English/Nat

Two one-hundred-year-old African American World War One veterans were honoured on Monday.

The two men became Knights of the National Order of the Legion of Honour, France's highest award.

The awards were presented as part of French President Jacques campaign to commemorate the end of the first World War by honoring surviving American military personnel who served in France.

SUGGESTED VOICE-OVER

Better late than never, thought the French, who just recently started a campaign to honour surviving American military personnel who served in France.

The occasion marks part of the 80th Anniversary of the Armistice that ended the war on November 11th 1918.

Having waited most of their lives, Herbert W. Young, who is 104, and Robert Thomas, who is 113, were awarded medals by the French Consul General, Richard Tuque, and made Knights of the French Legion of Honour.

[SOUNDBITE: (English)

"Robert Thomas, on behalf ot the President of the French Republic, and by virtue of the powers vested in me, I hereby make you a Knight of the Legion of Honour."

SUPER CAPTION: Richard Tuque, French Consul General]

Both men, who served in France during the war, received France's highest award.

SOUNDBITE: (English)

"...and by the virtue of the powers vested in me, I hereby make you a Knight of the Legion of Honour."

SUPER CAPTION: Richard Tuque, French Consul General]

There are an estimated three thousand American World War One veterans, half of whom are believed to have served in France during the war.

The Legion of Honour will not be given posthumously to American veterans.

To date more than 300 World War One veterans have filed applications for the award.

New York City, USA, 22 February 1999

1. Wide shot exterior French Consulate

2. Close shot consulate sign

3. Two French soldier with flags

4. Interior of consulate, playing

5. Close shot soldier saluting

6. Cutaway cameramen, pan to Herbert W. Young and Robert Thomas, being honoured

7. Family of veterans

8. Close shot medals

9. French Consul General taking medal from pillow

10. Cutaway media

11. SOUNDBITE: (English) Richard Tuque, French Consul General

12. Close shot Herbert Young

13. SOUNDBITE: (English) Richard Tuque, French Consul General

14. Cutaway media

15. Glass of champagne, pullout to side view of ceremony

FOR CLEAN VERSION SEE STORY NUMBER: 2051670

A remembrance ceremony was held on the Japanese island of Iwo Jima on Saturday to mark the 70th anniversary of one of the Second World War's bloodiest battles.

Dozens of US veterans, now in their 80s and 90s as well as US and Japanese officials flew to the island, where the US invasion began on 19 February 1945, and lasted 36 days.

The battle claimed 6,821 American and 21,570 Japanese lives.

Speaking at the ceremony, Ray Mabus, United States Secretary of the Navy said the "inferno of Iwo Jima" brought the two nations together.

"Our partnership developed in a wake of war and has grown ever stronger in the years since. Today the Unites States and Japan are inter dependent - they have cooperation from everything from international security to free trade. We depend on one another so that each nation may live in peace and prosperity," said Mabus.

Japanese Defense Minister Gen Nakatani pledged to work hard to strengthen the US-Japan alliance which is "based on the sacrifice of those who perished" on Iwo Jima.

++QUALITY AS INCOMING++

DVIDS

Iwo Jima, Japan - 21 March 2015

1. US war veterans and Navy Secretary Ray Mabus laying wreath

2. Close of flowers

3. SOUNDBITE (English) Ray Mabus, United States Secretary of the Navy:

"Rising from the inferno of Iwo Jima our partnership developed in a wake of war and has grown ever stronger in the years since. Today the Unites States and Japan are interdependent. They have cooperation from everything from international security to free trade. We depend on one another so that each nation may live in peace and prosperity. America and Japan stand together today as sailors, marines, soldiers airmen, as nations and as friends."

4. Various of veterans, military and officials listening

5. SOUNDBITE (English) Ray Mabus, United States Secretary of the Navy:

"As partners we will face together whatever challenges the future brings, but we will never forget the lessons of our past. To overcome trying times we will invoke the character traits demonstrated by the battle for Iwo Jima - honor, courage, sacrifice."

6. Wide of military holding Japanese and US flags

7. Ceremonial gun salute

HEADLINE: A look inside the control room of the Predator

---------------------------------------

CAPTION: One of the world's most mysterious military aircraft is flown into war zones from an air-conditioned trailer in Southern California nicknamed the Dumpster. The AP's John Mone visited a control room for the Predator unmanned aerial vehicle, an increasingly large part of U.S. military force. (Aug 6)

----------------------------------------

[Notes:ANCHOR VOICE]

NB. THIS IS A VOICEOVER TRANSCRIPT, NOT A FULL SHOT LIST.

March Air Reserve Base, CA

[[pkg]]

[[VO: opening shot, a wide of what looks like a dumpster, but inside are controls for UAVs]]

[[SUPER: March Reserve Base, CA]]

INSIDE WHAT LOOKS LIKE A DUMPSTER ARE THE CONTROLS TO ONE OF THE WORLD'S MOST MYSTERIOUS AIRCRAFT--

[[SOT]]

[[SUPER: Lt. Col. Kirby R. Colas// Cmdr. 196th Reconnaissance Squadron, 163rd Reconnaissance Wing]]

"We fly the Predator Drone."

[[VO: Colas inside the dumpster...shots of crew members pointing out controls for UAVs, dissolve to exterior of hangar at March ARB iin Riverside]]

AIR NATIONAL GUARD LIEUTENANT COLONEL KIRBY COLAS SHOWED US A CONTROL ROOM FOR THE UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE OR DRONE AT THE MARCH AIR FORCE RESERVE BASE IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.

"we are flying airplanes that are on the other side of the world. we control them from right here at March."

[[VO: Images of the drone in the hangar. Cuts to video downloaded from the USAF of declassified drone missions, you see what look like people walking around car...a street...and then explosions...(from a hell fire missile ]]

[[SUPER: Date: April 11 2008 Video Source: US Air Force]]

ALSO KNOWN AS THE PREDATOR...IT IS QUICKLY BECOMING A MILITARY MAINSTAY IN BOTH IRAQ AND AFGHANISTAN. FROM HIGH ALTITUDES DRONES CAN SPY VIRTUALLY UN-NOTICED FOR UP TO 20 HOURS AND DELIVER DEADLY FORCE WITH HELLFIRE MISSILES...AS SHOWN IN THIS DECLASSIFIED RECORDING FROM A MISSION IN BASRA IRAQ...

[[SOT]]

[[SUPER: Col. Albert Aimar//163rd Reconnaissance Wing]]

" this is the wave of the future. the unmanned aerial system is going to be increased a number of caps. what we have going on right...sec. gates wants even more."

[[GRAPHIC...TEXT WITH A BUILD? USE PHRASES IN QUOTES SOURCE: USAF]]

AIR FORCE STATISTICS SHOW DRONES LOGGED MORE THAN "79,000 FLYING HOURS"...

"20 THOUSAND MORE" THAN THE PREVIOUS YEAR.

[[VO: Scott Lindlaw with Lt. Col. Colas at a simulator]]

ASSOCIATED PRESS HOMELAND SECURITY WRITER SCOTT LINDLAW GOT TO SIT IN A TRAINING "COCKPIT"

[[NATS POP OF LINDLAW INTERACTING WITH LT. COL COLAS]]

[[VO: tight shot of the nose cone of the aircraft...dissolve to more declassified video]]

AT THE NOSE OF THE CRAFT IS A CAMERA WITH A LONG ZOOM. IT'S THE ONLY VISUAL A PILOT HAS...

IT MAY LOOK LIKE A VIDEO GAME...BUT OPERATING THE PREDATOR IS VERY COMPLEX.

[[SOT]]

[[SUPER: Lt Col. Kirby Colas//]]

"...the physical reaction time is a couple of seconds from when you tell the airplane to do something and when it tells you it's done it. "

[[GRAPHIC]]

[[STARTS WITH VO OF THE CONTROL ROOM...THEN DISSOLVES TO graphic descriptor-- usa map, California highlighted maybe...globe rotates to Germany...satellite on top of Germany beams information up to another satellite down to drone']]

FROM CONTROL ROOM THOUSANDS OF MILES AWAY AN AIR NATIONAL GUARD PILOT CONTROLS THE DRONE. THEY SIT AT A CONTROL STATION LIKE THIS ONE IN CALIFORNIA. THE STICKS AND BUTTONS SEND SIGNALS THAT TRAVEL THROUGH FIBRE OPTIC CABLES TO A GROUND STATION IN GERMANY. THE DATA GETS BEAMED UP TO A SATELLITE THAT CAN "SEE" IRAQ & AFGHANISTAN. THE INFORMATION GETS BOUNCED DOWN TO THE LITTLE DRONE.

[[SOT]]

[[SUPER: Lt. Col. Kirby Colas//]]

"you're also deprived of all the sensory keys that pilots normal have. the feel smells sounds and sights of an airplane."

[[VO: Different angles of the still drone...cuts to the dumpster control room][]

A MILITARY REPORT ON A PREDATOR CRASH UNDERSCORES THE STRANGE ENVIRONMENT PILOTS OPERATE IN...

[[GRAPHIC, BUILD WITH BULLET POINTS USING TEXT IN QUOTES]]

*IN KANDAHAR AIR BASE AFGHANISTAN...A DRONE TOUCHED DOWN NOSE FIRST ON THE RUNWAY...AND THEN "BOUNCED INTO THE AIR SEVEN TIMES BEFORE SKIDDING TO STOP."

*IT CAUSED ALMOST TWO MILLION DOLLARS IN DAMAGE.

THE REPORT BLAMED A PILOT AT A NEVADA AIR FORCE BASE...FOR THE CRASH. BUT DID SAY THE "UNIQUE FLIGHT CONTROL" CONTRIBUTED TO IT.

[[SOURCE: USAF]]

[[VO: declassified video, shots of the drone from different angles]]

[[TRACK]]

IN LAST YEAR AND A HALF THERE HAVE BEEN FIVE PREDATOR MISHAPS...BUT THE OFFICIALS WE SPOKE WITH ARE QUICK TO POINT OUT THE FAILURE RATE FOR DRONES IS MUCH LOWER THAN "MANNED" AIRCRAFT.

THE U-A-V IS EXPENDABLE...NO PILOT TO WORRY ABOUT IF IT GETS SHOT DOWN OR CRASHES....BECAUSE THAT PERSON IS IN A CONTROL ROOM FAR AWAY. JOHN MONE THE ASSOCIATED PRESS MARCH AIR RESERVE BASE, CALIFORNIA

RESTRICTION SUMMARY: AP CLIENTS ONLY

SHOTLIST:

AP TELEVISION - AP CLIENTS ONLY

Washington - 2 June 2015

1. SOUNDBITE: (English) President Barack Obama:

"Today, America honors two of her sons who served in World War I, nearly a century ago. These two soldiers were roughly the same age, dropped into the battlefields of France at roughly the same time. They both risked their own lives to save the lives of others. They both left us decades ago before we could give them the full recognition they deserve. But it's never too late to say, 'Thank you.'"

2. Wide of audience with African American servicemen

++SOUNDBITE COVERED BY SHOT 2++

3. SOUNDBITE: (English) President Barack Obama:

"We can't change what happened to too many soldiers like him (Pvt. Henry Johnson) who went uncelebrated because our nation judged them by the color of their skin and not the content of their character but we can do our best to make it right."

4. Obama presenting Medal of Honor to New York Army National Guard Command Sgt. Maj. Louis E. Wilson on behalf of the belated Pvt. Henry Johnson

++SOUNDBITE COVERED BY SHOT 4++

5. SOUNDBITE: (English) President Barack Obama:

"Today we present America's highest military declaration, the medal of honor to Pvt Henry Johnson and Sgt. William Shemin."

6. SOUNDBITE: (English) President Barack Obama:

"It has taken a long time for Henry Johnson William Shemin to receive the recognition they deserve. And there are surely others whose heroism is still unacknowledged and uncelebrated. So we have work to do as a nation to make sure that all of our heroes stories our told, and we will keep at it no matter how long it takes."

STORYLINE:

President Barack Obama is awarding the Medal of Honor to two World War I U.S. Army soldiers who may have been denied the top military honor in the past due to discrimination.

Correcting a long ago wrong, Obama posthumously recognized Sgt. William Shemin, a Jewish soldier, and Pvt. Henry Johnson, an African American serviceman, for their heroism nearly a century ago.

Obama says "they both risked their own lives to save the lives of others." And he adds: "It's never too late to say thank you."

Shemin's two daughters, Elsie and Ina, received the award on behalf of their father. New York National Guard Command Sgt. Maj. Louis Wilson accepted the medal on Johnson's behalf.

===========================================================

Clients are reminded:

(i) to check the terms of their licence agreements for use of content outside news programming and that further advice and assistance can be obtained from the AP Archive on: Tel +44 (0) 20 7482 7482 Email: info@aparchive.com

(ii) they should check with the applicable collecting society in their Territory regarding the clearance of any sound recording or performance included within the AP Television News service

(iii) they have editorial responsibility for the use of all and any content included within the AP Television News service and for libel, privacy, compliance and third party rights applicable to their Territory.

RESTRICTION SUMMARY: AP CLIENTS ONLY

SHOTLIST:

AP TELEVISION - AP CLIENTS ONLY

Washington - 2 June 2015

1. SOUNDBITE: (English) President Barack Obama:

"Today, America honors two of her sons who served in World War I, nearly a century ago. These two soldiers were roughly the same age, dropped into the battlefields of France at roughly the same time. They both risked their own lives to save the lives of others. They both left us decades ago before we could give them the full recognition they deserve. But it's never too late to say, 'Thank you.'"

2. Wide of audience with African American servicemen

++SOUNDBITE COVERED BY SHOT 2++

3. SOUNDBITE: (English) President Barack Obama:

"We can't change what happened to too many soldiers like him (Pvt. Henry Johnson) who went uncelebrated because our nation judged them by the color of their skin and not the content of their character but we can do our best to make it right."

4. Obama presenting Medal of Honor to New York Army National Guard Command Sgt. Maj. Louis E. Wilson on behalf of the belated Pvt. Henry Johnson

++SOUNDBITE COVERED BY SHOT 4++

5. SOUNDBITE: (English) President Barack Obama:

"Today we present America's highest military declaration, the medal of honor to Pvt Henry Johnson and Sgt. William Shemin."

6. SOUNDBITE: (English) President Barack Obama:

"It has taken a long time for Henry Johnson William Shemin to receive the recognition they deserve. And there are surely others whose heroism is still unacknowledged and uncelebrated. So we have work to do as a nation to make sure that all of our heroes stories our told, and we will keep at it no matter how long it takes."

STORYLINE:

President Barack Obama is awarding the Medal of Honor to two World War I U.S. Army soldiers who may have been denied the top military honor in the past due to discrimination.

Correcting a long ago wrong, Obama posthumously recognized Sgt. William Shemin, a Jewish soldier, and Pvt. Henry Johnson, an African American serviceman, for their heroism nearly a century ago.

Obama says "they both risked their own lives to save the lives of others." And he adds: "It's never too late to say thank you."

Shemin's two daughters, Elsie and Ina, received the award on behalf of their father. New York National Guard Command Sgt. Maj. Louis Wilson accepted the medal on Johnson's behalf.

===========================================================

Clients are reminded:

(i) to check the terms of their licence agreements for use of content outside news programming and that further advice and assistance can be obtained from the AP Archive on: Tel +44 (0) 20 7482 7482 Email: info@aparchive.com

(ii) they should check with the applicable collecting society in their Territory regarding the clearance of any sound recording or performance included within the AP Television News service

(iii) they have editorial responsibility for the use of all and any content included within the AP Television News service and for libel, privacy, compliance and third party rights applicable to their Territory.

RESTRICTION SUMMARY: AP CLIENTS ONLY

SHOTLIST:

AP TELEVISION - AP CLIENTS ONLY

Washington - 2 June 2015

1. President Barack Obama walks into ceremony

2. SOUNDBITE: (English) President Barack Obama:

"Today, America honors two of her sons who served in World War I, nearly a century ago. These two soldiers were roughly the same age, dropped into the battlefields of France at roughly the same time. They both risked their own lives to save the lives of others. They both left us decades ago before we could give them the full recognition they deserve. But it's never too late to say, 'Thank you.'"

3. Wide of audience

4. SOUNDBITE: (English) President Barack Obama:

"We can't change what happened to too many soldiers like him (Pvt. Henry Johnson) who went uncelebrated because our nation judged them by the color of their skin and not the content of their character but we can do our best to make it right."

5. Various of Obama presenting Medal of Honor to New York Army National Guard Command Sgt. Maj. Louis E. Wilson on behalf of the belated Pvt. Henry Johnson

6. SOUNDBITE: (English) President Barack Obama:

"Today we present America's highest military declaration, the medal of honor to Pvt Henry Johnson and Sgt. William Shemin."

7. Various of Sgt. William Shemin's daughters, Elsie and Ina, accepting medal on his behalf

8. SOUNDBITE: (English) President Barack Obama:

"It has taken a long time for Henry Johnson William Shemin to receive the recognition they deserve. And there are surely others whose heroism is unacknowledged and uncelebrated. So we have work to do as a nation to make sure that all of our heroes stories our told."

9. Obama leaves ceremony

STORYLINE:

President Barack Obama is awarding the Medal of Honor to two World War I U.S. Army soldiers who may have been denied the top military honor in the past due to discrimination.

Correcting a long ago wrong, Obama posthumously recognized Sgt. William Shemin, a Jewish soldier, and Pvt. Henry Johnson, an African American serviceman, for their heroism nearly a century ago.

Obama says "they both risked their own lives to save the lives of others." And he adds: "It's never too late to say thank you."

Shemin's two daughters, Elsie and Ina, received the award on behalf of their father. New York National Guard Command Sgt. Maj. Louis Wilson accepted the medal on Johnson's behalf.

===========================================================

Clients are reminded:

(i) to check the terms of their licence agreements for use of content outside news programming and that further advice and assistance can be obtained from the AP Archive on: Tel +44 (0) 20 7482 7482 Email: info@aparchive.com

(ii) they should check with the applicable collecting society in their Territory regarding the clearance of any sound recording or performance included within the AP Television News service

(iii) they have editorial responsibility for the use of all and any content included within the AP Television News service and for libel, privacy, compliance and third party rights applicable to their Territory.

RESTRICTION SUMMARY: AP CLIENTS ONLY

SHOTLIST:

AP TELEVISION - AP CLIENTS ONLY

Washington - 2 June 2015

1. President Barack Obama walks into ceremony

2. SOUNDBITE: (English) President Barack Obama:

"Today, America honors two of her sons who served in World War I, nearly a century ago. These two soldiers were roughly the same age, dropped into the battlefields of France at roughly the same time. They both risked their own lives to save the lives of others. They both left us decades ago before we could give them the full recognition they deserve. But it's never too late to say, 'Thank you.'"

3. Wide of audience

4. SOUNDBITE: (English) President Barack Obama:

"We can't change what happened to too many soldiers like him (Pvt. Henry Johnson) who went uncelebrated because our nation judged them by the color of their skin and not the content of their character but we can do our best to make it right."

5. Various of Obama presenting Medal of Honor to New York Army National Guard Command Sgt. Maj. Louis E. Wilson on behalf of the belated Pvt. Henry Johnson

6. SOUNDBITE: (English) President Barack Obama:

"Today we present America's highest military declaration, the medal of honor to Pvt Henry Johnson and Sgt. William Shemin."

7. Various of Sgt. William Shemin's daughters, Elsie and Ina, accepting medal on his behalf

8. SOUNDBITE: (English) President Barack Obama:

"It has taken a long time for Henry Johnson William Shemin to receive the recognition they deserve. And there are surely others whose heroism is unacknowledged and uncelebrated. So we have work to do as a nation to make sure that all of our heroes stories our told."

9. Obama leaves ceremony

STORYLINE:

President Barack Obama is awarding the Medal of Honor to two World War I U.S. Army soldiers who may have been denied the top military honor in the past due to discrimination.

Correcting a long ago wrong, Obama posthumously recognized Sgt. William Shemin, a Jewish soldier, and Pvt. Henry Johnson, an African American serviceman, for their heroism nearly a century ago.

Obama says "they both risked their own lives to save the lives of others." And he adds: "It's never too late to say thank you."

Shemin's two daughters, Elsie and Ina, received the award on behalf of their father. New York National Guard Command Sgt. Maj. Louis Wilson accepted the medal on Johnson's behalf.

===========================================================

Clients are reminded:

(i) to check the terms of their licence agreements for use of content outside news programming and that further advice and assistance can be obtained from the AP Archive on: Tel +44 (0) 20 7482 7482 Email: info@aparchive.com

(ii) they should check with the applicable collecting society in their Territory regarding the clearance of any sound recording or performance included within the AP Television News service

(iii) they have editorial responsibility for the use of all and any content included within the AP Television News service and for libel, privacy, compliance and third party rights applicable to their Territory.

WORLD SPANISH FLU

SOURCE: ASSOCIATED PRESS

RESTRICTIONS: AP CLIENTS ONLY

LENGTH:6.40

SHOTLIST:

UNIVERSAL NEWSREEL

(EDITORS NOTE : dates and locations uncertain, some events may have been reconstructed for camera, details unknown)

++MUTE++

Dates and locations unknown

1. Mid of tank firing shots

2. Wide of church under attack gas rising

3. Various soldiers in trenches with gas masks, gas rising

4. Mid of barbed wire

5. Soldiers in trenches with gas masks

6. Soldiers in trench firing rifles

7. Wide of large explosion

8. Wide of a squadron of war planes in air (unidentified)

9. Close up pilot in cockpit

10. Various of explosions on the ground

Associated Press

Etaples, France - 30 October 2018

11. Mid of war graves in front of the entrance to the Commonwealth War Cemetery at Etaples

12. Various of war graves at Etaples

13. Wide of people walking to graves

Associated Press

United States - 17 December 2006

17. SOUNDBITE: (English) 94 year old William Sardo, Jr. Spanish Flu survivor speaking in 2006 (start of soundbite overlaid by previous shot)

"All of a sudden as I recall it, out in Kansas one soldier got the Spanish flu and from there it gradually spread to various parts of the country."

AP Television

Photo

18. Various of black and white photos showing army hospital full of soldiers sick with flu

Associated Press

Baton Rouge, Louisiana – 24 October 2018

19. Various of historian John Maxwell Hamilton of Louisiana State University, working in his office

20. SOUNDBITE (English) John Maxwell Hamilton/Louisiana State University

“So, the Spanish flu is a misnomer. In fact, eight million Spaniards did die of the flu, but it wasn’t a Spanish flu. The reason it was called Spanish flu is because Spain was a neutral country, and it didn’t have censorship. The belligerent countries – the United States, Germany, Great Britain, France, and so forth – they did have censorship, and they didn’t want a lot of news about the flu to disrupt the war effort."

AP Television

Photo

21. Black and white photo showing mid of sick soldiers in army hospital

Associated Press

Baton Rouge, Louisiana – 24 October 2018

22. SOUNDBITE (English) John Maxwell Hamilton/Louisiana State University

"The prime location for it is often thought of by historians as being Kansas where there was a military installation and in fact when it got to Europe military installations were a major incubator for the disease."

Associated Press

London UK - 22 November 2018

23. Various of Chris Chiu infectious diseases consultant working in office

24. SOUNDBITE (English) Chris Chiu, infectious diseases consultant, Imperial College London

"The first cases appeared around a similar time in different parts of the world including Europe and the US. In the US it was particularly well documented and so there were large outbreaks in military institutions and that allowed them to really identify that there was this outbreak of a disease which had a very characteristic set of symptoms and seemed to be causing a lot of deaths."

Associated Press

Etaples, France - 30 October 2018

25. Various of war graves in cemetary at Etaples

Associated Press

London UK - 22 November 2018

26. SOUNDBITE (English) Chris Chiu, infectious diseases consultant, Imperial College London

"A lot of the inflammation and the things which normally try and dampen down a viral infection actually were too extreme and caused a lot more damage to the lungs than helped. Then there are also all of the human factors, so this was at the end of the First World War people had gone through a lot of hardship, there were many people who were malnourished."

British Movietone

No date, or location available

British Movietone is an historical collection. Any views and expressions within either the video or metadata of the collection are reproduced for historical accuracy and do not represent the opinions or editorial policies of the Associated Press.

++MUTE++

27. Various of soldiers in trenches

Associated Press

London UK - 22 November 2018

28. SOUNDBITE (English) Chris Chiu, infectious diseases consultant, Imperial College London

"If you've previously been exposed to a similar strain of flu, then you are likely to have some immune protection and so in 1918 this new strain of virus, people really didn't have any protection pre existing and so the effects of the disease were much more severe."

Associated Press

Etaples, France - 30 October 2018

29. Wide of Peter Francis and a colleague from the Commonwealth War Grave Commissionn (CWGC) looking at headstones

30. Mid of headstones

31. UPSOUND: (English): Peter Francis, Commonwealth War Grave Commissionn (CWGC)

"So if you have a look at the date of death here you can see 29th November, 28th November, 29 November, 29 November, 28 November. All long after the armistice, men who were dying of Spanish flu."

32. Wide of cemetary at Etaples

33. Various of headstone for Florence Grover wife of Private A. Grover who died at Etaples on 26 November 2018

34. Close of two stones one engraved: Private A. Grover, The Queen's, 17 December 1918

35. Wide of three headstones, including Private Grover's centre

Associated Press

Maidenhead, UK - 8 November 2018

36. SOUNDBITE: (English) Peter Francis, Commonwealth War Grave Commissionn (CWGC)

"There's a very tragic story of a soldier called Private Grover, who is wounded on the Western Front and taken to the military hospitals at Etaples for treatment. His young bride comes out to visit him, to make sure he's okay. She contracts the disease and within 48 hours she's passed away, and the nursing sisters have to break that terrible news to her husband, who himself succumbs from the disease."

Associated Press

Photos

37. Black and white photo of people waiting for a tram with their faces masked to prevent infection of the Spanish flu

38. Black and white photo of police wearing masks to prevent infection of the Spanish flu

Associated Press

Baton Rouge, Louisiana – 24 October 2018

39. SOUNDBITE (English) John Maxwell Hamilton/Louisiana State University

"Movie theatres were closed, churches were told not to meet, in Phoenix Arizona there was a rule passed that you weren't allowed to shake hands, so people knew there was a problem."

Associated Press

Photos

40. Black and white photo of child crying by woman on a sick bed (circa 1918-19)

Associated Press

London UK - 22 November 2018

41. SOUNDBITE (English) Chris Chiu, infectious diseases consultant, Imperial College London

"If a completely new strain came and hopped over again from birds, or from pigs, then it's possible again to have a pandemic and for the virus to infect the majority of the world's population because it's changed so much that no-body recognises that as a strain that they've seen before."

Associated Press

Photos

42. Wardens from ambulances carrying stretchers  

LEADIN:

A hundred years ago in 1919 the world's battlefields were silent, but a killer was on the loose. More people died during the third and final wave of the Spanish flu than in World War One.

Fifty million people perished in the pandemic and as the centenary of the world's deadliest virus draws near, scientists are working to develop a universal vaccine.

STORYLINE:

It was the biggest mobilisation of forces the world had ever seen, millions of men shipped from one part of the globe to another.

Many arriving on Europe's Western Front in France and Belgium. But it wasn't the guns, or the chemical weapons which took the most lives, it was an influenza virus doctors hadn't seen before.

Vast numbers of men were being transported in crowded vessels, they ended up in narrow trenches and living in close quarters.

The virus was indiscriminate and it was allowed to spread by the allied and German armies whose generals were keen to keep the spreading sickness a secret from their enemy.

Exactly where the virus began is still disputed. Many believed it actually began in Kansas among the troops who were stationed to go to Europe.

In 2006, when he was 94 years old, influenza survivor William Sardo Jnr. remembered how he first heard about the outbreak.

"All of a sudden as I recall it, out in Kansas one soldier got the Spanish flu and from there it gradually spread to various parts of the country," said Sardo.

Although the Spanish flu was named as such, historian John Maxwell from Hamilton Louisiana State University explains that Spain was unlikely to have been the main source of the pandemic.

“So, the Spanish flu is a misnomer. In fact, eight million Spaniards did die of the flu, but it wasn’t a Spanish flu. The reason it was called Spanish flu is because Spain was a neutral country, and it didn’t have censorship. The belligerent countries – the United States, Germany, Great Britain, France, and so forth – they did have censorship, and they didn’t want a lot of news about the flu to disrupt the war effort," says Maxwell.

According to Maxwell the war accelerated the spread of the flu in a way it could not have done in peace time when there was little travel.

"The prime location for it is often thought of by historians as being Kansas where there was a military installation and in fact when it got to Europe military installations were a major incubator for the disease."

Scientists weren't able to source the identity of the strain the virus Spanish flu came from until the 1990s.

They tested samples taken from postmortems of soldiers who'd died of the infection.

Although doctors at the time didn't know it, the flu virus was in those samples of lung tissue.

When scientists came to look at them the entire virus was no longer in the the samples, but after investigating lots of them, it was possible to piece together the virus' genetic code.

Looking at the sequence of that genetic code scientists could compare it with other strains that they knew, and it is from that comparison that they concluded the Spanish flu did originate from birds.

With the benefit of hindsight and army documents though, today's scientists say it's not so easy to source the original location for the outbreak.

Chris Chiu is an infectious diseases consultant at Imperial College London, he also runs the Imperial Vaccine Network which aims to investigate new preventative treatments and get them to market.

Chiu says: "The first cases appeared around a similar time in different parts of the world including Europe and the US. In the US it was particularly well documented and so there were large outbreaks in military institutions and that allowed them to really identify that there was this outbreak of disease which had a very characteristic set of symptoms and seemed to be causing a lot of deaths."

According to Chiu: "A lot of the inflammation and the things which normally try and dampen down a viral infection were actually too extreme and caused a lot more damage to the lungs than helped. Then there are also all of the human factors, so this was at the end of the First World War people had gone through a lot of hardship, there were many people who were malnourished."

Because there was no previous experience of the strain of Spanish flu in 1918, that meant people had no immunity and they quickly succumed to it.

"If you've previously been exposed to a similar strain of flu, then you are likely to have some immune protection and so in 1918 this new strain of virus, people really didn't have any protection pre existing and so the effects of the disease were much more severe," he says.

Etaples in France was one of the biggest staging posts for the allied soldiers, so it's not surprising that many of them died in the field hospitals here.

Look closely at the engravings on the headstones and you begin to realised that not everyone buried here died on the battlefield.

Peter Francis is the spokesman for the Commonwealth War Grave Commission (CWGC) which ensures the upkeep of these graves, not just on the Western Front, but all over the world.

"So if you have a look at the date of death here you can see 29th November, 28th November, 29 November, 29 November, 28 November. All long after the armistice, men who were dying of Spanish flu," says Francis.

In one of the graves lies Florence Grover and a short distance away is the grave of her husband Private Grover.

According to Francis their story is one of many sad tales: "There's a very tragic story of a soldier called Private Grover, who is wounded on the Western Front and taken to the military hospitals at Etaples for treatment. His young bride comes out to visit him, to make sure he's okay. She contracts the disease and within 48 hours she's passed away, and the nursing sisters have to break that terrible news to her husband, who himself succumbs from the disease."

In America the authorities may not have been discussing the virus publicly, but they took it very seriously.

Maxwell says it was impossible for people not to be aware of it: "Movie theatres were closed, churches were told not to meet, in Phoenix Arizona there was a rule passed that you weren't allowed to shake hands, so people knew there was a problem."

Since 1918 there have been other flu pandemics, notably the spread of the H1N1 strain of the virus in 2009.

In 2012 the Lancet medical journal published a report estimating the number of deaths caused by infection at between 151,700 and 575,400.

According to Chiu a new strain shows up roughly every three decades and he says it's not inconceivable that an event like the Spanish flu could happen again.

"If a completely new strain came and hopped over again from birds, or from pigs, then it's possible again to have a pandemic and for the virus to infect the majority of the world's population because it's changed so much that no-body recognises that as a strain that they've seen before."

====

Clients are reminded:

(i) to check the terms of their licence agreements for use of content outside news programming and that further advice and assistance can be obtained from the AP Archive on: Tel +44 (0) 20 7482 7482 Email: info@aparchive.com.

(ii) they should check with the applicable collecting society in their Territory regarding the clearance of any sound recording or performance included within the AP Television News service

(iii) they have editorial responsibility for the use of all and any content included within the AP Television News service and for libel, privacy, compliance and third party rights applicable to their Territory.

LEAD IN :

2016 marks the 75th anniversary since the attack on Pearl Harbor, 25 years since the hostages Terry Waite and John McCarthy were released from captivity and 20 years since 'Dolly the Sheep' was cloned.

It's also 70 years since the Cannes Film Festival opened for the first time, and fifty years since England won the World Cup against Germany.

STORY-LINE:

On January 20, 1981, Iran released 52 Americans held hostage for 444 days, minutes after the presidency had passed from Jimmy Carter to Ronald Reagan.

The 52 Americans were taken hostage at the U.S. embassy in Iran in the fall of 1979. President Jimmy Carter's public standing tanked amid the crisis, and the hostages weren't freed until after Carter lost his 1980 re-election bid to Ronald Reagan.

A decade later a new enemy had emerged for the United States, Iraq, which had invaded neighbouring Kuwait.

On Jan. 17, 1991, a five-month buildup called Desert Shield became Operation Desert Storm as allied aircraft attacked Iraqi bases and Baghdad government facilities.

The six-week aerial campaign climaxed with a massive ground offensive on Feb. 24-28, routing the Iraqis from Kuwait in 100 hours before U.S. officials called a halt, leaving Saddam Hussein in power in Baghdad.

The Sept. 11 2001 terror attack on the U.S. focused attention on Saddam Hussein as a sponsor of terrorism. His refusal to meet U.N. demands for full disclosure of his illegal weapons program provided a justification for war.

An American-led force invaded on March 20, 2003. Within three weeks, Iraq's army had collapsed. Saddam was captured the following December.

A century ago, "all changed, changed utterly" in Ireland, in the words of the poet W. B. Yeats.

On April 24 1916, some 1,600 Irish nationalists launched the Easter Rising by seizing several key sites in Dublin.

Thousands were killed and injured in the revolt. The 15 rebel leaders whom the British army executed in the weeks following what, by any measure, had been a military disaster for the rebels.

They had seized several buildings and a central park, then waited for superior numbers of British troops many of them Irishmen to surround, shoot and shell them into submission.

But the 15 men's deaths by firing squad inside Dublin's Kilmainham Jail inflamed public opinion against the British and in favor of a successful 1919-21 war of independence for the predominantly Catholic south of Ireland.

Irish poet W.B. Yeats summed up the impact of the British executions in his "Easter 1916" poem, naming Pearse and three other prominent commanders who died, warning: "A terrible beauty is born."

On July 5 1996 an unusual birth took place. A lamb named Dolly was born at the Roslin Institute near Edinburgh, Scotland.

The achievement of her creation - announced Feb. 23, 1997 - sparked an international sensation.

Dolly was named after Country singer Dolly Parton, because she was derived from mammary cells.

Researchers had previously cloned sheep from foetal and embryonic cells, but until Dolly, it was unknown whether an adult cell could reprogram itself to develop into a new being.

Dolly, a Finn Dorset sheep, bred normally on two occasions with a Welsh mountain ram called David, first giving birth to Bonnie in April 1998 and then to three more lambs in 1999.

The births were good news, showing that clones can reproduce.

But in 1999, scientists noticed that the cells in Dolly's body - cloned from the breast cell of a 6-year-old adult ewe - had started to show signs of wear more typical of an older animal.

Then in January 2002, her creators announced she had developed arthritis at the relatively early age of 5 1/2 years, stirring debate over whether cloning procedures might be flawed.

Some geneticists said the finding showed that researchers could not manufacture copies of animals without the original genetic blueprint eventually wearing out.

Many attempts to clone animals have ended in failure.

However there have also been successes. There are now hundreds of animal clones around the world, including cows, pigs, mice and goats, many of them appearing robust and healthy.

Dolly was put to sleep on Feb. 14 2003 after developing a lung disease.

Soon after assuming full power in 1991, Slobodan Milosevic triggered a bloody break-up of the former Yugoslavia.

On June 25 1991, the western Yugoslav republics of Croatia and Slovenia declared their independence.

Slovenia a country of 2 million people, squeezed in between Austria and Croatia, became in 1991 the first Yugoslav republic to declare independence on June 25 1991, starting a 10-day war.

After negotiations, the Yugoslav army withdrew three months later.

Croatia declared independence from the former Yugoslavia in June 1991, sparking a four-year war with rebel Serbs who were supported by the Serb-led Yugoslav army.

About a third of the country's territory was occupied by the Serbs, and many areas were reduced to rubble before a U.N. peacekeeping force moved in.

The war ended in 1995, when Croatia retook territories in an offensive.

The Serb bombardment of Dubrovnik lasted until early December 1991, about 1,000 artillery shells fell on the ancient town from the hills of Montenegro and from naval ships in the Adriatic.

Dubrovnik had just 670 defenders facing as many as 35,000 army troops.

At least 43 civilians were killed and 563 buildings destroyed or damaged in the Old Town, formerly a U.N. World Heritage Site.

July marks the 100th anniversary of the Battle of the Somme, one of the First World War's most deadly battles.

Four months of vicious trench warfare ravaged the Somme region and left more than 1.2 million on both sides dead, wounded or held prisoner.

Britain felt the battle's scars most deeply. July 1, 1916, was the deadliest day the British army ever saw, leaving 20,000 victims.

Britain led allied forces into battle hoping to end 18 months of deadlock with a decisive Allied victory over German forces and relieve pressure on the French army at Verdun.

Yet when it ended Nov. 18, Britain had only advanced about six miles.

July 18 marks the 80th anniversary of the rebellion by General Franco and his nationalist forces which set off the 1936-1939 Spanish Civil War.

Franco urged Spain's soldiers to revolt against the leftist democratic government, sparking the Spanish Civil War in which some 500,000 were killed, and put him in power for nearly four decades.

Franco's supporters see him as the man who held Spain together and saved it from Bolshevism. His critics call him a dictator who kept fascism alive in Spain for 30 years after World War II.

Fifty years ago England won the World Cup against Germany.

Geoff Hurst scored three times against Germany in the men's 1966 final on July 30 at Wembley.

August 19 1991, marked the start of the attempted coup that led to the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991.

The coup attempt was initiated by a group of Communist hard-liners who placed Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev under house arrest at his vacation home, fearing that his pending agreement to allow wide sovereignty for Soviet republics would lead to the USSR's disintegration.

But public opposition quickly weakened the coup, notably the tens of thousands who gathered around the Russian government headquarters where President Boris Yeltsin famously defied the coup while standing atop a tank.

The coup collapsed three days later and Gorbachev returned to Moscow, but his power and credibility were fatally dissipated. The republics of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania were allowed to split off from the Soviet Union within weeks, and the entire USSR was signed out of existence in December 1991.

The collapse led to severe economic hardships for tens of millions and to a long period of political chaos and the rise of politically powerful tycoons who became known as oligarchs.

On April 17th, 1986, John McCarthy - a producer working for Worldwide Television News - was on his way to Beirut Airport after a temporary posting to Lebanon.

It was a journey he was never to complete. Kidnapped, it was to be 1943 days before he was to gain his freedom on August 8 1991.

The British army introduced tanks into warfare for the first time during World War One in the Battle of Flers-Courcelette on 15 September 1916 according to the UK's Imperial War Museum's website.

On September 20 1946 the very first Cannes Film Festival began.

Since its first edition Cannes has been associated with glamour and celebrities such as Sophia Lorean, Pablo Picasso and Jean Cocteau.

The 1956 Hungarian student protests began on the afternoon of Oct. 23, and by nightfall had turned into an armed uprising.

Around 2,800 Hungarians and 700 Soviet troops were killed in the Red Army offensive to crush the revolt, which was launched on Nov. 4, 1956.

After the military defeat, strikes and protests continued for several weeks until a Soviet crackdown definitively ended the uprising in January 1957.

Some 200,000 Hungarians fled the country and at least 225 Hungarians accused of participating in the revolution were executed including Imre Nagy, the communist-turned-democrat who was briefly returned to power in 1956.

The communists were in power in Hungary until 1989.

Renowned journalist Anna Politkovskaya, 48, was fatally shot in the elevator of her Moscow apartment building in October 7 2006. Her work in the Novaya Gazeta newspaper was sharply critical of Kremlin policies in Chechnya and of human rights violations there.

In 2014 a court convicted five men, most of them Chechens, of involvement in the murder. However, Russia's Investigative Committee has said it is still trying to determine who ordered the killing.

In 1985, American educator Thomas Sutherland was kidnapped in Lebanon by members of Islamic Jihad; he was released on November 18 1991 along with fellow hostage Terry Waite.

Sutherland later said that he spent much of his 6 1/2 years as a hostage in a dark room in Lebanon, reciting Robert Burns' poetry to maintain his sanity.

Sutherland was held with Terry Anderson, then-chief Mideast correspondent for The Associated Press, and Terry Waite, an Anglican Church envoy seized while trying to free the hostages. They were held by a paramilitary organization supported by Iran.

Sutherland and Waite were released in November 1991 and Anderson was freed 16 days later on Dec 4. after 2,455 days in captivity, the last of 13 U.S. hostages to go free in Lebanon.

American hostages Joe Cicippio and Alann Steen had been freed earlier in the same week.

June 6 1956, Israel invaded the Sinai Peninsula, Anglo-French forces occupied the Suez Canal, then withdrew, all parties agreed to a cease-fire, and a United Nations Force took over the canal.

On Dec. 8, 1941, the United States entered World War II as Congress declared war against Imperial Japan, a day after the attack on Pearl Harbor.

LEAD IN :

2016 marks the 75th anniversary since the attack on Pearl Harbor, 25 years since the hostages Terry Waite and John McCarthy were released from captivity and 20 years since 'Dolly the Sheep' was cloned.

It's also 70 years since the Cannes Film Festival opened for the first time, and fifty years since England won the World Cup against Germany.

STORY-LINE:

On January 20, 1981, Iran released 52 Americans held hostage for 444 days, minutes after the presidency had passed from Jimmy Carter to Ronald Reagan.

The 52 Americans were taken hostage at the U.S. embassy in Iran in the fall of 1979. President Jimmy Carter's public standing tanked amid the crisis, and the hostages weren't freed until after Carter lost his 1980 re-election bid to Ronald Reagan.

A decade later a new enemy had emerged for the United States, Iraq, which had invaded neighbouring Kuwait.

On Jan. 17, 1991, a five-month buildup called Desert Shield became Operation Desert Storm as allied aircraft attacked Iraqi bases and Baghdad government facilities.

The six-week aerial campaign climaxed with a massive ground offensive on Feb. 24-28, routing the Iraqis from Kuwait in 100 hours before U.S. officials called a halt, leaving Saddam Hussein in power in Baghdad.

The Sept. 11 2001 terror attack on the U.S. focused attention on Saddam Hussein as a sponsor of terrorism. His refusal to meet U.N. demands for full disclosure of his illegal weapons program provided a justification for war.

An American-led force invaded on March 20, 2003. Within three weeks, Iraq's army had collapsed. Saddam was captured the following December.

A century ago, "all changed, changed utterly" in Ireland, in the words of the poet W. B. Yeats.

On April 24 1916, some 1,600 Irish nationalists launched the Easter Rising by seizing several key sites in Dublin.

Thousands were killed and injured in the revolt. The 15 rebel leaders whom the British army executed in the weeks following what, by any measure, had been a military disaster for the rebels.

They had seized several buildings and a central park, then waited for superior numbers of British troops many of them Irishmen to surround, shoot and shell them into submission.

But the 15 men's deaths by firing squad inside Dublin's Kilmainham Jail inflamed public opinion against the British and in favor of a successful 1919-21 war of independence for the predominantly Catholic south of Ireland.

Irish poet W.B. Yeats summed up the impact of the British executions in his "Easter 1916" poem, naming Pearse and three other prominent commanders who died, warning: "A terrible beauty is born."

On July 5 1996 an unusual birth took place. A lamb named Dolly was born at the Roslin Institute near Edinburgh, Scotland.

The achievement of her creation - announced Feb. 23, 1997 - sparked an international sensation.

Dolly was named after Country singer Dolly Parton, because she was derived from mammary cells.

Researchers had previously cloned sheep from foetal and embryonic cells, but until Dolly, it was unknown whether an adult cell could reprogram itself to develop into a new being.

Dolly, a Finn Dorset sheep, bred normally on two occasions with a Welsh mountain ram called David, first giving birth to Bonnie in April 1998 and then to three more lambs in 1999.

The births were good news, showing that clones can reproduce.

But in 1999, scientists noticed that the cells in Dolly's body - cloned from the breast cell of a 6-year-old adult ewe - had started to show signs of wear more typical of an older animal.

Then in January 2002, her creators announced she had developed arthritis at the relatively early age of 5 1/2 years, stirring debate over whether cloning procedures might be flawed.

Some geneticists said the finding showed that researchers could not manufacture copies of animals without the original genetic blueprint eventually wearing out.

Many attempts to clone animals have ended in failure.

However there have also been successes. There are now hundreds of animal clones around the world, including cows, pigs, mice and goats, many of them appearing robust and healthy.

Dolly was put to sleep on Feb. 14 2003 after developing a lung disease.

Soon after assuming full power in 1991, Slobodan Milosevic triggered a bloody break-up of the former Yugoslavia.

On June 25 1991, the western Yugoslav republics of Croatia and Slovenia declared their independence.

Slovenia a country of 2 million people, squeezed in between Austria and Croatia, became in 1991 the first Yugoslav republic to declare independence on June 25 1991, starting a 10-day war.

After negotiations, the Yugoslav army withdrew three months later.

Croatia declared independence from the former Yugoslavia in June 1991, sparking a four-year war with rebel Serbs who were supported by the Serb-led Yugoslav army.

About a third of the country's territory was occupied by the Serbs, and many areas were reduced to rubble before a U.N. peacekeeping force moved in.

The war ended in 1995, when Croatia retook territories in an offensive.

The Serb bombardment of Dubrovnik lasted until early December 1991, about 1,000 artillery shells fell on the ancient town from the hills of Montenegro and from naval ships in the Adriatic.

Dubrovnik had just 670 defenders facing as many as 35,000 army troops.

At least 43 civilians were killed and 563 buildings destroyed or damaged in the Old Town, formerly a U.N. World Heritage Site.

July marks the 100th anniversary of the Battle of the Somme, one of the First World War's most deadly battles.

Four months of vicious trench warfare ravaged the Somme region and left more than 1.2 million on both sides dead, wounded or held prisoner.

Britain felt the battle's scars most deeply. July 1, 1916, was the deadliest day the British army ever saw, leaving 20,000 victims.

Britain led allied forces into battle hoping to end 18 months of deadlock with a decisive Allied victory over German forces and relieve pressure on the French army at Verdun.

Yet when it ended Nov. 18, Britain had only advanced about six miles.

July 18 marks the 80th anniversary of the rebellion by General Franco and his nationalist forces which set off the 1936-1939 Spanish Civil War.

Franco urged Spain's soldiers to revolt against the leftist democratic government, sparking the Spanish Civil War in which some 500,000 were killed, and put him in power for nearly four decades.

Franco's supporters see him as the man who held Spain together and saved it from Bolshevism. His critics call him a dictator who kept fascism alive in Spain for 30 years after World War II.

Fifty years ago England won the World Cup against Germany.

Geoff Hurst scored three times against Germany in the men's 1966 final on July 30 at Wembley.

August 19 1991, marked the start of the attempted coup that led to the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991.

The coup attempt was initiated by a group of Communist hard-liners who placed Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev under house arrest at his vacation home, fearing that his pending agreement to allow wide sovereignty for Soviet republics would lead to the USSR's disintegration.

But public opposition quickly weakened the coup, notably the tens of thousands who gathered around the Russian government headquarters where President Boris Yeltsin famously defied the coup while standing atop a tank.

The coup collapsed three days later and Gorbachev returned to Moscow, but his power and credibility were fatally dissipated. The republics of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania were allowed to split off from the Soviet Union within weeks, and the entire USSR was signed out of existence in December 1991.

The collapse led to severe economic hardships for tens of millions and to a long period of political chaos and the rise of politically powerful tycoons who became known as oligarchs.

On April 17th, 1986, John McCarthy - a producer working for Worldwide Television News - was on his way to Beirut Airport after a temporary posting to Lebanon.

It was a journey he was never to complete. Kidnapped, it was to be 1943 days before he was to gain his freedom on August 8 1991.

The British army introduced tanks into warfare for the first time during World War One in the Battle of Flers-Courcelette on 15 September 1916 according to the UK's Imperial War Museum's website.

On September 20 1946 the very first Cannes Film Festival began.

Since its first edition Cannes has been associated with glamour and celebrities such as Sophia Lorean, Pablo Picasso and Jean Cocteau.

The 1956 Hungarian student protests began on the afternoon of Oct. 23, and by nightfall had turned into an armed uprising.

Around 2,800 Hungarians and 700 Soviet troops were killed in the Red Army offensive to crush the revolt, which was launched on Nov. 4, 1956.

After the military defeat, strikes and protests continued for several weeks until a Soviet crackdown definitively ended the uprising in January 1957.

Some 200,000 Hungarians fled the country and at least 225 Hungarians accused of participating in the revolution were executed including Imre Nagy, the communist-turned-democrat who was briefly returned to power in 1956.

The communists were in power in Hungary until 1989.

Renowned journalist Anna Politkovskaya, 48, was fatally shot in the elevator of her Moscow apartment building in October 7 2006. Her work in the Novaya Gazeta newspaper was sharply critical of Kremlin policies in Chechnya and of human rights violations there.

In 2014 a court convicted five men, most of them Chechens, of involvement in the murder. However, Russia's Investigative Committee has said it is still trying to determine who ordered the killing.

In 1985, American educator Thomas Sutherland was kidnapped in Lebanon by members of Islamic Jihad; he was released on November 18 1991 along with fellow hostage Terry Waite.

Sutherland later said that he spent much of his 6 1/2 years as a hostage in a dark room in Lebanon, reciting Robert Burns' poetry to maintain his sanity.

Sutherland was held with Terry Anderson, then-chief Mideast correspondent for The Associated Press, and Terry Waite, an Anglican Church envoy seized while trying to free the hostages. They were held by a paramilitary organization supported by Iran.

Sutherland and Waite were released in November 1991 and Anderson was freed 16 days later on Dec 4. after 2,455 days in captivity, the last of 13 U.S. hostages to go free in Lebanon.

American hostages Joe Cicippio and Alann Steen had been freed earlier in the same week.

June 6 1956, Israel invaded the Sinai Peninsula, Anglo-French forces occupied the Suez Canal, then withdrew, all parties agreed to a cease-fire, and a United Nations Force took over the canal.

On Dec. 8, 1941, the United States entered World War II as Congress declared war against Imperial Japan, a day after the attack on Pearl Harbor.

AP TELEVISION

Exact date and location unknown (January 1981)

1. Hostages alighting from plane

2. Hostages waving

3. Jubilant crowd

4. Hostages greeting families and friends

US DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE

Al-Hatidah hydro-electric plant in Iraq - January 21 1991 MUTE

5. TV pictures from SLAM missile nose-cone camera above al-Hatidah hydro-electric plant in Iraq

AP TELEVISION

Baghdad Iraq - January 21 1991 MUTE

6. Wreckage of US cruise missile strewn over ground

US DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE

Over Iraq - January 21 1991

7. F-18 jets approach tanker

AP TELEVISION

Washington, US - January 23 1991

8. SOUNDBITE: (English) George H. W. Bush, US President

"Operation Desert Storm is right on schedule"

AP TELEVISION

Southern Kuwait - February 24, 1991

9. Mid of convoy of APCs

10. Kuwaiti soldier shouting from APC: UPSOUND: (English) "We're going back to our country, our country and freedom OK? And I give thanks to all the friends who help us, thanks. "

AP IMAGES

11. Irish prisoners march along a Dublin quay under a British guard during the bloody Irish insurrection that began on Easter Monday, April 24, 1916, in Dublin, Ireland.

12. This view shows the damage caused by the Irish Republican Army's armed rebellion against British rule in Dublin, Ireland on , April 24, 1916.

AP IMAGES - NO ACCESS UK

13. Seven-month-old Dolly, the genetically cloned sheep, at the Roslin Institute in Edinburgh, Scotland Feb. 25, 1997

AP IMAGES

14. Dr Ian Wilmut, who co-ordinated the cloning work at the Roslin Institute near Edinburgh, Feb. 25, 1997

AP TELEVISION

Port Said, Egypt - June 1956

15. Various ships moving along canal MUTE

ENGLISH NARRATION (audio from original source)

16. Various army trucks across land attacked by Israeli forces

17. Mid tank

18. Wide planes take off from aircraft carrier

19. Various parachutists falling from the sky

20. Various troops wade through water to shore

21. Wide large plume of black smoke billows from land over canal

22. Wide travelling pan building on bank

23. Mid soldiers walk along quayside, in background is Port Authority building in Port Said

AP TELEVISION

Slovenia - July 2 1991

24. Bulldozer approaches burning tank

25. Close up soldier

26. Krakowski bulldozer trying to push tank

AP TELEVISION

Near Ljubljana, Slovenia - July 2 1991

27. Convoy of federal army APCs on road

28. Various of Yugoslav troops

UPSOUND: (English) Soldier

"No more killing. Yes, we've had to (fight)..if we don't they are going to kill us"

AP TELEVISION

Lazearci Nr Italian-Slovenian border - July 2 1991

29. Wide of troops erecting "Republic of Slovenia" sign

AP TELEVISION

Dubrovnik, Croatia - 5/6 - December 1991

30. Various of siege of Dubrovnik

31. Various of people fleeing

32. Close up of two women weeping

AP IMAGES

33. Australian artillery operating a large caliber gun at the Somme front, France in 1916

34. A British military photographer examines the bell of a French village church destroyed by shell fire at the Somme front during the Great War, 1916.

35. This is the burial ground of troops who fell in the battle of Somme, France, 1916.

UNIVERSAL NEWSREEL

Barcelona, Spain - 1936

ENGLISH NARRATION

36. Various of Barcelona during civil war in 1936

37. Various trainloads of troops loyal to left wing government leave to stem the rebel (Franco's supporters) advances into Aragon.

AP TELEVISION

London, UK - 30 July 1966

38. Wide of Geoff Hurst scoring goal for England

39. Mid of scoreboard reading: "England 4 - West Germany 2"

40. Mid of Bobby Moore, England Captain, receiving Jules Rimet trophy from Queen Elizabeth

AP TELEVISION

Moscow, Russia - August 1991 (exact date not available)

41. Russian President Mikhail Gorbachev leaves for post-G7

AP TELEVISION

Moscow, Russia August 19, 1991

42. Boris Yeltsin outside Russian parliament building

43. Yeltsin gets on to tank to address crowd

44. Yeltsin speaking

45. White House barricaded

AP TELEVISION

Moscow, Russia - August 21, 1991

46. Various of tanks leaving Moscow at end of coup

47. Yeltsin waves Russian flag

AP TELEVISION

Damascus, Syria - 8 August 1991

ENGLISH NARRATION

48. Various of John McCarthy at news conference in Damascus after release

UNIVERSAL NEWSREEL

no exact date and location available

49. Various of tanks on battlefield in World War One MUTE

AP TELEVISION

Cannes, France - 1964 MUTE

50. Sophia Loren at Cannes film festival

51. Wide of Cannes beachfront

52. Woman posing on terrace

AP IMAGES

53. Wearing a fur-lined leather jacket over a velvet suit and with a bow tie, Spanish artist Pablo Picasso, strolls arms in arm with Vera Clouzot, wife of the director of the film "Wages of Fear" at the Fifth International Film Festival in Cannes, France on April 15, 1953. At left French actor Yves Montand and French film director Georges-Henri Clouzot at right.

54. Jean Cocteau, left, and Jean Maris kiss Michele Morgan whilst holding their awards at Cannes Film Festival in France on April 8, 1951.

UNIVERSAL NEWSREEL

Hungary, October 1956 (please note AP is not responsible for narration that accompanies these images)

ENGLISH NARRATION

55. Various of people in the aftermath of uprising

56. Wide of road with Budapest sign

57. Burnt out Soviet tanks

AP TELEVISION

Budapest, Hungary - November 1956 MUTE

58. Hungarian resistance fighters behind tank, tending wounded man

59. Wounded carried on stretcher

60. Close up man fires machine gun down street

61. Mid man on ground fires machine gun

62. Wide building with shell damage

63. Mid Hungarians burning Soviet flag

64. Soviet tanks drive through street

65. Mid damaged building, people walking past

66. Interior damaged building, tilt down from dome ceiling

AP TELEVISION

Moscow, Russia - 23 Oct 2004

67 Demonstrators holding banner reading (in Russian): 'Chechnya forgive us.'

68. Close up of candle

69. Wide shot of Anna Politkovskaya speaking on stage

AP TELEVISION

Moscow, Russia - 9 Oct 2006

70. People walking past street-side memorial near entrance to the murdered journalist Anna Politkovskaya's house

71. Poster showing portrait of Anna Politkovskaya on wall, flowers

72. Close-up poster

73. Close-up mourner holding candle

74. Various of memorial

POOL

RAF Lyneham, England and Wiesbaden, Germany - 19 November 1991

75. Windswept, Terry Waite, leaving plane:

POOL

Wiesbaden - November 1991 (no exact date available)

76. Freed American hostage, Thomas Sutherland, onto hospital balcony with wife and daughters

POOL

Wiesbaden, Germany - Dec 4 1991

77. Terry Andersen on balcony, waving flag, flanked by Joe Cicippio and Alann Steen:

AP TELEVISION

Pearl Harbour, Hawaii, US - December 1941

78. Various of Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor

LEAD-IN :

2016 marks the 75th anniversary since the attack on Pearl Harbor, 25 years since the hostages Terry Waite and John McCarthy were released from captivity and 20 years since 'Dolly the Sheep' was cloned.

It's also 70 years since the Cannes Film Festival opened for the first time, and fifty years since England won the World Cup against Germany.

STORY-LINE:

On January 20, 1981, Iran released 52 Americans held hostage for 444 days, minutes after the presidency had passed from Jimmy Carter to Ronald Reagan.

The 52 Americans were taken hostage at the U.S. embassy in Iran in the fall of 1979. President Jimmy Carter's public standing tanked amid the crisis, and the hostages weren't freed until after Carter lost his 1980 re-election bid to Ronald Reagan.

A decade later a new enemy had emerged for the United States, Iraq, which had invaded neighbouring Kuwait.

On Jan. 17, 1991, a five-month buildup called Desert Shield became Operation Desert Storm as allied aircraft attacked Iraqi bases and Baghdad government facilities.

The six-week aerial campaign climaxed with a massive ground offensive on Feb. 24-28, routing the Iraqis from Kuwait in 100 hours before U.S. officials called a halt, leaving Saddam Hussein in power in Baghdad.

The Sept. 11 2001 terror attack on the U.S. focused attention on Saddam Hussein as a sponsor of terrorism. His refusal to meet U.N. demands for full disclosure of his illegal weapons program provided a justification for war.

An American-led force invaded on March 20, 2003. Within three weeks, Iraq's army had collapsed. Saddam was captured the following December.

A century ago, "all changed, changed utterly" in Ireland, in the words of the poet W. B. Yeats.

On April 24 1916, some 1,600 Irish nationalists launched the Easter Rising by seizing several key sites in Dublin.

Thousands were killed and injured in the revolt. The 15 rebel leaders whom the British army executed in the weeks following what, by any measure, had been a military disaster for the rebels.

They had seized several buildings and a central park, then waited for superior numbers of British troops many of them Irishmen to surround, shoot and shell them into submission.

But the 15 men's deaths by firing squad inside Dublin's Kilmainham Jail inflamed public opinion against the British and in favor of a successful 1919-21 war of independence for the predominantly Catholic south of Ireland.

Irish poet W.B. Yeats summed up the impact of the British executions in his "Easter 1916" poem, naming Pearse and three other prominent commanders who died, warning: "A terrible beauty is born."

On July 5 1996 an unusual birth took place. A lamb named Dolly was born at the Roslin Institute near Edinburgh, Scotland.

The achievement of her creation - announced Feb. 23, 1997 - sparked an international sensation.

Dolly was named after Country singer Dolly Parton, because she was derived from mammary cells.

Researchers had previously cloned sheep from foetal and embryonic cells, but until Dolly, it was unknown whether an adult cell could reprogram itself to develop into a new being.

Dolly, a Finn Dorset sheep, bred normally on two occasions with a Welsh mountain ram called David, first giving birth to Bonnie in April 1998 and then to three more lambs in 1999.

The births were good news, showing that clones can reproduce.

But in 1999, scientists noticed that the cells in Dolly's body - cloned from the breast cell of a 6-year-old adult ewe - had started to show signs of wear more typical of an older animal.

Then in January 2002, her creators announced she had developed arthritis at the relatively early age of 5 1/2 years, stirring debate over whether cloning procedures might be flawed.

Some geneticists said the finding showed that researchers could not manufacture copies of animals without the original genetic blueprint eventually wearing out.

Many attempts to clone animals have ended in failure.

However there have also been successes. There are now hundreds of animal clones around the world, including cows, pigs, mice and goats, many of them appearing robust and healthy.

Dolly was put to sleep on Feb. 14 2003 after developing a lung disease.

Soon after assuming full power in 1991, Slobodan Milosevic triggered a bloody break-up of the former Yugoslavia.

On June 25 1991, the western Yugoslav republics of Croatia and Slovenia declared their independence.

Slovenia a country of 2 million people, squeezed in between Austria and Croatia, became in 1991 the first Yugoslav republic to declare independence on June 25 1991, starting a 10-day war.

After negotiations, the Yugoslav army withdrew three months later.

Croatia declared independence from the former Yugoslavia in June 1991, sparking a four-year war with rebel Serbs who were supported by the Serb-led Yugoslav army.

About a third of the country's territory was occupied by the Serbs, and many areas were reduced to rubble before a U.N. peacekeeping force moved in.

The war ended in 1995, when Croatia retook territories in an offensive.

The Serb bombardment of Dubrovnik lasted until early December 1991, about 1,000 artillery shells fell on the ancient town from the hills of Montenegro and from naval ships in the Adriatic.

Dubrovnik had just 670 defenders facing as many as 35,000 army troops.

At least 43 civilians were killed and 563 buildings destroyed or damaged in the Old Town, formerly a U.N. World Heritage Site.

July marks the 100th anniversary of the Battle of the Somme, one of the First World War's most deadly battles.

Four months of vicious trench warfare ravaged the Somme region and left more than 1.2 million on both sides dead, wounded or held prisoner.

Britain felt the battle's scars most deeply. July 1, 1916, was the deadliest day the British army ever saw, leaving 20,000 victims.

Britain led allied forces into battle hoping to end 18 months of deadlock with a decisive Allied victory over German forces and relieve pressure on the French army at Verdun.

Yet when it ended Nov. 18, Britain had only advanced about six miles.

July 18 marks the 80th anniversary of the rebellion by General Franco and his nationalist forces which set off the 1936-1939 Spanish Civil War.

Franco urged Spain's soldiers to revolt against the leftist democratic government, sparking the Spanish Civil War in which some 500,000 were killed, and put him in power for nearly four decades.

Franco's supporters see him as the man who held Spain together and saved it from Bolshevism. His critics call him a dictator who kept fascism alive in Spain for 30 years after World War II.

Fifty years ago England won the World Cup against Germany.

Geoff Hurst scored three times against Germany in the men's 1966 final on July 30 at Wembley.

August 19 1991, marked the start of the attempted coup that led to the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991.

The coup attempt was initiated by a group of Communist hard-liners who placed Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev under house arrest at his vacation home, fearing that his pending agreement to allow wide sovereignty for Soviet republics would lead to the USSR's disintegration.

But public opposition quickly weakened the coup, notably the tens of thousands who gathered around the Russian government headquarters where President Boris Yeltsin famously defied the coup while standing atop a tank.

The coup collapsed three days later and Gorbachev returned to Moscow, but his power and credibility were fatally dissipated. The republics of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania were allowed to split off from the Soviet Union within weeks, and the entire USSR was signed out of existence in December 1991.

The collapse led to severe economic hardships for tens of millions and to a long period of political chaos and the rise of politically powerful tycoons who became known as oligarchs.

On April 17th, 1986, John McCarthy - a producer working for Worldwide Television News - was on his way to Beirut Airport after a temporary posting to Lebanon.

It was a journey he was never to complete. Kidnapped, it was to be 1943 days before he was to gain his freedom on August 8 1991.

The British army introduced tanks into warfare for the first time during World War One in the Battle of Flers-Courcelette on 15 September 1916 according to the UK's Imperial War Museum's website.

On September 20 1946 the very first Cannes Film Festival began.

Since its first edition Cannes has been associated with glamour and celebrities such as Sophia Lorean, Pablo Picasso and Jean Cocteau.

The 1956 Hungarian student protests began on the afternoon of Oct. 23, and by nightfall had turned into an armed uprising.

Around 2,800 Hungarians and 700 Soviet troops were killed in the Red Army offensive to crush the revolt, which was launched on Nov. 4, 1956.

After the military defeat, strikes and protests continued for several weeks until a Soviet crackdown definitively ended the uprising in January 1957.

Some 200,000 Hungarians fled the country and at least 225 Hungarians accused of participating in the revolution were executed including Imre Nagy, the communist-turned-democrat who was briefly returned to power in 1956.

The communists were in power in Hungary until 1989.

Renowned journalist Anna Politkovskaya, 48, was fatally shot in the elevator of her Moscow apartment building in October 7 2006. Her work in the Novaya Gazeta newspaper was sharply critical of Kremlin policies in Chechnya and of human rights violations there.

In 2014 a court convicted five men, most of them Chechens, of involvement in the murder. However, Russia's Investigative Committee has said it is still trying to determine who ordered the killing.

In 1985, American educator Thomas Sutherland was kidnapped in Lebanon by members of Islamic Jihad; he was released on November 18 1991 along with fellow hostage Terry Waite.

Sutherland later said that he spent much of his 6 1/2 years as a hostage in a dark room in Lebanon, reciting Robert Burns' poetry to maintain his sanity.

Sutherland was held with Terry Anderson, then-chief Mideast correspondent for The Associated Press, and Terry Waite, an Anglican Church envoy seized while trying to free the hostages. They were held by a paramilitary organization supported by Iran.

Sutherland and Waite were released in November 1991 and Anderson was freed 16 days later on Dec 4. after 2,455 days in captivity, the last of 13 U.S. hostages to go free in Lebanon.

American hostages Joe Cicippio and Alann Steen had been freed earlier in the same week.

June 6 1956, Israel invaded the Sinai Peninsula, Anglo-French forces occupied the Suez Canal, then withdrew, all parties agreed to a cease-fire, and a United Nations Force took over the canal.

On Dec. 8, 1941, the United States entered World War II as Congress declared war against Imperial Japan, a day after the attack on Pearl Harbor.

LEAD-IN :

2016 marks the 75th anniversary since the attack on Pearl Harbor, 25 years since the hostages Terry Waite and John McCarthy were released from captivity and 20 years since 'Dolly the Sheep' was cloned.

It's also 70 years since the Cannes Film Festival opened for the first time, and fifty years since England won the World Cup against Germany.

STORY-LINE:

On January 20, 1981, Iran released 52 Americans held hostage for 444 days, minutes after the presidency had passed from Jimmy Carter to Ronald Reagan.

The 52 Americans were taken hostage at the U.S. embassy in Iran in the fall of 1979. President Jimmy Carter's public standing tanked amid the crisis, and the hostages weren't freed until after Carter lost his 1980 re-election bid to Ronald Reagan.

A decade later a new enemy had emerged for the United States, Iraq, which had invaded neighbouring Kuwait.

On Jan. 17, 1991, a five-month buildup called Desert Shield became Operation Desert Storm as allied aircraft attacked Iraqi bases and Baghdad government facilities.

The six-week aerial campaign climaxed with a massive ground offensive on Feb. 24-28, routing the Iraqis from Kuwait in 100 hours before U.S. officials called a halt, leaving Saddam Hussein in power in Baghdad.

The Sept. 11 2001 terror attack on the U.S. focused attention on Saddam Hussein as a sponsor of terrorism. His refusal to meet U.N. demands for full disclosure of his illegal weapons program provided a justification for war.

An American-led force invaded on March 20, 2003. Within three weeks, Iraq's army had collapsed. Saddam was captured the following December.

A century ago, "all changed, changed utterly" in Ireland, in the words of the poet W. B. Yeats.

On April 24 1916, some 1,600 Irish nationalists launched the Easter Rising by seizing several key sites in Dublin.

Thousands were killed and injured in the revolt. The 15 rebel leaders whom the British army executed in the weeks following what, by any measure, had been a military disaster for the rebels.

They had seized several buildings and a central park, then waited for superior numbers of British troops many of them Irishmen to surround, shoot and shell them into submission.

But the 15 men's deaths by firing squad inside Dublin's Kilmainham Jail inflamed public opinion against the British and in favor of a successful 1919-21 war of independence for the predominantly Catholic south of Ireland.

Irish poet W.B. Yeats summed up the impact of the British executions in his "Easter 1916" poem, naming Pearse and three other prominent commanders who died, warning: "A terrible beauty is born."

On July 5 1996 an unusual birth took place. A lamb named Dolly was born at the Roslin Institute near Edinburgh, Scotland.

The achievement of her creation - announced Feb. 23, 1997 - sparked an international sensation.

Dolly was named after Country singer Dolly Parton, because she was derived from mammary cells.

Researchers had previously cloned sheep from foetal and embryonic cells, but until Dolly, it was unknown whether an adult cell could reprogram itself to develop into a new being.

Dolly, a Finn Dorset sheep, bred normally on two occasions with a Welsh mountain ram called David, first giving birth to Bonnie in April 1998 and then to three more lambs in 1999.

The births were good news, showing that clones can reproduce.

But in 1999, scientists noticed that the cells in Dolly's body - cloned from the breast cell of a 6-year-old adult ewe - had started to show signs of wear more typical of an older animal.

Then in January 2002, her creators announced she had developed arthritis at the relatively early age of 5 1/2 years, stirring debate over whether cloning procedures might be flawed.

Some geneticists said the finding showed that researchers could not manufacture copies of animals without the original genetic blueprint eventually wearing out.

Many attempts to clone animals have ended in failure.

However there have also been successes. There are now hundreds of animal clones around the world, including cows, pigs, mice and goats, many of them appearing robust and healthy.

Dolly was put to sleep on Feb. 14 2003 after developing a lung disease.

Soon after assuming full power in 1991, Slobodan Milosevic triggered a bloody break-up of the former Yugoslavia.

On June 25 1991, the western Yugoslav republics of Croatia and Slovenia declared their independence.

Slovenia a country of 2 million people, squeezed in between Austria and Croatia, became in 1991 the first Yugoslav republic to declare independence on June 25 1991, starting a 10-day war.

After negotiations, the Yugoslav army withdrew three months later.

Croatia declared independence from the former Yugoslavia in June 1991, sparking a four-year war with rebel Serbs who were supported by the Serb-led Yugoslav army.

About a third of the country's territory was occupied by the Serbs, and many areas were reduced to rubble before a U.N. peacekeeping force moved in.

The war ended in 1995, when Croatia retook territories in an offensive.

The Serb bombardment of Dubrovnik lasted until early December 1991, about 1,000 artillery shells fell on the ancient town from the hills of Montenegro and from naval ships in the Adriatic.

Dubrovnik had just 670 defenders facing as many as 35,000 army troops.

At least 43 civilians were killed and 563 buildings destroyed or damaged in the Old Town, formerly a U.N. World Heritage Site.

July marks the 100th anniversary of the Battle of the Somme, one of the First World War's most deadly battles.

Four months of vicious trench warfare ravaged the Somme region and left more than 1.2 million on both sides dead, wounded or held prisoner.

Britain felt the battle's scars most deeply. July 1, 1916, was the deadliest day the British army ever saw, leaving 20,000 victims.

Britain led allied forces into battle hoping to end 18 months of deadlock with a decisive Allied victory over German forces and relieve pressure on the French army at Verdun.

Yet when it ended Nov. 18, Britain had only advanced about six miles.

July 18 marks the 80th anniversary of the rebellion by General Franco and his nationalist forces which set off the 1936-1939 Spanish Civil War.

Franco urged Spain's soldiers to revolt against the leftist democratic government, sparking the Spanish Civil War in which some 500,000 were killed, and put him in power for nearly four decades.

Franco's supporters see him as the man who held Spain together and saved it from Bolshevism. His critics call him a dictator who kept fascism alive in Spain for 30 years after World War II.

Fifty years ago England won the World Cup against Germany.

Geoff Hurst scored three times against Germany in the men's 1966 final on July 30 at Wembley.

August 19 1991, marked the start of the attempted coup that led to the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991.

The coup attempt was initiated by a group of Communist hard-liners who placed Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev under house arrest at his vacation home, fearing that his pending agreement to allow wide sovereignty for Soviet republics would lead to the USSR's disintegration.

But public opposition quickly weakened the coup, notably the tens of thousands who gathered around the Russian government headquarters where President Boris Yeltsin famously defied the coup while standing atop a tank.

The coup collapsed three days later and Gorbachev returned to Moscow, but his power and credibility were fatally dissipated. The republics of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania were allowed to split off from the Soviet Union within weeks, and the entire USSR was signed out of existence in December 1991.

The collapse led to severe economic hardships for tens of millions and to a long period of political chaos and the rise of politically powerful tycoons who became known as oligarchs.

On April 17th, 1986, John McCarthy - a producer working for Worldwide Television News - was on his way to Beirut Airport after a temporary posting to Lebanon.

It was a journey he was never to complete. Kidnapped, it was to be 1943 days before he was to gain his freedom on August 8 1991.

The British army introduced tanks into warfare for the first time during World War One in the Battle of Flers-Courcelette on 15 September 1916 according to the UK's Imperial War Museum's website.

On September 20 1946 the very first Cannes Film Festival began.

Since its first edition Cannes has been associated with glamour and celebrities such as Sophia Lorean, Pablo Picasso and Jean Cocteau.

The 1956 Hungarian student protests began on the afternoon of Oct. 23, and by nightfall had turned into an armed uprising.

Around 2,800 Hungarians and 700 Soviet troops were killed in the Red Army offensive to crush the revolt, which was launched on Nov. 4, 1956.

After the military defeat, strikes and protests continued for several weeks until a Soviet crackdown definitively ended the uprising in January 1957.

Some 200,000 Hungarians fled the country and at least 225 Hungarians accused of participating in the revolution were executed including Imre Nagy, the communist-turned-democrat who was briefly returned to power in 1956.

The communists were in power in Hungary until 1989.

Renowned journalist Anna Politkovskaya, 48, was fatally shot in the elevator of her Moscow apartment building in October 7 2006. Her work in the Novaya Gazeta newspaper was sharply critical of Kremlin policies in Chechnya and of human rights violations there.

In 2014 a court convicted five men, most of them Chechens, of involvement in the murder. However, Russia's Investigative Committee has said it is still trying to determine who ordered the killing.

In 1985, American educator Thomas Sutherland was kidnapped in Lebanon by members of Islamic Jihad; he was released on November 18 1991 along with fellow hostage Terry Waite.

Sutherland later said that he spent much of his 6 1/2 years as a hostage in a dark room in Lebanon, reciting Robert Burns' poetry to maintain his sanity.

Sutherland was held with Terry Anderson, then-chief Mideast correspondent for The Associated Press, and Terry Waite, an Anglican Church envoy seized while trying to free the hostages. They were held by a paramilitary organization supported by Iran.

Sutherland and Waite were released in November 1991 and Anderson was freed 16 days later on Dec 4. after 2,455 days in captivity, the last of 13 U.S. hostages to go free in Lebanon.

American hostages Joe Cicippio and Alann Steen had been freed earlier in the same week.

June 6 1956, Israel invaded the Sinai Peninsula, Anglo-French forces occupied the Suez Canal, then withdrew, all parties agreed to a cease-fire, and a United Nations Force took over the canal.

On Dec. 8, 1941, the United States entered World War II as Congress declared war against Imperial Japan, a day after the attack on Pearl Harbor.

AP TELEVISION

Exact date and location unknown (January 1981)

1. Hostages alighting from plane

2. Hostages waving

3. Jubilant crowd

4. Hostages greeting families and friends

US DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE

Al-Hatidah hydro-electric plant in Iraq - January 21 1991 MUTE

5. TV pictures from SLAM missile nose-cone camera above al-Hatidah hydro-electric plant in Iraq

AP TELEVISION

Baghdad Iraq - January 21 1991 MUTE

6. Wreckage of US cruise missile strewn over ground

US DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE

Over Iraq - January 21 1991

7. F-18 jets approach tanker

AP TELEVISION

Washington, US - January 23 1991

8. SOUNDBITE: (English) George H. W. Bush, US President

"Operation Desert Storm is right on schedule"

AP TELEVISION

Southern Kuwait - February 24, 1991

9. Mid of convoy of APCs

10. Kuwaiti soldier shouting from APC: UPSOUND: (English) "We're going back to our country, our country and freedom OK? And I give thanks to all the friends who help us, thanks. "

AP IMAGES

11. Irish prisoners march along a Dublin quay under a British guard during the bloody Irish insurrection that began on Easter Monday, April 24, 1916, in Dublin, Ireland.

12. This view shows the damage caused by the Irish Republican Army's armed rebellion against British rule in Dublin, Ireland on , April 24, 1916.

AP IMAGES

13. Seven-month-old Dolly, the genetically cloned sheep, at the Roslin Institute in Edinburgh, Scotland Feb. 25, 1997 (NO ACCESS UK)

14. Dr Ian Wilmut, who co-ordinated the cloning work at the Roslin Institute near Edinburgh, Feb. 25, 1997

AP TELEVISION

Port Said, Egypt - June 1956

15. Various ships moving along canal MUTE

ENGLISH NARRATION (audio from original source)

16. Various army trucks across land attacked by Israeli forces

17. Mid tank

18. Wide planes take off from aircraft carrier

19. Various parachutists falling from the sky

20. Various troops wade through water to shore

21. Wide large plume of black smoke billows from land over canal

22. Wide travelling pan building on bank

23. Mid soldiers walk along quayside, in background is Port Authority building in Port Said

AP TELEVISION

Slovenia - July 2 1991

24. Bulldozer approaches burning tank

25. Close up soldier

26. Krakowski bulldozer trying to push tank

Near Ljubljana, Slovenia - July 2 1991

27. Convoy of federal army APCs on road

28. Various of Yugoslav troops

UPSOUND: (English) Soldier

"No more killing. Yes, we've had to (fight)..if we don't they are going to kill us"

Lazearci Nr Italian-Slovenian border - July 2 1991

29. Wide of troops erecting "Republic of Slovenia" sign

Dubrovnik, Croatia - 5/6 - December 1991

30. Various of siege of Dubrovnik

31. Various of people fleeing

32. Close up of two women weeping

AP IMAGES

33. Australian artillery operating a large caliber gun at the Somme front, France in 1916

34. A British military photographer examines the bell of a French village church destroyed by shell fire at the Somme front during the Great War, 1916.

35. This is the burial ground of troops who fell in the battle of Somme, France, 1916.

UNIVERSAL NEWSREEL

Barcelona, Spain - 1936

ENGLISH NARRATION

36. Various of Barcelona during civil war in 1936

37. Various trainloads of troops loyal to left wing government leave to stem the rebel (Franco's supporters) advances into Aragon.

AP Television

London, UK - 30 July 1966

38. Wide of Geoff Hurst scoring goal for England

39. Mid of scoreboard reading: "England 4 - West Germany 2"

40. Mid of Bobby Moore, England Captain, receiving Jules Rimet trophy from Queen Elizabeth

AP TELEVISION

Moscow, Russia - August 1991 (exact date not available)

41. Russian President Mikhail Gorbachev leaves for post-G7

AP TELEVISION

Moscow, Russia August 19, 1991

42. Boris Yeltsin outside Russian parliament building

43. Yeltsin gets on to tank to address crowd

44. Yeltsin speaking

45. White House barricaded

AP TELEVISION

Moscow, Russia - August 21, 1991

46. Various of tanks leaving Moscow at end of coup

47. Yeltsin waves Russian flag

AP TELEVISION

Damascus, Syria - 8 August 1991

ENGLISH NARRATION

48. Various of John McCarthy at news conference in Damascus after release

UNIVERSAL NEWSREEL

no exact date and location available

49. Various of tanks on battlefield in World War One MUTE

AP TELEVISION

Cannes, France - 1964 MUTE

50. Sophia Loren at Cannes film festival

51. Wide of Cannes beachfront

52. Woman posing on terrace

AP IMAGES

53. Wearing a fur-lined leather jacket over a velvet suit and with a bow tie, Spanish artist Pablo Picasso, strolls arms in arm with Vera Clouzot, wife of the director of the film "Wages of Fear" at the Fifth International Film Festival in Cannes, France on April 15, 1953. At left French actor Yves Montand and French film director Georges-Henri Clouzot at right.

54. Jean Cocteau, left, and Jean Maris kiss Michele Morgan whilst holding their awards at Cannes Film Festival in France on April 8, 1951.

UNIVERSAL NEWSREEL

Hungary, October 1956 (please note AP is not responsible for narration that accompanies these images)

ENGLISH NARRATION

55. Various of people in the aftermath of uprising

56. Wide of road with Budapest sign

57. Burnt out Soviet tanks

AP TELEVISION

Budapest, Hungary - November 1956 MUTE

58. Hungarian resistance fighters behind tank, tending wounded man

59. Wounded carried on stretcher

60. Close up man fires machine gun down street

61. Mid man on ground fires machine gun

62. Wide building with shell damage

63. Mid Hungarians burning Soviet flag

64. Soviet tanks drive through street

65. Mid damaged building, people walking past

66. Interior damaged building, tilt down from dome ceiling

AP TELEVISION

Moscow, Russia - 23 Oct 2004

67 Demonstrators holding banner reading (in Russian): 'Chechnya forgive us.'

68. Close up of candle

69. Wide shot of Anna Politkovskaya speaking on stage

AP TELEVISION

Moscow, Russia - 9 Oct 2006

70. People walking past street-side memorial near entrance to the murdered journalist Anna Politkovskaya's house

71. Poster showing portrait of Anna Politkovskaya on wall, flowers

72. Close-up poster

73. Close-up mourner holding candle

74. Various of memorial

POOL

RAF Lyneham, England and Wiesbaden, Germany - 19 November 1991

75. Windswept, Terry Waite, leaving plane:

POOL

Wiesbaden - November 1991 (no exact date available)

76. Freed American hostage, Thomas Sutherland, onto hospital balcony with wife and daughters

POOL

Wiesbaden, Germany - Dec 4 1991

77. Terry Andersen on balcony, waving flag, flanked by Joe Cicippio and Alann Steen:

AP TELEVISION

Pearl Harbour, Hawaii, US - December 1941

78. Various of Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor

Leaders and dignitaries from countries that participated in World War One gathered on Tuesday to mark the centenary of the first large scale battle at Flanders Fields.

The battle helped set the stage for four years of bloodletting on the Western Front.

Leaders gatheredon Tuesday first in Nieuwpoort, where Belgian King Philippe, German Chancellor Angela Merkel and French Defence Minister Jean-Yves Le Drian gave speeches.

They also observed a minute of silence as King Philippe laid a wreath.

WWI claimed an estimated 14 million lives, including five million civilians and nine million soldiers. At least seven million troops were left permanently disabled.

Both sides dug in along a line of fortified trenches that extended from the North Sea to Switzerland. It was a front line that remained essentially unchanged throughout the war.

Nieuwpoort, Belgium, 28 October 2014

1. German Chancellor Angela Merkel arriving at ceremony and taking place next to Belgian Prime Minister Charles Michel and French Defence Minister Jean-Yves Le Drian

2. Le Drian, Michel, Merkel, Grand Duke Henri of Luxembourg and Queen Mathilde of Belgium

3. King Philippe of Belgium saluting troops

4. King Philippe walking to the tribune

5. Wide of tribune

6. Screen displaying poppy

7. King Philippe going on stage

8. SOUNDBITE (French) King Philippe of Belgium:

"I kneel respectfully before those who died and who are resting in our grounds for ever sacred. Belgium is grateful and will piously maintain their memories."

9. Tribune listening

10. Screen showing file pictures of WWI

11. Medium pan to right shot of Belgian Foreign Minister Didier Reynders, Special representative of UK Prime Minister Andrew Murrison, Princess Lalla Meryem of Morocco, Hungarian President Janos Ader, French Defence Minister Jean-Yves Le Drian, Belgian Prime Minister Charles Michel, German Chancellor Angela Merkel, Grand Duke Henri of Luxembourg, Queen Mathilde and King Philippe of Belgium and Princess Beatrix of Holland

12. Merkel going on stage

13. SOUNDBITE (German) Angela Merkel, German Chancellor:

"After the (end of the) Second World War Germany had unleashed, Belgium were among the first to to extend their hand to reconciliation towards the German leaders. Since that time, for over than six decades, Belgians and Germans have built and foster a friendship that is unparalleled. For that too I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to the people of Belgium today."

14. Cutaway of memorial

15. SOUNDBITE (French) Jean-Yves Le Drian, French Defense Minister:

"This commemoration aims to gather the fighters from 1914 towards a common ideal: the one of a united Europe, the one of peace which should never be taken for granted as current events are severely reminding that to us."

16. Leaders listening to music

17. Singer dressed in red walking and singing in the memorial

18. Medium of singer

19. Singer entering water

20. Singer in front of leaders

21. King Philippe laying wreath

22. Leaders standing up silently

23. Wide of memorial

RESTRICTION SUMMARY: AP CLIENTS ONLY

SHOTLIST

AP TELEVISION - AP CLIENTS ONLY

Kiev - 9 May 2015

1. Various of Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko with officials, officers and veterans walking to Tomb of the Unknown Soldier memorial, AUDIO: Music

2. Poroshenko with flowers walking to memorial, AUDIO: Music

3. Poroshenko kneeling by memorial, making sign of the cross, bowing head, standing up

4. Officials saluting, AUDIO: Music

5. Wide of Poroshenko and officials, AUDIO: Music

6. Various of veterans placing flowers at memorial

7. SOUNDBITE (Russian) Mykola Uvarov, 94-year-old WWII veteran:

"We have to make Ukrainians the winners, because there is an invasion of some very ideological Russians which are ruining Ukraine."

8. Close of medals

9. SOUNDBITE (Russian) Olha Slobodyanuk, 89-year-old WWII veteran:

"I wish peace and health to all, for everything to be all right, for silence and no war, to live in peace."

10. Various of 500 Ukrainian Army recruits at oath swearing ceremony, AUDIO: Music

11. Close of sign with poppy flower reading (Ukrainian): "1939-1945. Remember. Victory." AUDIO: Music

12. Various of recruits marching, AUDIO: Music

13. Pan from recruits on the square to the monument of Motherland

14. Close of monument decorated with poppy flowers on top

STORYLINE

Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko laid flowers at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Kiev on Saturday as Ukraine marked the 70th anniversary of the end of World War II.

One World War II veteran said Ukraine has to win in the face of an "invasion of some very ideological Russians", referring to pro-Russia separatists in the country's east.

Another elderly veteran said she wished for peace and an end to the conflict.

Poroshenko also oversaw the oath swearing ceremony for 500 Ukrainian Army recruits.

===========================================================

Clients are reminded:

(i) to check the terms of their licence agreements for use of content outside news programming and that further advice and assistance can be obtained from the AP Archive on: Tel +44 (0) 20 7482 7482 Email: info@aparchive.com

(ii) they should check with the applicable collecting society in their Territory regarding the clearance of any sound recording or performance included within the AP Television News service

(iii) they have editorial responsibility for the use of all and any content included within the AP Television News service and for libel, privacy, compliance and third party rights applicable to their Territory.

Dozens of Taiwanese gathered behind Japan’s de-facto embassy in Taipei on Friday to mark the international memorial day for the so-called “comfort women” and the 70th anniversary of the end of World War II.

Attendees held a one-minute silence to commemorate women from across Asia who were exploited by Japan as prostitutes for troops during World War II, especially those who sacrificed their lives in foreign countries.

During that time, Taiwan itself was under Japanese rule.

Many Taiwanese men were forced to fight for Japan and women were forced to serve as prostitutes or "comfort women" for the Japanese Army.

Dozens of Taiwanese gathered behind Japan’s de-facto embassy in Taipei on Friday to mark the international memorial day for the so-called “comfort women” and the 70th anniversary of the end of World War II.

Attendees held a one-minute silence to commemorate women from across Asia who were exploited by Japan as prostitutes for troops during World War II, especially those who sacrificed their lives in foreign countries.

During that time, Taiwan itself was under Japanese rule.

Many Taiwanese men were forced to fight for Japan and women were forced to serve as prostitutes or "comfort women" for the Japanese Army.

Taipei - 14 August 2015

1. Memorial gathering at a park behind the Japan Trade office

2. Various of members of Taiwan women’s rescue foundation holding one-minute silence to commemorate so-called "comfort women" (women from across Asia exploited by Japan as prostitutes for troops during World War II)

3. Huang Shu-ling, president of Taiwan Women’s Rescue Foundation giving a speech

4. Close-up sign on backdrop reading (English) "#Comfortwomen never be forgotten"

5. SOUNDBITE: (Mandarin) Huang Shu-ling, president, Taiwan Women’s Rescue Foundation:

++AUDIO AS INCOMING++

"The Japanese Prime Minister gave a speech today at five o’clock in the afternoon. He has apologised over the damage caused by war. But he still refused to recognise that the(Japanese military’s) comfort women system was the persecution of women’s human rights.”

6. Woman listening

7. SOUNDBITE: (Mandarin) Huang Shu-ling, president, Taiwan Women’s Rescue Foundation:

++AUDIO AS INCOMING++

"We will continue to emphasise and let Taiwan’s people and society understand that the (Japanese military’s) comfort women system was the oppression of women’s rights. This kind of wartime sexual violence shouldn’t exist in the society of human beings.”

8. Girl playing cello

9. People listening to cello performance

RESTRICTION SUMMARY: AP CLIENTS ONLY

SHOTLIST:

AP TELEVISION - AP CLIENTS ONLY

Kanoya Japanese Self-Defence Force Base - 27 January, 2016

1. Skip Holm, former US Air Force pilot, getting inside the plane

2. Various of Holm in cockpit

3. Holm surrounded by media before flight

4. SOUNDBITE (English) Skip Holm, former US Air Force pilot:

“We have all the pilots wanting to fly here pretty soon. Everybody wants to be a Zero pilot.”

5. Masahiro Ishizuka, owner of plane, surrounded by media

6. SOUNDBITE (Japanese) Masahiro Ishizuka, owner of plane:

“People say this is a symbol of war but this is just a machine and nothing more. Each individual engineers built this machine using their skills during the eras such as Meiji, Showa and Taisho (Japanese original period system in reference to the name of Japanese Emperor at that time). So, I found it unfair to put the blame of war on this Zero fighter.”

7. Various of people pushing fighter jet on Tarmac

8. SOUNDBITE (Japanese): Masahiro Ishizuka, owner of plane:

“I wanted for the people of Japan and especially young people to know about this Zero airplane as well as those who are old who remember the past. Each of them should have different thoughts and perspectives on this, but I just want people to know how Japan has developed its technology.”

9. Ishizuka surrounded by media

10. Plane taxiing for take-off

STORYLINE:

A vintage Mitsubishi A6M Zero fighter plane made its first-ever flight over the skies of Japan since World War II on Wednesday.

The Zero, considered one of the most capable long-range fighter jets of the period and as an to equivalent the legendary British Spitfire, made its successful take off from a Japanese Self-Defence Force base in Southern Japan.

The flight holds some significance for the Japanese people with many regarding the aircraft as a symbol of Japan's technological prowess, while also serving as a reminder of an unpleasant period in the country's history.

The plane was known for its use in Kamikaze attacks during the final phases of the war.

Kamikaze pilots took off for their missions from the very same location as Wednesday's flight - Kanoya Naval Air Base.

Taking place over 70 years after the war against the Allies ended, the flight was piloted not by a Japanese pilot but by a highly decorated former US Air Force pilot, Skip Holm.

This plane piloted by Holm was found in disrepair in Papua New Guinea in the 1970s.

Under the ownership of a US citizen, the Zero was eventually restored to flying condition.

The plane supposedly made an appearance in the Hollywood film "Pearl Harbor" and is oftern seen at various event in the US.

Masahiro Ishizuka, a Japanese businessman, purchased the plane from the former US owner with the hope to fly it over Japan for the first time after the war.

However, fulfilling his dream didn't come cheap.

Ishizuka and a group of others set up an online campaign to collect donations that could be used to fund the shipment of the aircraft to Japan.

The Zero arrived in Japan last September and, following an arduous process to get flight approval, Wednesday's flight finally became possible.

Around four to six Zero fighters are said to be operational throughout the world, but Ishizuka's aircraft is the only one owned by a Japanese person.

===========================================================

Clients are reminded:

(i) to check the terms of their licence agreements for use of content outside news programming and that further advice and assistance can be obtained from the AP Archive on: Tel +44 (0) 20 7482 7482 Email: info@aparchive.com

(ii) they should check with the applicable collecting society in their Territory regarding the clearance of any sound recording or performance included within the AP Television News service

(iii) they have editorial responsibility for the use of all and any content included within the AP Television News service and for libel, privacy, compliance and third party rights applicable to their Territory.

British Defence Secretary Michael Fallon laid a wreath on Thursday at a memorial in New Delhi in honour of Indian soldiers who lost their lives in the First World War.

Fallon is in India on a one-day visit to commemorate the contribution of the Indian Defence Forces in WW1, on the occasion of its centenary year.

He laid the wreath and paid his respects at India Gate, which is a monument in Central Delhi built as a memorial to the Indian soldiers who fought in WW1.

Fallon will also meet with Indian ministers and senior government officials whilst in India as part of a commemoration programme.

AP TELEVISION

New Delhi - 30 October 2014

1. Wide of India Gate, a monument built as a memorial to Indian soldiers who fought in the First World War

2. British Defence Secretary Michael Fallon walking behind Indian soldiers carrying a wreath

3. Soldiers walk up to flames, stop and then hand wreath to Fallon

4. Soldier standing to attention, with memorial flame in the foreground

5. Fallon laying the wreath

6. Close of soldier, soldiers stand to attention UPSOUND: Music

7. Fallon along with Indian and British army officers paying their respects UPSOUND: Music

8. Close of Fallon UPSOUND: Music

9. Cutaway of a soldier's gun

10. SOUNDBITE: (English) Michael Fallon, British Defence Secretary: ++AUDIO AS INCOMING++

"This is an extremely important year also to mark the beginning of the First World War in which so many Indians volunteered to fight for freedom and for the principle that one country should not be allowed to invade the sovereignty of another."

11. Fallon talking with officers

12. Fallon getting into car

13. Wide of the wreath at India Gate

SHOTLIST

Universal Archives

FILE: 31 December 1944 +++ SHOTS 1 - 8 OVERLAID WITH VOICEOVER +++

1. Pan women standing in constellation reading "WAC" and waving

2. Wide shot women in uniforms

3. Wide shot Rockefeller centre

4. Wide shot women in uniforms

5. Tilt down to women in uniforms

6. Mid shot woman in uniform turning around

7. Various mid shots two women in uniforms

8. Tilt up woman in uniform

VOICEOVER (English) no name given:

"Across country, in New York's Rockefeller centre, service girls stage a style show all their own. Newly designed uniforms for all services, for all occasions, charming and smartly feminine. A new summer duty uniform for the proud WAC (Women's Army Corp). And, so that members of the corp are perfectly turned out for every occasion, stylish new outfits for winter, summer duty and chosen by the corp, a highly becoming off-duty model for summer. Fashion authorities are unanimous in their praise of these charming service uniforms. Now, it is more important than ever to follow the boys to victory. It's stylish to be a WAC."

AP Television

London, UK, 13 August 2009

9. SOUNDBITE (English) Beatrice Behlen, Curator of Fashion and Decorative Arts, Museum of London:

"A lot of people were wearing uniforms, and that I think did influence clothing. And if you associate uniforms with men, then of course you could say they became more masculine. But during the Second World War actually a lot of women were wearing uniforms the whole time."

Universal Archives

FILE: 31 December 1940 +++ SHOTS 10 - 15 OVERLAID WITH VOICEOVER +++

10. Mid shot two women wearing military-inspired fashion

11. Close up woman

12. Mid shot woman

13. Mid shot two women opening their military pockets

14. Close up military pockets

15. Mid shot two women walking in military-inspired fashion

VOICEOVER (English) no name given:

"There a leaning towards the military this year, of course, it's an old feminine custom. Military pockets make good hiding places for notebooks and notes, mash or otherwise. Joe college will find his campus crush right up-to-the-minute this year."

AP Television

London, UK, 13 August 2009

16. Tilt down 1940s clothes

17. Tilt up military uniform

18. Close up label reading "WVS Civil Defence Berkshire"

19. Tilt up WVS (Women's Voluntary Service) uniform

20. Zoom out WVS label

21. SOUNDBITE (English) Beatrice Behlen, Curator of Fashion and Decorative Arts, Museum of London:

"The utility scheme was something the government introduced to really regulate the amount of cloth that was used in clothing. So the manufacturers would get regulations that would say, "no more than two box pleats, no more than four knife pleats, no more than five buttons on a dress." And women suits for instance, the waistcoats, sometimes they have a strap at the back, you weren't allowed to have that anymore. No buttons at the bottoms of the sleeves, to turn ups on the trousers. And if you adhered to that you could put in a label that said CC41."

22. Pan utility dress

23. Various close ups CC41 label

24. SOUNDBITE (English) Beatrice Behlen, Curator of Fashion and Decorative Arts, Museum of London:

"This is a very nice utility suit from the 1940's and it corresponds perfectly to the regulations, so it only has two pockets, you weren't allowed more than two. It has four buttons, they could have used six, but they only used four. And then there's a very nice detail on the skirt, you get three knife pleats and four was the absolute maximum. So very nice utility suit, very nice fabric and nice cut."

25. Close up pleats in skirt

26. Tilt down buttons

27. SOUNDBITE (English) Beatrice Behlen, Curator of Fashion and Decorative Arts, Museum of London:

"Every time you bought some clothing you had to bring your coupon book. You got 66 coupons per year at the beginning and then later on it was reduced. And for a man's suit, for instance, you had to spend 16 coupons. For women it was usually a little bit less and then for children even less."

28. Close up hand flicking through clothing coupon book

Universal Archives

FILE: 31 December 1940 +++ SHOTS 29 - 36 OVERLAID WITH VOICEOVER +++

29. Wide shot women playing game

30. Close up game

31. Close up woman playing game

32. Tilt up model posing in dress

33. Mid shot woman playing game

34. Tilt up model posing in heart-shaped dress

35. Mid shot model

36. Mid shot model smoking

VOICEOVER (English) no name given:

"As jerseys go, so go the nation's styles in sports and other wear. The cruise ship America is the setting for an eye-filling display of charm and hello jerseys, fashioned in various new styles by America's leading designers. A heart-shaped basque and swing skirt. Oh, boy! Jersey hats, too. Look the Spanish influence, in lace, goodness!"

AP Television

London, UK, 13 August 2009

37. SOUNDBITE (English) Beatrice Behlen, Curator of Fashion and Decorative Arts, Museum of London:

"Well, during the war, pretty early on, everyone was cut off from Paris and for some countries that was actually a good thing. For America in particular, which had actually a thriving clothing industry and had very good designers, for instance Claire McCardell, very much excelled in casual clothing, in sportswear. For them, it was actually very good to not have the influence of Paris, and they could actually sell and do what they were doing best. And after the war, for a while, Paris was again the capital of fashion, but I think the war really helped the American fashion industry to become much stronger."

Universal Archives

FILE: 31 December 1944 +++ SHOTS 38 - 50 OVERLAID WITH VOICEOVER +++

38. Wide shot men in shoe workshop

39. Close up shoe being assembled

40. Mid shot shoes

41. Close up shoes

42. Mid shot two women

43. Mid shot woman

44. Close up shoes

45. Mid shot woman wearing sombrero

46. Close up mexicana shoes

47. Close up flowers on shoe

48. Mid shot shoes

49. Close up shoes

50. Pan woman lying down

VOICEOVER (English) no name given:

"A far cry from the ordinary clumsy clog, are these enchanting wooden shoes by Delman of New York. The designer rightly 'wooden-soled-fun-shoes'. Colourful and gay, they are also completely comfortable and require no shoe coupons. Mexicana, with multi-coloured bouquets of raffia flowers. Rocker bottoms are fitted with rubber lifts, to make them noiseless. For play, to let girls go to the beach party. Changing times, changing shoes, but the same pretty girls."

LEAD IN

Nearly seventy years ago World War II transformed the daily lives of millions of people.

With textile rationing introduced in 1941, and women wearing military uniforms, the war years radically changed the way people dressed.

STORYLINE

World War II had a dramatic influence on fashion.

Women, recruited in to military service jobs, were dressing in uniforms for their working lives.

In the United States, more than 150,000 women served in the Women's Army Corps (WAC).

They worked in highly skilled jobs, excelling at becoming mechanics and radio operators.

Beatrice Behlen is a curator of Fashion and Decorative Arts at the Museum of London.

She says that "a lot of people were wearing uniforms, and that I think did influence clothing. And if you associate uniforms with men, then of course you could say they became more masculine. But during the Second World War actually a lot of women were wearing uniforms the whole time."

It took the general public a while to accept the concept of women in uniform.

But, by 1940, military styling had found its way into the look of the time.

In the UK, more than a million women joined the WVS (Women's Voluntary Service), formed to support civil defence.

Some of their uniforms are still kept in the costume storage of the Museum of London.

During the war, wool had become scarce in Britain.

In order to prevent fabric from being wasted, the government introduced utility clothing in 1941.

Clothes were to be simple, plain and practical.

Behlen explains: "the manufacturers would get regulations that would say, "no more than two box pleats, no more than four knife pleats, no more than five buttons on a dress." And women suits for instance, the waistcoats, sometimes they have a strap at the back, you weren't allowed to have that anymore. No buttons at the bottoms of the sleeves, to turn ups on the trousers."

Manufacturers who followed those rules could put in a label that said CC41.

Behlen demonstrates how a typical utility suit looked, "it only has two pockets, you weren't allowed more than two. It has four buttons, they could have used six, but they only used four. And then there's a very nice detail on the skirt, you get three knife pleats and four was the absolute maximum."

The lack of available cloth also meant that clothes quickly became more expensive.

The UK government was worried that, with rising prices, not everyone would be able to afford a decent amount of clothing.

So clothes rationing was introduced in June 1941.

People received a booklet with coupons in it.

Behlen says that "every time you bought some clothing you had to bring your coupon book. You got 66 coupons per year at the beginning and then later on it was reduced. And for a man's suit, for instance, you had to spend 16 coupons. For women it was usually a little bit less and then for children even less."

The retailer cut out the coupons to prevent people getting them from someone else.

The various coupon colours were released at different times, to prevent people from spending everything in one go

But the coupons alone would not buy you anything, you still had to pay for your clothes.

The war also had an indirect influence on the fashion scene.

During the occupation, Paris, the fashion capital of the world, was not able to set the standards anymore.

Behlen says that "everyone was cut off from Paris and for some countries that was actually a good thing. For America in particular, which had actually a thriving clothing industry and had very good designers, for instance Claire McCardell, very much excelled in casual clothing, in sportswear. For them, it was actually very good to not have the influence of Paris, and they could actually sell and do what they were doing best. And after the war, for a while, Paris was again the capital of fashion, but I think the war really helped the American fashion industry to become much stronger."

NOTE:

On September 1st 1939 Hitler invaded Poland. Two days later Britain and France declared war on Germany. With the war effort sucking up resources rationing began in Britain in 1940.

The United States entered the war in 1941 after Japan attacked Pearl Harbour.

One of Hitler's driving aims was to eradicate Europe's Jewish population. He began murdering thousands of Jews in Auschwitz in 1942. Auschwitz was liberated by Russian troops in 1945.

Hitler committed suicide after the Russians reached Berlin in 1945. Germany finally surrendered on May 7 1945. Japan surrendered after atomic bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki on 14 August 1945.

wacky