduled to meet Vladimir Putin for the first time on Saturday in Slovenia, said he will offer the Russian president "a strong normal relationship with America."

Bush defended his position to abrogate the Russian-US Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty in order to build a missile defence shield for the United States.

As it is, the treaty prevents America "from exploring other opportunities," Bush said.

Bush had still been behind closed doors with Aznar when the European Union served notice from Brussels, Belgium, that U.S. allies rejected Bush's new initiatives on climate change, calling them short on action.

They urged Bush to change his mind and back the Kyoto treaty on global warming.

Bush said the treaty was flawed, "unrealistic" and not based on sound science.

He said his administration is committed to reducing greenhouse gases in the United States.

Bush emphasized that the United States has great and enduring interests in Europe.

Pledging to help Spain combat its serious problem with terrorism, Bush returned to the theme that promises to echo throughout his five-day, five-nation trip.

Thousands of students skipped school and marched through Madrid on Friday to protest what they see as failure by their government to take tough action against climate change.

Friday's rallies were one of the biggest international actions yet, involving hundreds of thousands of students in more than 100 countries around the globe.

The coordinated "school strikes" were inspired by 16-year-old Swedish activist Greta Thunberg, who began holding solitary demonstrations outside the Swedish parliament last year.

The students in Madrid followed the movement of taking a picture in front of their town hall and posting with the hashtag #FridaysForFuture, to demand that elected officials act.

Alejandro Martinez, the #FridaysForFuture spokesperson said he joined the movement because "we cannot postpone the battle against climate change".

Scientists have backed the protests, with thousands in Britain, Finland, Germany and the United States signing petitions in support of the students.

Madrid, Spain - 15 March 2019

1. Wide of thousands of climate change protesters in Puerta del Sol square

2. Various of protesters

3. Students carrying a black coffin reading (Spanish) "Future" with a blown-up planet Earth inside it

4. Pan of protest

5. Various of protest

6. SOUNDBITE (Spanish) Alejandro Martinez, #FridaysForFuture spokesperson:

"I am here today because we cannot postpone the battle against climate change. There have been years of political denial and in only eleven years the global temperature will rise above a grade and a half and then those consequences would be irreversible."

7. Tilt down from Martinez talking to a demonstrator to his banner

8. SOUNDBITE (Spanish) Alejandro Martinez, #FridaysForFuture spokesperson:

"We have joined the science (proposals) and we are repeating what scientists have been saying for decades. We want scientists to meet with politicians so that the measures are effective and also binding."

9 . Wide of protest

10. Banner reading (English): "S.O.S. Lisa Simpson was right" (referring to US animated sitcom character Lisa Simpson)

11. Protesters

12. SOUNDBITE (Spanish) Cristina Almansa, student:

"I reckon it is a necessary movement which is already late because we are against the clock. For me the most important thing is to generate a change in the ideas: we cannot maintain a system that is based on making the most economic profit. Quite simply, that is unsustainable."

13. Protesters

14. SOUNDBITE (Spanish) Luisa Ripoll, engineering student:

"We are here because we are interested in climate change and it is an urgent situation. We are facing a climate crisis and I think that we are not acting as the urgency asks for. We are trying to raise awareness in society and to create a citizen and civil leadership (of this environmental movement)."

15. Various of protests

Former UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon said Donald Trump should stand "on the right side of history" by reconsidering the decision to pull his country out of the Paris climate change accord.

In an exclusive interview with the Associated Press, Ban described Trump's decision as a "short-term vision."

For almost a decade, Ban spearheaded negotiations that led to the pledge of keeping global temperatures from raising another degree Celsius by 2100. Nearly 200 countries signed the agreement in December 2015.

Ban on Wednesday joined more than 50 former world leaders in a statement criticizing Trump administration's decision.

Asked on nuclear threat poised by North Korea, Ban Ki Moon said that should the North Koreans achieve their state goal of putting miniaturising nuclear warheads on ballistic missiles the situation would be "terribly serious."

Madrid - 14 June 2016

1. Former United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki Moon during interview

2. SOUNDBITE (English) Ban Ki Moon, former United Nations Secretary-General:

"I sincerely hope that (US) President (Donald) Trump stands in the right side of the history. This (Trump withdrawing the US from the Paris climate change agreement) is a short term vision. We have to think about the far reaching vision. This is exactly what leadership requires. Thus I am really urging all world leaders, including President Donald Trump, to be a global citizen with a global vision."

3. Ban Ki Moon during interview

4. SOUNDBITE (English) Ban Ki Moon, former United Nations Secretary-General:

"They (North Korea) have already tested five times nuclear weapons. What they are boasting is that they can miniaturise the nuclear weapons which can be loaded atop ballistic missiles. Then, if it happens it will be a terribly serious and dangerous situations. That is why is important that the whole Security Council resolution must be fully implemented."

5. Ban Ki Moon listening to question

Indigenous leaders from Brazil staged a protest and improvised news conference to climate activists and reporters outside the COP 25 venue in Madrid on Monday.

Their presence at the climate conference comes just a few days after the killing of two leaders of the Guajajara people.

"What we are living with is not a simply a change in climate, what we are living with is the killing of our people, through genocide, through ethnocide, and also through ecocide," Sonia Guajajara, coordinator of a network to connect Brazilian indigenous peoples, said.

The attack on members of the Guajajara group, known for its forest guardians who protect their territory against illegal deforestation, occurred on the margins of a federal highway.

Sonia Guajajara called on negotiators gathered for the COP25 summit to protect those guardians.

"There will not be no climate if you don't protect the men and women who are the guardians the environment and the forest territories," she said.

Madrid, 9 December 2019

1. Various of indigenous activists holding large pictures of two indigenous leaders killed recently, and singing prayers for them

2. Tilt up of indigenous protester

3. Tilt down from boat used in protest by climate activists to protest indigenous leaders

4. Indigenous leaders addressing crowd, Sonia Guajajara (on left)

5. Close of feathers in headdress

6. SOUNDBITE (Portuguese) Sonia Guajajara, Brazilian indigenous leader:

"We have just finished a journey through Europe that lasted 35 days and the motto of our campaign has been 'indigenous blood, not one more drop' and I want you all to repeat after me 'indigenous blood, not one more drop.'"

7. Cutaway photographer

8. SOUNDBITE (Portuguese) Sonia Guajajara, Brazilian indigenous leader:

"What we are living with is not a simply a change in climate, what we are living with is the killing of our people, through genocide, through ethnocide, and also through ecocide."

9. Pan of protesters

10. SOUNDBITE (Portuguese) Sonia Guajajara, Brazilian indigenous leader:

"This fight against climate change cannot be an isolated one. We, the ones who protect the (forest) territories, we need protection ourselves and we are here to ask the support from all of those who are here discussing how to protect the climate - there will not be no climate if you don't protect the men and women who are the guardians the environment and the forest territories."

11. Former Brazilian presidential candidate Marina Silva arriving at protest

12. Tilt up of indigenous women

13. Wide of group